Nursing and Healthcare Research at a Glance

Dr Alan Glasper, Professor Emeritus, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, UK Colin Rees, Lecturer (retired), School of Health Care Sciences, Cardiff University, UK

"This book is an easy read and could appeal to all levels of nursing researchers, academics, students and anyone trying to rise up the clinical research ladder...The book takes the reader through all the necessary processes of forming a research question...All the essentials, such as how to conduct a literature review, systematic review and hierarchy of evidence are covered, as well as how to design a research questionnaire. A number of leaders in their field with vast experience in clinical research have contributed to this book, which makes it a valuable contribution to anyone wanting to expand their research knowledge." (Nursing Standard 22/03/2017)

• Contributors ixPreface xiiiPart 1 What is healthcare research? 11 The research journey 22 Types of review and their purpose 43 Using databases to search the literature 64 Undertaking a Cochrane systematic review 85 Undertaking a Joanna Briggs Institute systematic review 106 Using EndNote 127 Using the PICO framework 148 Using the SPICE framework 169 Using grey literature in the quest for evidence 1710 Why does research need evaluating? 1811 Key issues in evaluating research 2012 Critically reviewing a research paper 2213 The hierarchy of evidence 2414 Factors influencing research design 2615 Patient and public involvement in research 2816 Descriptive studies 3017 Action research 3218 Participatory health research 3419 The ethics of healthcare research 3620 Preparing a research proposal 3821 Developing a patient research information pack 4022 Getting the most from supervision 4223 Writing a research report 4424 Implementation of healthcare research 4625 Barriers to research utilisation 4826 Designing service evaluations 5027 Designing audit tools for measuring compliance 52Part 2 Quantitative research 5528 Quantitative and qualitative research approaches 5629 Understanding the randomised controlled trial 5830 Quasi-experimental study design 6031 Case-control studies 6232 Cross-sectional design 6433 Survey research methods 6634 Factorial survey using vignettes 6835 Triangulation in research 70Part 3 Qualitative research 7336 Ethnography 7437 Qualitative observational methods 7638 Phenomenology 7839 Grounded theory 8040 Classical grounded theory 8241 Case study research 8442 Focus group research 8643 The Delphi process 8844 The nominal group technique 9045 The icon metaphor technique 9246 Interpretative phenomenological analysis 9447 Theory building 9648 Qualitative interviewing 9849 Thematic analysis 10050 Social network analysis 10251 Critical discourse analysis 10452 Bricolage research methods 10653 Narrative inquiry 10854 Appreciative inquiry 11055 Qualitative data analysis software packages 112Part 4 Research techniques 11556 Questionnaire design 11657 Using web-based tools to design a questionnaire 11858 Quality of life scales 12059 The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory 12260 Kelly’s repertory grids 12461 Critical incident technique 126Part 5 Conducting research with special groups 12962 Conducting research with vulnerable groups 13063 Research methods applicable to vulnerable groups 13264 Draw and write/tell technique 13465 Engaging children and young people in research 13666 Photographic elicitation as a means of collecting data 13867 Focus groups with children and young people 14068 Critical ethnography with children 14269 Using pre-test post-test designs with children 14470 Conducting research with older adults 14671 Conducting surveys with people with learning disabilities 14872 Conducting focus groups with people with learning disabilities 15073 People with learning disabilities as co-researchers 15274 Undertaking research with family carers 15475 Obtaining consent from vulnerable groups 15676 Living lab approach 158Part 6 Historical research 16177 What is historiography? 16278 Source criticism 16479 Critiquing historical research 16680 Oral tradition 168Part 7 Educational research 17181 Secondary data analysis: analysing documents 17282 Traditional annotation and coding 17483 Video-View-Point 17684 Ethnography and healthcare education 17885 Semantic annotation of skills-based sessions 18086 Actor network theory 182Part 8 Appendices 1851 Sampling 1862 Calculating the required sample size 1883 Estimating population means 1884 Research data management 1895 Types of data 1906 Data requirement planning 1907 Descriptive statistics 1918 Frequency distribution 1919 Hypothesis testing and statistical significance 19210 Choosing the right test 19211 Non-parametric tests 19312 Student’s t-test 19313 Analysis of variance 19414 Tabulating data and the chi-squared test 19515 Correlation 19616 Measuring and interpreting correlation 19717 Simple linear regression 19918 Meta-analysis 20019 Propensity score matching 20120 Mokken scaling 203Index 205