Race, Ethnicity, and Health

Thomas A. LaVeist, Ph.D. is William C. and Nancy F. Richardson Professor in Health Policy and Director of the Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. He is a frequent visiting lecturer on minority health issues at other universities. He is also a frequent speaker at professional conferences and workshops sponsored by leading public health professional associations. Dr. LaVeist consults often with federal agencies and healthcare organizations on minority health and cultural competency issues and racial disparities in health. He has conducted several important studies of minority health. His research on minority health has been funded by the National Institutes of Health, National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Center for Disease Control, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Brookdale Foundation, Commonwealth Fund, Russell Sage Foundation and the Kaiser Family Foundation. Lydia Isaac, PhD, is assistant professor and fieldwork coordinator, Community Health, Department of Urban Public Health, Hunter College. She formerly served with the Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions. Dr. Isaac's research interests include translating research into policy and practice, racial and ethnic health disparities, the social determinants of health and the neighborhood environment and its role in health promotion.

• Sources xiThe Editors xvThe Authors xviiIntroduction: The Ethnic Demographic Transition 1Thomas A. LaVeistChapter 1 Defining Health and Health Care Disparities and Examining Disparities Across the Life Span 11Lydia A. IsaacPart 1 Historical and Political ConsiderationsChapter 2 The Color Line: Race Matters in the Elimination of Health Disparities 35Stephen B. ThomasChapter 3 Health Care Disparities—Science, Politics, and Race 41M. Gregg BlochePart 2 Conceptualizing Race and EthnicityChapter 4 Why Genes Don’t Count (for Racial Differences in Health) 49Alan H. GoodmanChapter 5 Using “Socially Assigned Race” to Probe White Advantages in Health Status 57Camara Phyllis Jones, Benedict I. Truman, Laurie D. Elam-Evans, Camille A. Jones, Clara Y. Jones, Ruth Jiles, Susan F. Rumisha, Geraldine S. PerryPart 3 Explaining Racial and Ethnic Disparities Psychosocial and Individual-Level Determinants 77Chapter 6 Racism as a Stressor for African Americans: A Biopsychosocial Model 79Rodney Clark, Norman B. Anderson, Vernessa R. Clark, David R. WilliamsChapter 7 A Systematic Review of Empirical Research on Self-Reported Racism and Health 105Yin ParadiesChapter 8 Stress, Coping, and Health Outcomes among African-Americans: A Review of the John Henryism Hypothesis 139Gary G. Bennett, Marcellus M. Merritt, John J. Sollers III, Christopher L. Edwards, Keith E. Whitfi eld, Dwayne T. Brandon, Reginald D. Tucker-SeeleyChapter 9 Race and Unhealthy Behaviors: Chronic Stress, the HPA Axis, and Physical and Mental Health Disparities over the Life Course 159James S. Jackson, Katherine M. Knight, Jane A. RaffertyChapter 10 Epigenetics and the Embodiment of Race: Developmental Origins of U.S. Racial Disparities in Cardiovascular Health 175Christopher W. Kuzawa, Elizabeth SweetThe Effects of Culture 213Chapter 11 Acculturation and Latino Health in the United States: A Review of the Literature and Its Sociopolitical Context 215Marielena Lara, Cristina Gamboa, M. Iya Kahramanian, Leo S. Morales, David E. Hayes BautistaChapter 12 Measuring Culture: A Critical Review of Acculturation and Health in Asian Immigrant Populations 253Talya Salant, Diane S. LauderdaleChapter 13 Racial Influences Associated with Weight-Related Beliefs in African American and Caucasian Women 291Christie Z. Malpede, Lori F. Greene, Stephanie L. Fitzpatrick, Wendy K. Jefferson, Richard M. Shewchuk, Monica L. Baskin, Jamy D. ArdChapter 14 Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Differences Between U.S.- and Foreign-Born Women in Major U.S. Racial and Ethnic Groups 303Gopal K. Singh, Stella M. YuSocial Determinants 321Chapter 15 Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener’s Tale 323Camara Phyllis JonesChapter 16 Racial Residential Segregation: A Fundamental Cause of Racial Disparities in Health 331David R. Williams, Chiquita CollinsChapter 17 Life Course Theories of Race Disparities: A Comparison of the Cumulative Dis/Advantage Theory Perspective and the Weathering Hypothesis 355Roland J. Thorpe Jr., Jessica A. Kelley-MooreChapter 18 U.S. Socioeconomic and Racial Differences in Health: Patterns and Explanations 375David R. Williams, Chiquita CollinsChapter 19 Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities 419Thomas A. LaVeistEnvironmental Determinants 437Chapter 20 Race/Ethnicity, the Social Environment, and Health 439Marsha Lillie-Blanton, Thomas A. LaVeistChapter 21 Built Environments and Obesity in Disadvantaged Populations 455Gina S. Lovasi, Malo A. Hutson, Monica Guerra, Kathryn M. NeckermanChapter 22 Health Risk and Inequitable Distribution of Liquor Stores in African American Neighborhoods 485Thomas A. LaVeist, John M. Wallace Jr.Chapter 23 Environmental Health Disparities: A Framework Integrating Psychosocial and Environmental Concepts 493Gilbert C. Gee, Devon C. Payne-SturgesChapter 24 Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Scientifi c Evidence, Methods, and Research Implications for Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Occupational Health 523Linda Rae MurrayPart 4 Health Services and Health System Effects Patients 539Chapter 25 Attitudes About Racism, Medical Mistrust, and Satisfaction with Care Among African American and White Cardiac Patients 541Thomas A. LaVeist, Kim J. Nickerson, Janice V. BowieChapter 26 The Legacy of Tuskegee and Trust in Medical Care: Is Tuskegee Responsible for Race Differences in Mistrust of Medical Care? 557Dwayne T. Brandon, Lydia A. Isaac, Thomas A. LaVeistChapter 27 Patient Race/Ethnicity and Quality of Patient–Physician Communication during Medical Visits 569Rachel L. Johnson, Debra Roter, Neil R. Powe, Lisa A. CooperProviders 587Chapter 28 Implicit Bias among Physicians and Its Prediction of Thrombolysis Decisions for Black and White Patients 589Alexander R. Green, Dana R. Carney, Daniel J. Pallin, Long H. Ngo, Kristal L. Raymond, Lisa I. Iezzoni, Mahzarin R. BanajiChapter 29 The Effect of Patient Race and Socio-Economic Status on Physicians’ Perceptions of Patients 607Michelle van Ryn, Jane BurkeChapter 30 Ethnicity and Analgesic Practice 637Knox H. Todd, Christi Deaton, Anne P. D’Adamo, Leon GoeChapter 31 The Effect of Race and Sex on Physicians’ Recommendations for Cardiac Catheterization 647Kevin A. Schulman, Jesse A. Berlin, William Harless, Jon F. Kerner, Shyrl Sistrunk, Bernard J. Gersh, Ross Dubé, Christopher K. Taleghani, Jennifer E. Burke, Sankey Williams, John M. Eisenberg, José J. EscarceSystem 665Chapter 32 Advancing Health Disparities Research within the Health Care System: A Conceptual Framework 667Amy M. Kilbourne, Galen Switzer, Kelly Hyman, Megan Crowley-Matoka, Michael J. FineChapter 33 Linking Cultural Competence Training to Improved Health Outcomes: Perspectives from the Field 689Joseph R. Betancourt, Alexander R. GreenChapter 34 “We Don’t Carry That”—Failure of Pharmacies in Predominantly Nonwhite Neighborhoods to Stock Opioid Analgesics 697R. Sean Morrison, Sylvan Wallenstein, Dana K. Natale, Richard S. Senzel, Lo-Li HuangChapter 35 Do Hospitals Provide Lower-Quality Care to Minorities than to Whites? 707Darrell J. Gaskin, Christine S. Spencer, Patrick Richard, Gerard F. Anderson, Neil R. Powe, Thomas A. LaVeistPart 5 Health Disparities SolutionsChapter 36 Linking Science and Policy through Community-Based Participatory Research to Study and Address Health Disparities 723Meredith MinklerChapter 37 The National Health Plan Collaborative to Reduce Disparities and Improve Quality 741Nicole Lurie, Allen Fremont, Stephen A. Somers, Kathryn Coltin, Andrea Gelzer, Rhonda Johnson, Wayne Rawlins, Grace Ting, Winston Wong, Donna ZimmermanChapter 38 Interventions to Reduce Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care 761Marshall H. Chin, Amy E. Walters, Scott C. Cook, Elbert S. HuangIndex 787