Emerging Epidemics

Prakash Singh Bisen, PhD, D.Sc, is an eminent scientist in the field of Biotechnology with over 32 years of research and teaching experience. He has one US Patent and an Indian Patent on Tuberculosis to his credit. He is also an author of over 130 research publications. Presently, Professor Bisen is the Chairman of Bisen Biotech and Biopharma (P) Ltd. — a private equity venture which focuses on diagnostic solutions for widespread diseases. Professor Bisen is also the Chairman of the Vikrant Group, which focuses on advancing technical education through technical institutes at Gwalior and Indore, India. Ruchika Raghuvanshi, PhD, is a Research Scientist at the Defence Research Development Organization, a division of the Indian Ministry of Defence. Vijayaraghavan, PhD, is Director of the Defence Research Development Establishment, the Defence Research Development Organization, a division of the Indian Ministry of Defence.

• Preface xvAcknowledgments xviiChapter 1 Prologue 3Introduction 3Causative Factors 7Salient Features 11Emerging Epidemics 11Re-Emerging Epidemics 17Antimicrobial Resistance 18Public Health Implications 20References 22Chapter 2 Epidemics Fundamentals 24Introduction 24Definitions 24Types of Epidemics 26Epidemiological Triad 29Forecasting an Epidemic 31Contingency Plan 33Investigation of Epidemics 35Management of Epidemics 38Control of Epidemics 39Principles of Planning Emergency Services 41References 44Chapter 3 Disasters and Epidemics 46Fundamentals 46Contributory Factors 51Investigation of Rumors 52References 54Chapter 4 Biosafety 56Introduction 56Components 57Hand Washing 61Preventing Needlestick Injuries 62Safe Transport of Biological Material 64Safe Decontamination of Spills 65Safe Handling of Dead Bodies 67Personal Protective Equipment 69Management of Biomedical Waste 69Infection Control Check List 71Biosafety Levels 71Accreditation of Hospitals and Laboratories 74References 75Chapter 5 Tuberculosis 76History 76Magnitude 78Agent Factors 81Host Factors and High-Risk Groups 88Environmental Factors 89Modes of Transmission 90Pathology and Immunology 91Clinical Manifestations 96Diagnosis of Tuberculosis 101Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course (DOTS) 119Tuberculosis and HIV 135Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis 140Prevention and Control 142Social and Cultural Factors 145References 148Chapter 6 Plague 154History of Plague 154Magnitude 155Agent Factors 157Host Factors 158Environmental Factors 159Reservoir 159Mode of Transmission 160Clinical Manifestations 161Laboratory Diagnosis 164Differential Diagnosis 170Clinical Management 170Prevention and Control 172References 174Chapter 7 Leptospirosis 176Introduction 176Magnitude 176Agent Factors 177Host Factors 179Environmental Factors 182Mode of Transmission 183Pathology and Immunology 183Clinical Manifestations 185Laboratory Diagnosis 189Clinical Management 206Surveillance 210Investigation of an Outbreak 211Prevention and Control 213References 217Chapter 8 Dengue 220Introduction 220Magnitude 221Agent Factors 222Host Factors 228Environmental Factors 230Vector Biology 231Clinical Features 235Laboratory Diagnosis 244Immune Response to Dengue Virus 245Clinical Management 248Investigation of Outbreaks 253Prevention and Control 257References 259Chapter 9 Japanese Encephalitis 263History 263Magnitude of the Problem 264Epidemiology 266Vector Biology 270Clinical Features 270Differential Diagnosis 271Laboratory Diagnosis 272Case Management 275Prevention and Control 278References 280Chapter 10 Chikungunya Fever 283Introduction 283Epidemiology 284The Chikungunya Virus 284Clinical Features 291Laboratory Diagnosis 298Differential Diagnosis 300Clinical Management 301Investigation of Outbreaks 306Treatment 307Prevention and Control 308References 311Chapter 11 West Nile Fever 316Epidemiology 316Global Scenario 317The Etiological Agent 318Clinical Features 322Laboratory Diagnosis 324Clinical Management 326Investigation of Outbreaks 327Prevention and Control 330References 336Chapter 12 Chandipura Virus Encephalitis 340Epidemiology 340The Chandipura Virus 341Clinical Features 350Laboratory Diagnosis 351Differential Diagnosis 353Clinical Management 354Investigation of Outbreaks 356Prevention and Control 358References 359Chapter 13 Kyasanur Forest Disease 361Introduction 361Epidemiology 362Vector Biology 363Clinical Features 366Differential Diagnosis 366Laboratory Diagnosis 368Case Management 369Prevention and Control 371References 374Chapter 14 Hantavirus Disease 375Introduction 375Epidemiology and Global Scenario 376The Etiological Agent 381Clinical Features 387Differential Diagnosis 390Laboratory Diagnosis 390Case Management 393Prevention and Control 394References 396Chapter 15 Influenza 400Historical Aspects 400Global Scenario 402Agent Factors 405Host Factors 418Environmental Factors 419Mode of Transmission 421Clinical Manifestations 422Immune Response to Influenza 424Laboratory Diagnosis 427Clinical Management 431Surveillance 434Investigation of an Outbreak 437Prevention and Control 441Avian Influenza 445Swine Influenza 447References 450Chapter 16 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 455Introduction 455Epidemiology 455Causative Agent 456Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus 456Clinical Features 457Laboratory Diagnosis 457Treatment 458Prevention and Control 461References 461Chapter 17 Nipah Virus 462Introduction 462Epidemiology 463Etiological Agent 463Transmission 463Clinical Features 466Laboratory Diagnosis 467Prevention and Control 468References 469Chapter 18 Paragonimiasis 470Magnitude of the Problem 470The Parasite: Paragonimus 471Epidemiology 475Clinical Manifestations 478Radiological Features of Paragonimiasis 481Laboratory Diagnosis 484Differential Diagnosis 487Clinical Management 487Public Health Importance 488References 489Chapter 19 Melioidosis 492Introduction 492Epidemiology 493The Etiological Agent: Burkholderia pseudomallei 495Clinical Manifestations 498Laboratory Diagnosis 501Clinical Management 503Investigation of an Outbreak 504Prevention and Control of Melioidosis 506Public Health Importance 508References 508Chapter 20 Biowarfare and Bioterrorism 513Introduction 513Historical Aspects 514Potential Agents 519Epidemiological Clues 545Laboratory Diagnosis 548Clinical Management 566Biosurveillance 568Investigation of an Outbreak 573Preparedness and Containment 576References 578Chapter 21 Antimicrobial Resistance 585Introduction 585Global Scenario 586Drug-Resistant Organisms 588Causes of Drug Resistance 593Mechanisms of Drug Resistance 595Host Factors 598Health-Related and Economic Hazards 599Laboratory Diagnosis 601Managing Antimicrobial Resistance 607Prevention and Control 610References 612Chapter 22 Conventional Methods for Mosquito Control 615Mosquito: Habits and Attractants 615Environmental Management 618Antilarval Measures 623Chemical Adulticides 627Repellents 630Insecticide-Impregnated Bed Nets and Screens 632References 633Chapter 23 New and Potential Techniques: Mosquito Control 635Myco-Insecticides 635Entomopathogenic Bacteria and Viruses 637Hormonomimetic and Plant-Derived Substances 639Larvivorous Fish and Crustaceans 640Dragonfly Nymphs 643Protozoa 643Mermithid Nematodes 644Predator Larvae 645Genetic Engineering 646References 648Chapter 24 Other Disease Vectors and Their Control 651Housefly 651Sand Fly 653Deer Fly 653Black Fly 655Tsetse Fly 655Water Flea (Cyclops) 656Sand Flea (Jigger or Chigoe Flea) 657Rat Flea 658Reduviid Bug 658Ticks (Hard and Soft) 659Lice 662Cockroach 663Mites (Chiggers) 664General Principles of Vector Control 666Integrated Vector Management 667Rodents 670Methods for Rodent Control 671References 672Glossary 674Index 683