Linda M. Austin is Professor of English at Oklahoma State University. She has written on the connections between the fine arts, economics, and psychology. She is the author of The Practical Ruskin (1991) and Nostalgia in Transition (2007), as well as articles published in such journals as English Literary History, Studies in Romanticism, Modernism/modernity, Victorian Literature and Culture, and Modern Language Quarterly.

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• Introduction: the nineteenth-century debate over human automatisms; Part I. Automata-Phobia: 1. J. S. Mill: genius-automaton; 2. Automatic aesthetics and the shame of tourism; Part II. Technologies of the Automatic: Process and Movement: 3. Photography's automatisms; 4. Automatic writing and physiologies of creativity; 5. The automata ballets.

Linda M. Austin is Professor of English at Oklahoma State University. She has written on the connections between the fine arts, economics, and psychology. She is the author of The Practical Ruskin (1991) and Nostalgia in Transition (2007), as well as articles published in such journals as English Literary History, Studies in Romanticism, Modernism/modernity, Victorian Literature and Culture, and Modern Language Quarterly.

Select Guide Rating

• Introduction: the nineteenth-century debate over human automatisms; Part I. Automata-Phobia: 1. J. S. Mill: genius-automaton; 2. Automatic aesthetics and the shame of tourism; Part II. Technologies of the Automatic: Process and Movement: 3. Photography's automatisms; 4. Automatic writing and physiologies of creativity; 5. The automata ballets.