Ramesh Ganohariti is a lecturer at the Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University, the Netherlands, and has a PhD in Politics and International Relations from Dublin City University, Ireland. He is the co-author of Sub-State Recognition: The Politics of Recognition from Below (2025).

'Finally, there is a book that takes on all the key dimensions of citizenship in de facto states! No effort is spared with detailed juridical analysis, methodical surveys and in-depth interviews. In this engaging read, Ganohariti juxtaposes the legal, political and ‘lived’ dimensions of citizenship in the fascinating corners of the post-Soviet empire.'Bart Klem, Professor of Conflict, Politics and Sovereignty, Ghent University, Belgium

• Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Defining Citizenship and Statehood Chapter 3: Conceptualising Citizenship in Contested States Chapter 4: Multiplicity of Legal Statuses in Contested States Chapter 5: Multiplicity of Rights, Obligations, and Identities in Contested States Chapter 6: The Politics of Belonging in Contested States Chapter 7: Conclusions and Implications Appendix

Ramesh Ganohariti is a lecturer at the Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University, the Netherlands, and has a PhD in Politics and International Relations from Dublin City University, Ireland. He is the co-author of Sub-State Recognition: The Politics of Recognition from Below (2025).

'Finally, there is a book that takes on all the key dimensions of citizenship in de facto states! No effort is spared with detailed juridical analysis, methodical surveys and in-depth interviews. In this engaging read, Ganohariti juxtaposes the legal, political and ‘lived’ dimensions of citizenship in the fascinating corners of the post-Soviet empire.'Bart Klem, Professor of Conflict, Politics and Sovereignty, Ghent University, Belgium

• Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Defining Citizenship and Statehood Chapter 3: Conceptualising Citizenship in Contested States Chapter 4: Multiplicity of Legal Statuses in Contested States Chapter 5: Multiplicity of Rights, Obligations, and Identities in Contested States Chapter 6: The Politics of Belonging in Contested States Chapter 7: Conclusions and Implications Appendix

Ramesh Ganohariti is a lecturer at the Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University, the Netherlands, and has a PhD in Politics and International Relations from Dublin City University, Ireland. He is the co-author of Sub-State Recognition: The Politics of Recognition from Below (2025).

'Finally, there is a book that takes on all the key dimensions of citizenship in de facto states! No effort is spared with detailed juridical analysis, methodical surveys and in-depth interviews. In this engaging read, Ganohariti juxtaposes the legal, political and ‘lived’ dimensions of citizenship in the fascinating corners of the post-Soviet empire.'Bart Klem, Professor of Conflict, Politics and Sovereignty, Ghent University, Belgium

• Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Defining Citizenship and Statehood Chapter 3: Conceptualising Citizenship in Contested States Chapter 4: Multiplicity of Legal Statuses in Contested States Chapter 5: Multiplicity of Rights, Obligations, and Identities in Contested States Chapter 6: The Politics of Belonging in Contested States Chapter 7: Conclusions and Implications Appendix