Edited by James A. Cunningham, Newcastle University, UK, Matthias Menter, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany, Conor O’Kane, University of Otago, New Zealand and Marco Romano, University of Catania, Italy

'This is a much-needed Handbook! Entrepreneurial ecosystems have emerged as an exciting research area. While in the beginning, our focus has been limited to high-growth companies preferably in tech sectors, the field is now embracing topics like cross-cultural contexts, informality, digitalization and sustainability. This Handbook is an important step forward as we move towards a broader understanding of these systems.’

• Contents1 Entrepreneurial ecosystems: evolving themes and reflections 1James A Cunningham, Matthias Menter, Conor O’Kane and Marco RomanoPART I ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEM FOUNDATIONS2 The historical roots of entrepreneurial ecosystems 21Michael Fritsch and Michael Wyrwich3 Theorizing entrepreneurial ecosystems by taking a systems view? 42Erik E. Lehmann4 Dimensions of entrepreneurial ecosystems: sources of heterogeneousconfigurations 62Bruno Brandão Fischer, André Cherubini Alves and Nicholas S. VonortasPART II ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEM ACTORS: MINDSET,VOICE AND PRACTICE5 Entrepreneur archetypes in regional entrepreneurial ecosystems 82Margarietha J. de Villiers Scheepers and Lisa J. Daniel6 Embracing the “village” or going it alone? understanding theentrepreneurial ecosystem mindset 99Philip T. Roundy7 Bringing the entrepreneurial voice to the fore in entrepreneurial ecosystems 116Seppo Luoto, Greg O’Shea, Henri Hakala and Krista Anttila8 A framework for entrepreneurship within an ecology of practices 133Carlos Machado and Munira AminovaPART III ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEMS ANDCROSS-CULTURAL CONTEXTS9 Co-creating important actors and factors in indigenous entrepreneurshipecosystems: developing the Ruruku Canvas 166Jesse Pirini and Stephen Cummings10 The role of entrepreneurial ecosystems in shaping internationalisationdecisions and the entrepreneurial mindset 188Hannes Velt, Anna Vuorio, Ewa Dobrzanska and Olli Kuivalainen11 Entrepreneurial ecosystems in the informal economy: a case study ofmototaxi drivers in Colombia 212Norida Vanegas-Chinchilla, Jana Schmutzler, Andrea Porras-Paez and JorgeJuliao Rossi12 Entrepreneurial ecosystems and diaspora: how do remittances andmigration affect country of origin early-stage entrepreneurial activity? 238Veneta Andonova and Jonathan Pérez13 A typology of trans-local knowledge circulation betweenentrepreneurial ecosystems 276Susann Schäfer and Andreas Kuebart14 Do the human and social capital of startups matter for initial hiringdecisions and survival? An empirical application to the Portugueseentrepreneurial ecosystem 291Dina Pereira and João LeitãoPART IV ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEMS AND ACADEMICENTREPRENEURSHIP15 How integrating systematic design enabled role clarity andcollaboration during the formation of a science-innovation team 318Louisa Choe, Katharina Ruckstuhl and Rafaela Rabello16 The sustainability of academic entrepreneurial ecosystems 337Alice Civera, Michele Meoli and Silvio Vismara17 The entrepreneurial university: a crucial catalyst in the entrepreneurialecosystem 350Alex Maritz, Quan Nguyen, Gerrit de Waal and Abby ShrivastavaPART V DIGITAL ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEMS AND GOVERNANCE18 Reviewing digital entrepreneurial ecosystems: an integrative frameworkand future research agenda 369Valeska Maul, Robert Rose and Katharina Hölzle19 Open data-driven ecosystems: an empirical validation 392Melita Nicotra, Alessia Munnia, Francesco Russo and Antonino Zingale20 Linking sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems and governance modelsin a new European smart city 414Nicola Farronato, Veronica Scuotto, Marco Pironti, Manlio Del Giudice andDavid Ricketts21 Looking inside entrepreneurial ecosystem coordination events: a policyassemblage approach 426Stephen Knox22 More money, more innovation? The role of government connectedness 443Jing A. Zhang and Conor O’Kane23 Towards sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems 465David Audretsch and Maksim Belitski24 Developing sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems: the role of differentecosystem types and links 475Jens Kaus, Man Yang, Niels Faber and Gjalt de Jong25 Exploring grassroots innovation for sustainable development inentrepreneurial ecosystems 495Simone Gibellato, Asha Thomas, Massimiliano Farina Briamonte, AntonioUsai and Fabio FianoPART VI THE MEASUREMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEMS26 Are entrepreneurial ecosystems measurable? What the literature saysabout moving forward 517Ana Joana C. Fernandes, João J. Ferreira and Lawrence Dooley27 Measuring entrepreneurial ecosystems 553Donato Iacobucci and Francesco Perugini

Edited by James A. Cunningham, Newcastle University, UK, Matthias Menter, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany, Conor O’Kane, University of Otago, New Zealand and Marco Romano, University of Catania, Italy

'This is a much-needed Handbook! Entrepreneurial ecosystems have emerged as an exciting research area. While in the beginning, our focus has been limited to high-growth companies preferably in tech sectors, the field is now embracing topics like cross-cultural contexts, informality, digitalization and sustainability. This Handbook is an important step forward as we move towards a broader understanding of these systems.’

• Contents1 Entrepreneurial ecosystems: evolving themes and reflections 1James A Cunningham, Matthias Menter, Conor O’Kane and Marco RomanoPART I ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEM FOUNDATIONS2 The historical roots of entrepreneurial ecosystems 21Michael Fritsch and Michael Wyrwich3 Theorizing entrepreneurial ecosystems by taking a systems view? 42Erik E. Lehmann4 Dimensions of entrepreneurial ecosystems: sources of heterogeneousconfigurations 62Bruno Brandão Fischer, André Cherubini Alves and Nicholas S. VonortasPART II ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEM ACTORS: MINDSET,VOICE AND PRACTICE5 Entrepreneur archetypes in regional entrepreneurial ecosystems 82Margarietha J. de Villiers Scheepers and Lisa J. Daniel6 Embracing the “village” or going it alone? understanding theentrepreneurial ecosystem mindset 99Philip T. Roundy7 Bringing the entrepreneurial voice to the fore in entrepreneurial ecosystems 116Seppo Luoto, Greg O’Shea, Henri Hakala and Krista Anttila8 A framework for entrepreneurship within an ecology of practices 133Carlos Machado and Munira AminovaPART III ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEMS ANDCROSS-CULTURAL CONTEXTS9 Co-creating important actors and factors in indigenous entrepreneurshipecosystems: developing the Ruruku Canvas 166Jesse Pirini and Stephen Cummings10 The role of entrepreneurial ecosystems in shaping internationalisationdecisions and the entrepreneurial mindset 188Hannes Velt, Anna Vuorio, Ewa Dobrzanska and Olli Kuivalainen11 Entrepreneurial ecosystems in the informal economy: a case study ofmototaxi drivers in Colombia 212Norida Vanegas-Chinchilla, Jana Schmutzler, Andrea Porras-Paez and JorgeJuliao Rossi12 Entrepreneurial ecosystems and diaspora: how do remittances andmigration affect country of origin early-stage entrepreneurial activity? 238Veneta Andonova and Jonathan Pérez13 A typology of trans-local knowledge circulation betweenentrepreneurial ecosystems 276Susann Schäfer and Andreas Kuebart14 Do the human and social capital of startups matter for initial hiringdecisions and survival? An empirical application to the Portugueseentrepreneurial ecosystem 291Dina Pereira and João LeitãoPART IV ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEMS AND ACADEMICENTREPRENEURSHIP15 How integrating systematic design enabled role clarity andcollaboration during the formation of a science-innovation team 318Louisa Choe, Katharina Ruckstuhl and Rafaela Rabello16 The sustainability of academic entrepreneurial ecosystems 337Alice Civera, Michele Meoli and Silvio Vismara17 The entrepreneurial university: a crucial catalyst in the entrepreneurialecosystem 350Alex Maritz, Quan Nguyen, Gerrit de Waal and Abby ShrivastavaPART V DIGITAL ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEMS AND GOVERNANCE18 Reviewing digital entrepreneurial ecosystems: an integrative frameworkand future research agenda 369Valeska Maul, Robert Rose and Katharina Hölzle19 Open data-driven ecosystems: an empirical validation 392Melita Nicotra, Alessia Munnia, Francesco Russo and Antonino Zingale20 Linking sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems and governance modelsin a new European smart city 414Nicola Farronato, Veronica Scuotto, Marco Pironti, Manlio Del Giudice andDavid Ricketts21 Looking inside entrepreneurial ecosystem coordination events: a policyassemblage approach 426Stephen Knox22 More money, more innovation? The role of government connectedness 443Jing A. Zhang and Conor O’Kane23 Towards sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems 465David Audretsch and Maksim Belitski24 Developing sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems: the role of differentecosystem types and links 475Jens Kaus, Man Yang, Niels Faber and Gjalt de Jong25 Exploring grassroots innovation for sustainable development inentrepreneurial ecosystems 495Simone Gibellato, Asha Thomas, Massimiliano Farina Briamonte, AntonioUsai and Fabio FianoPART VI THE MEASUREMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEMS26 Are entrepreneurial ecosystems measurable? What the literature saysabout moving forward 517Ana Joana C. Fernandes, João J. Ferreira and Lawrence Dooley27 Measuring entrepreneurial ecosystems 553Donato Iacobucci and Francesco Perugini

Edited by James A. Cunningham, Newcastle University, UK, Matthias Menter, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany, Conor O’Kane, University of Otago, New Zealand and Marco Romano, University of Catania, Italy

'This is a much-needed Handbook! Entrepreneurial ecosystems have emerged as an exciting research area. While in the beginning, our focus has been limited to high-growth companies preferably in tech sectors, the field is now embracing topics like cross-cultural contexts, informality, digitalization and sustainability. This Handbook is an important step forward as we move towards a broader understanding of these systems.’

• Contents1 Entrepreneurial ecosystems: evolving themes and reflections 1James A Cunningham, Matthias Menter, Conor O’Kane and Marco RomanoPART I ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEM FOUNDATIONS2 The historical roots of entrepreneurial ecosystems 21Michael Fritsch and Michael Wyrwich3 Theorizing entrepreneurial ecosystems by taking a systems view? 42Erik E. Lehmann4 Dimensions of entrepreneurial ecosystems: sources of heterogeneousconfigurations 62Bruno Brandão Fischer, André Cherubini Alves and Nicholas S. VonortasPART II ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEM ACTORS: MINDSET,VOICE AND PRACTICE5 Entrepreneur archetypes in regional entrepreneurial ecosystems 82Margarietha J. de Villiers Scheepers and Lisa J. Daniel6 Embracing the “village” or going it alone? understanding theentrepreneurial ecosystem mindset 99Philip T. Roundy7 Bringing the entrepreneurial voice to the fore in entrepreneurial ecosystems 116Seppo Luoto, Greg O’Shea, Henri Hakala and Krista Anttila8 A framework for entrepreneurship within an ecology of practices 133Carlos Machado and Munira AminovaPART III ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEMS ANDCROSS-CULTURAL CONTEXTS9 Co-creating important actors and factors in indigenous entrepreneurshipecosystems: developing the Ruruku Canvas 166Jesse Pirini and Stephen Cummings10 The role of entrepreneurial ecosystems in shaping internationalisationdecisions and the entrepreneurial mindset 188Hannes Velt, Anna Vuorio, Ewa Dobrzanska and Olli Kuivalainen11 Entrepreneurial ecosystems in the informal economy: a case study ofmototaxi drivers in Colombia 212Norida Vanegas-Chinchilla, Jana Schmutzler, Andrea Porras-Paez and JorgeJuliao Rossi12 Entrepreneurial ecosystems and diaspora: how do remittances andmigration affect country of origin early-stage entrepreneurial activity? 238Veneta Andonova and Jonathan Pérez13 A typology of trans-local knowledge circulation betweenentrepreneurial ecosystems 276Susann Schäfer and Andreas Kuebart14 Do the human and social capital of startups matter for initial hiringdecisions and survival? An empirical application to the Portugueseentrepreneurial ecosystem 291Dina Pereira and João LeitãoPART IV ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEMS AND ACADEMICENTREPRENEURSHIP15 How integrating systematic design enabled role clarity andcollaboration during the formation of a science-innovation team 318Louisa Choe, Katharina Ruckstuhl and Rafaela Rabello16 The sustainability of academic entrepreneurial ecosystems 337Alice Civera, Michele Meoli and Silvio Vismara17 The entrepreneurial university: a crucial catalyst in the entrepreneurialecosystem 350Alex Maritz, Quan Nguyen, Gerrit de Waal and Abby ShrivastavaPART V DIGITAL ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEMS AND GOVERNANCE18 Reviewing digital entrepreneurial ecosystems: an integrative frameworkand future research agenda 369Valeska Maul, Robert Rose and Katharina Hölzle19 Open data-driven ecosystems: an empirical validation 392Melita Nicotra, Alessia Munnia, Francesco Russo and Antonino Zingale20 Linking sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems and governance modelsin a new European smart city 414Nicola Farronato, Veronica Scuotto, Marco Pironti, Manlio Del Giudice andDavid Ricketts21 Looking inside entrepreneurial ecosystem coordination events: a policyassemblage approach 426Stephen Knox22 More money, more innovation? The role of government connectedness 443Jing A. Zhang and Conor O’Kane23 Towards sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems 465David Audretsch and Maksim Belitski24 Developing sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems: the role of differentecosystem types and links 475Jens Kaus, Man Yang, Niels Faber and Gjalt de Jong25 Exploring grassroots innovation for sustainable development inentrepreneurial ecosystems 495Simone Gibellato, Asha Thomas, Massimiliano Farina Briamonte, AntonioUsai and Fabio FianoPART VI THE MEASUREMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEMS26 Are entrepreneurial ecosystems measurable? What the literature saysabout moving forward 517Ana Joana C. Fernandes, João J. Ferreira and Lawrence Dooley27 Measuring entrepreneurial ecosystems 553Donato Iacobucci and Francesco Perugini