Jian Pang, PhD, is a lecturer for the Society of Automotive Engineers in both the United States and China. He has worked at both the Ford Motor Company in Detroit, US and the Changan Automobile Company of Chongqing, China. He has a strong theoretical background on noise and vibration and has worked on vehicle development for automotive companies for many years.

• Preface xiii1 Introduction 11.1 Automotive Body Structure and Noise and Vibration Problems 11.1.1 Automotive Body Structure 11.1.2 Noise and Vibration Problems Caused by Body Frame Structure 71.1.3 Noise and Vibration Problems Caused by Body Panel Structure 81.1.4 Interior Trimmed Structure and Sound Treatment 81.1.5 Noise and Vibration Problems Caused by Body Accessory Structures 91.2 Transfer of Structural‐Borne Noise and Airborne Noise to Interior 101.2.1 Description of Vehicle Noise and Vibration Sources 101.2.2 Structural‐Borne Noise and Airborne Noise 111.2.3 Transfer of Noise and Vibration Sources to Interior 131.3 Key Techniques for Body Noise and Vibration Control 141.3.1 Vibration and Control of Overall Body Structure 151.3.2 Vibration and Sound Radiation of Body Local Structures 171.3.3 Sound Package for Vehicle Body 241.3.4 Body Noise and Vibration Sensitivity 281.3.5 Wind Noise and Control 321.3.6 Door Closing Sound Quality and Control 351.3.7 Squeak and Rattle of Vehicle Body 381.4 Noise and Vibration Control During Vehicle Development 391.4.1 Modal Frequency Distribution for Vehicle Body 401.4.2 Body NVH Target System 411.4.3 Execution of Body NVH Targets 421.5 Structure of This Book 422 Vibration Control of Overall Body Structure 452.1 Introduction 452.1.1 Overall Body Stiffness 452.1.2 Overall Body Modes 482.1.3 Scopes of Overall Body Vibration Research 502.2 Overall Body Stiffness 512.2.1 Body Bending Stiffness 522.2.2 Body Torsional Stiffness 572.3 Control of Overall Body Stiffness 612.3.1 Overall Layout of a Body Structure 622.3.2 Body Frame Cross‐Section and Stiffness Analysis 652.3.3 Joint Stiffness 672.3.4 Influence of Adhesive Bonding Stiffness on Overall Body Stiffness 712.3.5 Contribution Analysis of Beams and Joints on Overall Body Stiffness 722.4 Identification of Overall Body Modes 752.4.1 Foundation of Modal Analysis 752.4.2 Modal Shape and Frequency of Vehicle Body 782.4.3 Modal Testing for Vehicle Body 842.4.4 Calculation of Vehicle Body Mode 892.5 Control of Overall Body Modes 912.5.1 Separation and Decoupling of Body Modes 912.5.2 Planning Table/Chart of Body Modes 932.5.3 Control of Overall Body Modes 98Bibliography 1013 Noise and Vibration Control for Local Body Structures 1033.1 Noise and Vibration Problems Caused by Vehicle Local Structures 1033.1.1 Classification and Modes of Local Body Structures 1033.1.2 Noise and Vibration Problems Generated by Local Modes 1043.1.3 Control Strategy for Local Modes 1113.2 Body Plate Vibration and Sound Radiation 1123.2.1 Vibration of Plate Structure 1133.2.2 Sound Radiation of Plate Structure 1163.3 Body Acoustic Cavity Mode 1203.3.1 Definition and Shapes of Acoustic Cavity Mode 1203.3.2 Theoretical Analysis and Measurement of Acoustic Cavity Mode 1223.3.3 Coupling of Acoustic Cavity Mode and Structural Mode 1293.3.4 Control of Acoustic Cavity Mode 1303.4 Panel Contribution Analysis 1313.4.1 Concept of Panel Contribution 1313.4.2 Contribution Analysis of Panel Vibration and Sound Radiation 1323.4.3 Testing Methods for Panel Vibration and Sound Radiation 1363.5 Damping Control for Structural Vibration and Sound Radiation 1453.5.1 Damping Phenomenon and Description 1453.5.2 Damping Models 1463.5.3 Loss Factor 1493.5.4 Characteristics of Viscoelastic Damping Materials 1503.5.5 Classification of Body Damping Materials and Damping Structures 1533.5.6 Measurement of Damping Loss Factor 1573.5.7 Application of Damping Materials and Structures on Vehicle Body 1593.6 Stiffness Control for Body Panel Vibration and Sound Radiation 1623.6.1 Mechanism of Stiffness Control 1643.6.2 Tuning of Plate Stiffness 1663.6.3 Influence of Plate Stiffness Tuning on Sound Radiation 1703.6.4 Case Study of Body Stiffness Tuning 1703.7 Mass Control for Body Panel Vibration and Sound Radiation 1753.7.1 Mechanism of Mass Control 1753.7.2 Application of Mass Control 1753.8 Damper Control for Body Vibration and Sound Radiation 1793.8.1 Mechanism of Dynamic Damper 1793.8.2 Application of Dynamic Damper to Attenuate Interior Booming 1813.9 Noise and Vibration for Body Accessory Components 1823.9.1 Bracket Mode and Control 1823.9.2 Control of Steering System Vibration 1853.9.3 Control of Seat Vibration 190Bibliography 1954 Sound Package 2014.1 Introduction 2014.1.1 Transfer of Airborne‐Noise to Passenger Compartment 2014.1.2 Scopes of Sound Package Research 2024.2 Body Sealing 2034.2.1 Importance of Sealing 2034.2.2 Static Sealing and Dynamic Sealing 2074.2.3 Measurement of Static Sealing 2074.2.4 Control of Static Sealing 2104.3 Sound Absorptive Materials 2164.3.1 Sound Absorption Mechanism and Sound Absorption Coefficient 2164.3.2 Porous Sound Absorptive Material 2174.3.3 Resonant Sound Absorption Structure 2224.3.4 Measurement of Sound Absorption Coefficient 2244.4 Sound Insulation Materials and Structures 2294.4.1 Mechanism of Sound Insulation and Sound Transmission Loss 2294.4.2 Sound Insulation of Single Plate 2304.4.3 Sound Insulation of Double Plate 2334.4.4 Measurement of Sound Insulation Materials 2364.5 Application of Sound Package 2404.5.1 Application of Sound Absorptive Materials and Structures 2414.5.2 Application of Combination of Sound Insulation Structures and Sound Absorptive Materials 2474.5.3 Application of Sound Baffle Material 2524.6 Statistical Energy Analysis and Its Application 2544.6.1 Concepts of Statistical Energy Analysis 2554.6.2 Theory of Statistical Energy Analysis 2564.6.3 Assumptions and Applications of Statistical Energy Analysis 2584.6.4 Loss Factor 2604.6.5 Input Power 2634.6.6 Application of Statistical Energy Analysis on Vehicle Body 264Bibliography 2675 Vehicle Body Sensitivity Analysis and Control 2735.1 Introduction 2735.1.1 System and Transfer Function 2735.1.2 Vibration and Sound Excitation Points on Vehicle Body 2755.1.3 Response Points 2785.1.4 Body Sensitivity 2785.2 Source– Transfer Path–Response Model for Vehicle Body 2805.2.1 Source–Transfer Path–Response Model 2805.2.2 Source–Transfer Function–Vibration Model for Vehicle Body 2805.2.3 Source−Transfer Function−Noise Model for Vehicle Body 2815.3 Characteristics and Analysis of Noise and Vibration Sources 2845.3.1 Excitation Characteristics of Engine and Related Systems 2845.3.2 Excitation Characteristics of Drivetrain System 2865.3.3 Excitation Characteristics of Tires 2915.3.4 Excitation Characteristics of Rotary Machines 2935.3.5 Excitation Characteristics of Random or Impulse Inputs 2945.4 Dynamic Stiffness and Input Point Inertance 2955.4.1 Mechanical Impedance and Mobility 2955.4.2 Driving Point Dynamic Stiffness 2965.4.3 IPI and Driving Point Dynamic Stiffness 2985.4.4 Control of Driving Point Dynamic Stiffness 3015.5 Vibration− Vibration Sensitivity and Sound−Vibration Sensitivity 3045.5.1 Transfer Processing of Vibration Sources to Interior Vibration and Vibration−Vibration Sensitivity 3045.5.2 Transfer Processing of Vibration Sources to Interior Noise and Sound−Vibration Sensitivity 3085.5.3 Sensitivity Control 3115.5.4 Sensitivity Targets 3155.6 Sound− Sound Sensitivity and Control 3165.6.1 Sound Transmission from Outside Body to Interior 3165.6.2 Expression of Sound−Sound Sensitivity 3175.6.3 Targets and Control of Sound−Sound Sensitivity 322Bibliography 3236 Wind Noise 3276.1 Introduction 3276.1.1 Problems Induced by Wind Noise 3276.1.2 Sound Sources and Classification of Wind Noise 3286.2 Mechanism of Wind Noise 3316.2.1 Pulsating Noise 3316.2.2 Aspiration Noise 3336.2.3 Buffeting Noise 3366.2.4 Cavity Noise 3386.3 Control Strategy for Wind Noise 3396.3.1 Transfer Paths of Wind Noise 3396.3.2 Control Strategy of Wind Noise 3416.4 Body Overall Styling and Wind Noise Control 3436.4.1 Ideal Body Overall Styling 3436.4.2 Design of Transition Region between Front Grill and Engine Hook 3456.4.3 Design in Area between Engine Hood and Front Windshield 3466.4.4 Design of A‐Pillar Area 3476.4.5 Design of Transition Area of Roof, Rear Windshield, and Trunk Lid 3526.4.6 Underbody Design 3536.4.7 Design in an Area of Wheelhouse and Body Side Panel 3546.5 Body Local Design and Wind Noise Control 3546.5.1 Principles for Body Local Structure Design 3546.5.2 Design of Side Mirror and Its Connection with Body 3556.5.3 Sunroof Design and Wind Noise Control 3596.5.4 Antenna Design and Wind Noise Control 3616.5.5 Design of Roof Luggage Rack 3636.5.6 Control of Other Appendages and Outside Cavity 3646.6 Dynamic Sealing and Control 3656.6.1 Dynamic Sealing and Its Importance 3656.6.2 Expression for Dynamic Sealing 3666.6.3 Dynamic Sealing between Door and Body 3686.6.4 Control of Dynamic Sealing 3716.7 Measurement and Evaluation of Wind Noise 3736.7.1 Wind Noise Testing in Wind Tunnel 3736.7.2 Wind Noise Testing on Road 3786.7.3 Evaluation of Wind Noise 3796.8 Analysis of Wind Noise 3806.8.1 Relationship Between Aerodynamic Acoustics and Classical Acoustics 3806.8.2 Lighthill Acoustic Analogy Theory 3816.8.3 Lighthill‐Curl Acoustic Analogy Theory 3826.8.4 Solution of Aerodynamic Equations 3836.8.5 Simulation of Wind Noise 383Bibliography 3847 Door Closing Sound Quality 3897.1 Vehicle Sound Quality 3897.1.1 Concept of Sound Quality 3897.1.2 Automotive Sound Quality 3907.1.3 Importance of Automotive Sound Quality 3917.1.4 Scope of Sound Quality 3927.2 Evaluation Indexes of Sound Quality 3937.2.1 Description of Psychoacoustics 3937.2.2 Evaluation Indexes of Psychoacoustics 3957.2.3 Critical Band 3977.2.4 Loudness 3987.2.5 Sharpness 4027.2.6 Modulation, Fluctuation, and Roughness 4047.2.7 Tonality 4097.2.8 Articulation Index 4097.2.9 Sound Masking 4117.3 Evaluation Indexes of Automotive Sound Quality 4137.3.1 Classification of Automotive Sound Quality 4137.3.2 Indexes Used to Describe Automotive Sound Quality 4157.3.3 Indexes Used to Describe System Sound Quality 4167.4 Evaluation of Door Closing Sound Quality 4177.4.1 Importance of Door Closing Sound Quality 4177.4.2 Subjective Evaluation of Door Closing Sound Quality 4177.4.3 Objective Evaluation of Door Closing Sound Quality 4197.4.4 Relation between Subjective Evaluation and Objective Evaluation 4237.5 Structure and Noise Source of Door Closing System 4247.5.1 Structure of Door Closing System 4247.5.2 Noise Sources of Door Closing 4267.6 Control of Door Closing Sound Quality 4287.6.1 Control of Door Panel Structure 4287.6.2 Control of Door Lock 4307.6.3 Control of Sealing System 4327.7 Design Procedure and Example Analysis for Door Closing Sound Quality 4327.7.1 Design Procedure for Door Closing Sound Quality 4327.7.2 Analysis of Factors Influencing on Loudness, Sharpness, and Ring‐Down 4347.7.3 Example Analysis of Door Closing Sound Quality 4357.8 Sound Quality for Other Body Components 437Bibliography 4388 Squeak and Rattle Control in Vehicle Body 4418.1 Introduction 4418.1.1 What Is Squeak and Rattle? 4418.1.2 Components Generating Squeak and Rattle 4428.1.3 Importance of Squeak and Rattle 4428.1.4 Mechanism of Squeak and Rattle 4428.1.5 Identification and Control of Squeak and Rattle 4438.2 Mechanism and Influence Factors of Squeak 4448.2.1 Mechanism of Squeak 4448.2.2 Factors Influencing Squeak 4478.3 Mechanism and Influence Factors of Rattle 4498.3.1 Mechanism of Rattle 4498.3.2 Factors Influencing Rattle 4508.4 CAE Analysis of Squeak and Rattle 4528.4.1 Analysis of Stiffness, Mode, and Deformation of Body and Door 4538.4.2 Modal Analysis of Body Subsystems 4558.4.3 Sensitivity Analysis of Squeak and Rattle 4588.4.4 Dynamic Response Analysis of Squeak and Rattle 4608.5 Subjective Evaluation and Testing of Squeak and Rattle 4618.5.1 Subjective Identification and Evaluation of Squeak and Rattle 4628.5.2 Objective Testing and Analysis of Squeak and Rattle 4678.6 Control of Body Squeak and Rattle 4718.6.1 Control Strategy during Vehicle Development 4718.6.2 Body Structure‐Integrated Design and S&R Control 4728.6.3 DMU Checking for Body S&R Prevention 4768.6.4 Matching of Material Friction Pairs 4778.6.5 Control of Manufacture Processes 4788.6.6 Squeak and Rattle Issues for High Mileage Vehicle 4788.6.7 Squeak and Rattle at High Mileage 479Bibliography 4809 Targets for Body Noise and Vibration 4839.1 Target System for Vehicle Noise and Vibration 4839.1.1 Period for Vehicle Development and Targets 4839.1.2 Factors Influencing on Target Setting 4859.1.3 Principles of Target Setting and Cascading 4869.1.4 Principles of Modal Separation 4889.1.5 Target System of Body NVH 4899.2 NVH Targets for Vehicle‐Level Body 4909.2.1 Vehicle‐Level Body NVH Targets 4909.2.2 Vibration Targets for Vehicle‐Level Body 4909.2.3 Noise Targets for Vehicle‐Level Body 4919.3 NVH Targets for Trimmed Body 4929.3.1 NVH Characteristics of Trimmed Body 4929.3.2 Vibration Targets of Trimmed Body 4939.3.3 Noise Targets for Trimmed Body 4939.4 NVH Targets for Body‐in‐White 4949.4.1 NVH Characteristics of BIW 4949.4.2 Vibration Targets of BIW 4959.4.3 Noise Target of BIW 4969.5 NVH Targets for Body Components 4969.5.1 Component‐Level Vibration Targets 4979.5.2 Component‐Level Noise Target 4979.5.3 Noise and Vibration Targets of Door 4979.6 Execution and Realization of Body Targets 4989.6.1 Control at Phase of Target Setting and Cascading 4989.6.2 Target Checking at Milestones 4999.6.3 CAE Analysis and DMU Checking 5009.6.4 NVH Control for BIW 5019.6.5 NVH Control for Trimmed Body and Full Vehicle 501Bibliography 501Index 503

Jian Pang, PhD, is a lecturer for the Society of Automotive Engineers in both the United States and China. He has worked at both the Ford Motor Company in Detroit, US and the Changan Automobile Company of Chongqing, China. He has a strong theoretical background on noise and vibration and has worked on vehicle development for automotive companies for many years.

• Preface xiii1 Introduction 11.1 Automotive Body Structure and Noise and Vibration Problems 11.1.1 Automotive Body Structure 11.1.2 Noise and Vibration Problems Caused by Body Frame Structure 71.1.3 Noise and Vibration Problems Caused by Body Panel Structure 81.1.4 Interior Trimmed Structure and Sound Treatment 81.1.5 Noise and Vibration Problems Caused by Body Accessory Structures 91.2 Transfer of Structural‐Borne Noise and Airborne Noise to Interior 101.2.1 Description of Vehicle Noise and Vibration Sources 101.2.2 Structural‐Borne Noise and Airborne Noise 111.2.3 Transfer of Noise and Vibration Sources to Interior 131.3 Key Techniques for Body Noise and Vibration Control 141.3.1 Vibration and Control of Overall Body Structure 151.3.2 Vibration and Sound Radiation of Body Local Structures 171.3.3 Sound Package for Vehicle Body 241.3.4 Body Noise and Vibration Sensitivity 281.3.5 Wind Noise and Control 321.3.6 Door Closing Sound Quality and Control 351.3.7 Squeak and Rattle of Vehicle Body 381.4 Noise and Vibration Control During Vehicle Development 391.4.1 Modal Frequency Distribution for Vehicle Body 401.4.2 Body NVH Target System 411.4.3 Execution of Body NVH Targets 421.5 Structure of This Book 422 Vibration Control of Overall Body Structure 452.1 Introduction 452.1.1 Overall Body Stiffness 452.1.2 Overall Body Modes 482.1.3 Scopes of Overall Body Vibration Research 502.2 Overall Body Stiffness 512.2.1 Body Bending Stiffness 522.2.2 Body Torsional Stiffness 572.3 Control of Overall Body Stiffness 612.3.1 Overall Layout of a Body Structure 622.3.2 Body Frame Cross‐Section and Stiffness Analysis 652.3.3 Joint Stiffness 672.3.4 Influence of Adhesive Bonding Stiffness on Overall Body Stiffness 712.3.5 Contribution Analysis of Beams and Joints on Overall Body Stiffness 722.4 Identification of Overall Body Modes 752.4.1 Foundation of Modal Analysis 752.4.2 Modal Shape and Frequency of Vehicle Body 782.4.3 Modal Testing for Vehicle Body 842.4.4 Calculation of Vehicle Body Mode 892.5 Control of Overall Body Modes 912.5.1 Separation and Decoupling of Body Modes 912.5.2 Planning Table/Chart of Body Modes 932.5.3 Control of Overall Body Modes 98Bibliography 1013 Noise and Vibration Control for Local Body Structures 1033.1 Noise and Vibration Problems Caused by Vehicle Local Structures 1033.1.1 Classification and Modes of Local Body Structures 1033.1.2 Noise and Vibration Problems Generated by Local Modes 1043.1.3 Control Strategy for Local Modes 1113.2 Body Plate Vibration and Sound Radiation 1123.2.1 Vibration of Plate Structure 1133.2.2 Sound Radiation of Plate Structure 1163.3 Body Acoustic Cavity Mode 1203.3.1 Definition and Shapes of Acoustic Cavity Mode 1203.3.2 Theoretical Analysis and Measurement of Acoustic Cavity Mode 1223.3.3 Coupling of Acoustic Cavity Mode and Structural Mode 1293.3.4 Control of Acoustic Cavity Mode 1303.4 Panel Contribution Analysis 1313.4.1 Concept of Panel Contribution 1313.4.2 Contribution Analysis of Panel Vibration and Sound Radiation 1323.4.3 Testing Methods for Panel Vibration and Sound Radiation 1363.5 Damping Control for Structural Vibration and Sound Radiation 1453.5.1 Damping Phenomenon and Description 1453.5.2 Damping Models 1463.5.3 Loss Factor 1493.5.4 Characteristics of Viscoelastic Damping Materials 1503.5.5 Classification of Body Damping Materials and Damping Structures 1533.5.6 Measurement of Damping Loss Factor 1573.5.7 Application of Damping Materials and Structures on Vehicle Body 1593.6 Stiffness Control for Body Panel Vibration and Sound Radiation 1623.6.1 Mechanism of Stiffness Control 1643.6.2 Tuning of Plate Stiffness 1663.6.3 Influence of Plate Stiffness Tuning on Sound Radiation 1703.6.4 Case Study of Body Stiffness Tuning 1703.7 Mass Control for Body Panel Vibration and Sound Radiation 1753.7.1 Mechanism of Mass Control 1753.7.2 Application of Mass Control 1753.8 Damper Control for Body Vibration and Sound Radiation 1793.8.1 Mechanism of Dynamic Damper 1793.8.2 Application of Dynamic Damper to Attenuate Interior Booming 1813.9 Noise and Vibration for Body Accessory Components 1823.9.1 Bracket Mode and Control 1823.9.2 Control of Steering System Vibration 1853.9.3 Control of Seat Vibration 190Bibliography 1954 Sound Package 2014.1 Introduction 2014.1.1 Transfer of Airborne‐Noise to Passenger Compartment 2014.1.2 Scopes of Sound Package Research 2024.2 Body Sealing 2034.2.1 Importance of Sealing 2034.2.2 Static Sealing and Dynamic Sealing 2074.2.3 Measurement of Static Sealing 2074.2.4 Control of Static Sealing 2104.3 Sound Absorptive Materials 2164.3.1 Sound Absorption Mechanism and Sound Absorption Coefficient 2164.3.2 Porous Sound Absorptive Material 2174.3.3 Resonant Sound Absorption Structure 2224.3.4 Measurement of Sound Absorption Coefficient 2244.4 Sound Insulation Materials and Structures 2294.4.1 Mechanism of Sound Insulation and Sound Transmission Loss 2294.4.2 Sound Insulation of Single Plate 2304.4.3 Sound Insulation of Double Plate 2334.4.4 Measurement of Sound Insulation Materials 2364.5 Application of Sound Package 2404.5.1 Application of Sound Absorptive Materials and Structures 2414.5.2 Application of Combination of Sound Insulation Structures and Sound Absorptive Materials 2474.5.3 Application of Sound Baffle Material 2524.6 Statistical Energy Analysis and Its Application 2544.6.1 Concepts of Statistical Energy Analysis 2554.6.2 Theory of Statistical Energy Analysis 2564.6.3 Assumptions and Applications of Statistical Energy Analysis 2584.6.4 Loss Factor 2604.6.5 Input Power 2634.6.6 Application of Statistical Energy Analysis on Vehicle Body 264Bibliography 2675 Vehicle Body Sensitivity Analysis and Control 2735.1 Introduction 2735.1.1 System and Transfer Function 2735.1.2 Vibration and Sound Excitation Points on Vehicle Body 2755.1.3 Response Points 2785.1.4 Body Sensitivity 2785.2 Source– Transfer Path–Response Model for Vehicle Body 2805.2.1 Source–Transfer Path–Response Model 2805.2.2 Source–Transfer Function–Vibration Model for Vehicle Body 2805.2.3 Source−Transfer Function−Noise Model for Vehicle Body 2815.3 Characteristics and Analysis of Noise and Vibration Sources 2845.3.1 Excitation Characteristics of Engine and Related Systems 2845.3.2 Excitation Characteristics of Drivetrain System 2865.3.3 Excitation Characteristics of Tires 2915.3.4 Excitation Characteristics of Rotary Machines 2935.3.5 Excitation Characteristics of Random or Impulse Inputs 2945.4 Dynamic Stiffness and Input Point Inertance 2955.4.1 Mechanical Impedance and Mobility 2955.4.2 Driving Point Dynamic Stiffness 2965.4.3 IPI and Driving Point Dynamic Stiffness 2985.4.4 Control of Driving Point Dynamic Stiffness 3015.5 Vibration− Vibration Sensitivity and Sound−Vibration Sensitivity 3045.5.1 Transfer Processing of Vibration Sources to Interior Vibration and Vibration−Vibration Sensitivity 3045.5.2 Transfer Processing of Vibration Sources to Interior Noise and Sound−Vibration Sensitivity 3085.5.3 Sensitivity Control 3115.5.4 Sensitivity Targets 3155.6 Sound− Sound Sensitivity and Control 3165.6.1 Sound Transmission from Outside Body to Interior 3165.6.2 Expression of Sound−Sound Sensitivity 3175.6.3 Targets and Control of Sound−Sound Sensitivity 322Bibliography 3236 Wind Noise 3276.1 Introduction 3276.1.1 Problems Induced by Wind Noise 3276.1.2 Sound Sources and Classification of Wind Noise 3286.2 Mechanism of Wind Noise 3316.2.1 Pulsating Noise 3316.2.2 Aspiration Noise 3336.2.3 Buffeting Noise 3366.2.4 Cavity Noise 3386.3 Control Strategy for Wind Noise 3396.3.1 Transfer Paths of Wind Noise 3396.3.2 Control Strategy of Wind Noise 3416.4 Body Overall Styling and Wind Noise Control 3436.4.1 Ideal Body Overall Styling 3436.4.2 Design of Transition Region between Front Grill and Engine Hook 3456.4.3 Design in Area between Engine Hood and Front Windshield 3466.4.4 Design of A‐Pillar Area 3476.4.5 Design of Transition Area of Roof, Rear Windshield, and Trunk Lid 3526.4.6 Underbody Design 3536.4.7 Design in an Area of Wheelhouse and Body Side Panel 3546.5 Body Local Design and Wind Noise Control 3546.5.1 Principles for Body Local Structure Design 3546.5.2 Design of Side Mirror and Its Connection with Body 3556.5.3 Sunroof Design and Wind Noise Control 3596.5.4 Antenna Design and Wind Noise Control 3616.5.5 Design of Roof Luggage Rack 3636.5.6 Control of Other Appendages and Outside Cavity 3646.6 Dynamic Sealing and Control 3656.6.1 Dynamic Sealing and Its Importance 3656.6.2 Expression for Dynamic Sealing 3666.6.3 Dynamic Sealing between Door and Body 3686.6.4 Control of Dynamic Sealing 3716.7 Measurement and Evaluation of Wind Noise 3736.7.1 Wind Noise Testing in Wind Tunnel 3736.7.2 Wind Noise Testing on Road 3786.7.3 Evaluation of Wind Noise 3796.8 Analysis of Wind Noise 3806.8.1 Relationship Between Aerodynamic Acoustics and Classical Acoustics 3806.8.2 Lighthill Acoustic Analogy Theory 3816.8.3 Lighthill‐Curl Acoustic Analogy Theory 3826.8.4 Solution of Aerodynamic Equations 3836.8.5 Simulation of Wind Noise 383Bibliography 3847 Door Closing Sound Quality 3897.1 Vehicle Sound Quality 3897.1.1 Concept of Sound Quality 3897.1.2 Automotive Sound Quality 3907.1.3 Importance of Automotive Sound Quality 3917.1.4 Scope of Sound Quality 3927.2 Evaluation Indexes of Sound Quality 3937.2.1 Description of Psychoacoustics 3937.2.2 Evaluation Indexes of Psychoacoustics 3957.2.3 Critical Band 3977.2.4 Loudness 3987.2.5 Sharpness 4027.2.6 Modulation, Fluctuation, and Roughness 4047.2.7 Tonality 4097.2.8 Articulation Index 4097.2.9 Sound Masking 4117.3 Evaluation Indexes of Automotive Sound Quality 4137.3.1 Classification of Automotive Sound Quality 4137.3.2 Indexes Used to Describe Automotive Sound Quality 4157.3.3 Indexes Used to Describe System Sound Quality 4167.4 Evaluation of Door Closing Sound Quality 4177.4.1 Importance of Door Closing Sound Quality 4177.4.2 Subjective Evaluation of Door Closing Sound Quality 4177.4.3 Objective Evaluation of Door Closing Sound Quality 4197.4.4 Relation between Subjective Evaluation and Objective Evaluation 4237.5 Structure and Noise Source of Door Closing System 4247.5.1 Structure of Door Closing System 4247.5.2 Noise Sources of Door Closing 4267.6 Control of Door Closing Sound Quality 4287.6.1 Control of Door Panel Structure 4287.6.2 Control of Door Lock 4307.6.3 Control of Sealing System 4327.7 Design Procedure and Example Analysis for Door Closing Sound Quality 4327.7.1 Design Procedure for Door Closing Sound Quality 4327.7.2 Analysis of Factors Influencing on Loudness, Sharpness, and Ring‐Down 4347.7.3 Example Analysis of Door Closing Sound Quality 4357.8 Sound Quality for Other Body Components 437Bibliography 4388 Squeak and Rattle Control in Vehicle Body 4418.1 Introduction 4418.1.1 What Is Squeak and Rattle? 4418.1.2 Components Generating Squeak and Rattle 4428.1.3 Importance of Squeak and Rattle 4428.1.4 Mechanism of Squeak and Rattle 4428.1.5 Identification and Control of Squeak and Rattle 4438.2 Mechanism and Influence Factors of Squeak 4448.2.1 Mechanism of Squeak 4448.2.2 Factors Influencing Squeak 4478.3 Mechanism and Influence Factors of Rattle 4498.3.1 Mechanism of Rattle 4498.3.2 Factors Influencing Rattle 4508.4 CAE Analysis of Squeak and Rattle 4528.4.1 Analysis of Stiffness, Mode, and Deformation of Body and Door 4538.4.2 Modal Analysis of Body Subsystems 4558.4.3 Sensitivity Analysis of Squeak and Rattle 4588.4.4 Dynamic Response Analysis of Squeak and Rattle 4608.5 Subjective Evaluation and Testing of Squeak and Rattle 4618.5.1 Subjective Identification and Evaluation of Squeak and Rattle 4628.5.2 Objective Testing and Analysis of Squeak and Rattle 4678.6 Control of Body Squeak and Rattle 4718.6.1 Control Strategy during Vehicle Development 4718.6.2 Body Structure‐Integrated Design and S&R Control 4728.6.3 DMU Checking for Body S&R Prevention 4768.6.4 Matching of Material Friction Pairs 4778.6.5 Control of Manufacture Processes 4788.6.6 Squeak and Rattle Issues for High Mileage Vehicle 4788.6.7 Squeak and Rattle at High Mileage 479Bibliography 4809 Targets for Body Noise and Vibration 4839.1 Target System for Vehicle Noise and Vibration 4839.1.1 Period for Vehicle Development and Targets 4839.1.2 Factors Influencing on Target Setting 4859.1.3 Principles of Target Setting and Cascading 4869.1.4 Principles of Modal Separation 4889.1.5 Target System of Body NVH 4899.2 NVH Targets for Vehicle‐Level Body 4909.2.1 Vehicle‐Level Body NVH Targets 4909.2.2 Vibration Targets for Vehicle‐Level Body 4909.2.3 Noise Targets for Vehicle‐Level Body 4919.3 NVH Targets for Trimmed Body 4929.3.1 NVH Characteristics of Trimmed Body 4929.3.2 Vibration Targets of Trimmed Body 4939.3.3 Noise Targets for Trimmed Body 4939.4 NVH Targets for Body‐in‐White 4949.4.1 NVH Characteristics of BIW 4949.4.2 Vibration Targets of BIW 4959.4.3 Noise Target of BIW 4969.5 NVH Targets for Body Components 4969.5.1 Component‐Level Vibration Targets 4979.5.2 Component‐Level Noise Target 4979.5.3 Noise and Vibration Targets of Door 4979.6 Execution and Realization of Body Targets 4989.6.1 Control at Phase of Target Setting and Cascading 4989.6.2 Target Checking at Milestones 4999.6.3 CAE Analysis and DMU Checking 5009.6.4 NVH Control for BIW 5019.6.5 NVH Control for Trimmed Body and Full Vehicle 501Bibliography 501Index 503

Jian Pang, PhD, is a lecturer for the Society of Automotive Engineers in both the United States and China. He has worked at both the Ford Motor Company in Detroit, US and the Changan Automobile Company of Chongqing, China. He has a strong theoretical background on noise and vibration and has worked on vehicle development for automotive companies for many years.

• Preface xiii1 Introduction 11.1 Automotive Body Structure and Noise and Vibration Problems 11.1.1 Automotive Body Structure 11.1.2 Noise and Vibration Problems Caused by Body Frame Structure 71.1.3 Noise and Vibration Problems Caused by Body Panel Structure 81.1.4 Interior Trimmed Structure and Sound Treatment 81.1.5 Noise and Vibration Problems Caused by Body Accessory Structures 91.2 Transfer of Structural‐Borne Noise and Airborne Noise to Interior 101.2.1 Description of Vehicle Noise and Vibration Sources 101.2.2 Structural‐Borne Noise and Airborne Noise 111.2.3 Transfer of Noise and Vibration Sources to Interior 131.3 Key Techniques for Body Noise and Vibration Control 141.3.1 Vibration and Control of Overall Body Structure 151.3.2 Vibration and Sound Radiation of Body Local Structures 171.3.3 Sound Package for Vehicle Body 241.3.4 Body Noise and Vibration Sensitivity 281.3.5 Wind Noise and Control 321.3.6 Door Closing Sound Quality and Control 351.3.7 Squeak and Rattle of Vehicle Body 381.4 Noise and Vibration Control During Vehicle Development 391.4.1 Modal Frequency Distribution for Vehicle Body 401.4.2 Body NVH Target System 411.4.3 Execution of Body NVH Targets 421.5 Structure of This Book 422 Vibration Control of Overall Body Structure 452.1 Introduction 452.1.1 Overall Body Stiffness 452.1.2 Overall Body Modes 482.1.3 Scopes of Overall Body Vibration Research 502.2 Overall Body Stiffness 512.2.1 Body Bending Stiffness 522.2.2 Body Torsional Stiffness 572.3 Control of Overall Body Stiffness 612.3.1 Overall Layout of a Body Structure 622.3.2 Body Frame Cross‐Section and Stiffness Analysis 652.3.3 Joint Stiffness 672.3.4 Influence of Adhesive Bonding Stiffness on Overall Body Stiffness 712.3.5 Contribution Analysis of Beams and Joints on Overall Body Stiffness 722.4 Identification of Overall Body Modes 752.4.1 Foundation of Modal Analysis 752.4.2 Modal Shape and Frequency of Vehicle Body 782.4.3 Modal Testing for Vehicle Body 842.4.4 Calculation of Vehicle Body Mode 892.5 Control of Overall Body Modes 912.5.1 Separation and Decoupling of Body Modes 912.5.2 Planning Table/Chart of Body Modes 932.5.3 Control of Overall Body Modes 98Bibliography 1013 Noise and Vibration Control for Local Body Structures 1033.1 Noise and Vibration Problems Caused by Vehicle Local Structures 1033.1.1 Classification and Modes of Local Body Structures 1033.1.2 Noise and Vibration Problems Generated by Local Modes 1043.1.3 Control Strategy for Local Modes 1113.2 Body Plate Vibration and Sound Radiation 1123.2.1 Vibration of Plate Structure 1133.2.2 Sound Radiation of Plate Structure 1163.3 Body Acoustic Cavity Mode 1203.3.1 Definition and Shapes of Acoustic Cavity Mode 1203.3.2 Theoretical Analysis and Measurement of Acoustic Cavity Mode 1223.3.3 Coupling of Acoustic Cavity Mode and Structural Mode 1293.3.4 Control of Acoustic Cavity Mode 1303.4 Panel Contribution Analysis 1313.4.1 Concept of Panel Contribution 1313.4.2 Contribution Analysis of Panel Vibration and Sound Radiation 1323.4.3 Testing Methods for Panel Vibration and Sound Radiation 1363.5 Damping Control for Structural Vibration and Sound Radiation 1453.5.1 Damping Phenomenon and Description 1453.5.2 Damping Models 1463.5.3 Loss Factor 1493.5.4 Characteristics of Viscoelastic Damping Materials 1503.5.5 Classification of Body Damping Materials and Damping Structures 1533.5.6 Measurement of Damping Loss Factor 1573.5.7 Application of Damping Materials and Structures on Vehicle Body 1593.6 Stiffness Control for Body Panel Vibration and Sound Radiation 1623.6.1 Mechanism of Stiffness Control 1643.6.2 Tuning of Plate Stiffness 1663.6.3 Influence of Plate Stiffness Tuning on Sound Radiation 1703.6.4 Case Study of Body Stiffness Tuning 1703.7 Mass Control for Body Panel Vibration and Sound Radiation 1753.7.1 Mechanism of Mass Control 1753.7.2 Application of Mass Control 1753.8 Damper Control for Body Vibration and Sound Radiation 1793.8.1 Mechanism of Dynamic Damper 1793.8.2 Application of Dynamic Damper to Attenuate Interior Booming 1813.9 Noise and Vibration for Body Accessory Components 1823.9.1 Bracket Mode and Control 1823.9.2 Control of Steering System Vibration 1853.9.3 Control of Seat Vibration 190Bibliography 1954 Sound Package 2014.1 Introduction 2014.1.1 Transfer of Airborne‐Noise to Passenger Compartment 2014.1.2 Scopes of Sound Package Research 2024.2 Body Sealing 2034.2.1 Importance of Sealing 2034.2.2 Static Sealing and Dynamic Sealing 2074.2.3 Measurement of Static Sealing 2074.2.4 Control of Static Sealing 2104.3 Sound Absorptive Materials 2164.3.1 Sound Absorption Mechanism and Sound Absorption Coefficient 2164.3.2 Porous Sound Absorptive Material 2174.3.3 Resonant Sound Absorption Structure 2224.3.4 Measurement of Sound Absorption Coefficient 2244.4 Sound Insulation Materials and Structures 2294.4.1 Mechanism of Sound Insulation and Sound Transmission Loss 2294.4.2 Sound Insulation of Single Plate 2304.4.3 Sound Insulation of Double Plate 2334.4.4 Measurement of Sound Insulation Materials 2364.5 Application of Sound Package 2404.5.1 Application of Sound Absorptive Materials and Structures 2414.5.2 Application of Combination of Sound Insulation Structures and Sound Absorptive Materials 2474.5.3 Application of Sound Baffle Material 2524.6 Statistical Energy Analysis and Its Application 2544.6.1 Concepts of Statistical Energy Analysis 2554.6.2 Theory of Statistical Energy Analysis 2564.6.3 Assumptions and Applications of Statistical Energy Analysis 2584.6.4 Loss Factor 2604.6.5 Input Power 2634.6.6 Application of Statistical Energy Analysis on Vehicle Body 264Bibliography 2675 Vehicle Body Sensitivity Analysis and Control 2735.1 Introduction 2735.1.1 System and Transfer Function 2735.1.2 Vibration and Sound Excitation Points on Vehicle Body 2755.1.3 Response Points 2785.1.4 Body Sensitivity 2785.2 Source– Transfer Path–Response Model for Vehicle Body 2805.2.1 Source–Transfer Path–Response Model 2805.2.2 Source–Transfer Function–Vibration Model for Vehicle Body 2805.2.3 Source−Transfer Function−Noise Model for Vehicle Body 2815.3 Characteristics and Analysis of Noise and Vibration Sources 2845.3.1 Excitation Characteristics of Engine and Related Systems 2845.3.2 Excitation Characteristics of Drivetrain System 2865.3.3 Excitation Characteristics of Tires 2915.3.4 Excitation Characteristics of Rotary Machines 2935.3.5 Excitation Characteristics of Random or Impulse Inputs 2945.4 Dynamic Stiffness and Input Point Inertance 2955.4.1 Mechanical Impedance and Mobility 2955.4.2 Driving Point Dynamic Stiffness 2965.4.3 IPI and Driving Point Dynamic Stiffness 2985.4.4 Control of Driving Point Dynamic Stiffness 3015.5 Vibration− Vibration Sensitivity and Sound−Vibration Sensitivity 3045.5.1 Transfer Processing of Vibration Sources to Interior Vibration and Vibration−Vibration Sensitivity 3045.5.2 Transfer Processing of Vibration Sources to Interior Noise and Sound−Vibration Sensitivity 3085.5.3 Sensitivity Control 3115.5.4 Sensitivity Targets 3155.6 Sound− Sound Sensitivity and Control 3165.6.1 Sound Transmission from Outside Body to Interior 3165.6.2 Expression of Sound−Sound Sensitivity 3175.6.3 Targets and Control of Sound−Sound Sensitivity 322Bibliography 3236 Wind Noise 3276.1 Introduction 3276.1.1 Problems Induced by Wind Noise 3276.1.2 Sound Sources and Classification of Wind Noise 3286.2 Mechanism of Wind Noise 3316.2.1 Pulsating Noise 3316.2.2 Aspiration Noise 3336.2.3 Buffeting Noise 3366.2.4 Cavity Noise 3386.3 Control Strategy for Wind Noise 3396.3.1 Transfer Paths of Wind Noise 3396.3.2 Control Strategy of Wind Noise 3416.4 Body Overall Styling and Wind Noise Control 3436.4.1 Ideal Body Overall Styling 3436.4.2 Design of Transition Region between Front Grill and Engine Hook 3456.4.3 Design in Area between Engine Hood and Front Windshield 3466.4.4 Design of A‐Pillar Area 3476.4.5 Design of Transition Area of Roof, Rear Windshield, and Trunk Lid 3526.4.6 Underbody Design 3536.4.7 Design in an Area of Wheelhouse and Body Side Panel 3546.5 Body Local Design and Wind Noise Control 3546.5.1 Principles for Body Local Structure Design 3546.5.2 Design of Side Mirror and Its Connection with Body 3556.5.3 Sunroof Design and Wind Noise Control 3596.5.4 Antenna Design and Wind Noise Control 3616.5.5 Design of Roof Luggage Rack 3636.5.6 Control of Other Appendages and Outside Cavity 3646.6 Dynamic Sealing and Control 3656.6.1 Dynamic Sealing and Its Importance 3656.6.2 Expression for Dynamic Sealing 3666.6.3 Dynamic Sealing between Door and Body 3686.6.4 Control of Dynamic Sealing 3716.7 Measurement and Evaluation of Wind Noise 3736.7.1 Wind Noise Testing in Wind Tunnel 3736.7.2 Wind Noise Testing on Road 3786.7.3 Evaluation of Wind Noise 3796.8 Analysis of Wind Noise 3806.8.1 Relationship Between Aerodynamic Acoustics and Classical Acoustics 3806.8.2 Lighthill Acoustic Analogy Theory 3816.8.3 Lighthill‐Curl Acoustic Analogy Theory 3826.8.4 Solution of Aerodynamic Equations 3836.8.5 Simulation of Wind Noise 383Bibliography 3847 Door Closing Sound Quality 3897.1 Vehicle Sound Quality 3897.1.1 Concept of Sound Quality 3897.1.2 Automotive Sound Quality 3907.1.3 Importance of Automotive Sound Quality 3917.1.4 Scope of Sound Quality 3927.2 Evaluation Indexes of Sound Quality 3937.2.1 Description of Psychoacoustics 3937.2.2 Evaluation Indexes of Psychoacoustics 3957.2.3 Critical Band 3977.2.4 Loudness 3987.2.5 Sharpness 4027.2.6 Modulation, Fluctuation, and Roughness 4047.2.7 Tonality 4097.2.8 Articulation Index 4097.2.9 Sound Masking 4117.3 Evaluation Indexes of Automotive Sound Quality 4137.3.1 Classification of Automotive Sound Quality 4137.3.2 Indexes Used to Describe Automotive Sound Quality 4157.3.3 Indexes Used to Describe System Sound Quality 4167.4 Evaluation of Door Closing Sound Quality 4177.4.1 Importance of Door Closing Sound Quality 4177.4.2 Subjective Evaluation of Door Closing Sound Quality 4177.4.3 Objective Evaluation of Door Closing Sound Quality 4197.4.4 Relation between Subjective Evaluation and Objective Evaluation 4237.5 Structure and Noise Source of Door Closing System 4247.5.1 Structure of Door Closing System 4247.5.2 Noise Sources of Door Closing 4267.6 Control of Door Closing Sound Quality 4287.6.1 Control of Door Panel Structure 4287.6.2 Control of Door Lock 4307.6.3 Control of Sealing System 4327.7 Design Procedure and Example Analysis for Door Closing Sound Quality 4327.7.1 Design Procedure for Door Closing Sound Quality 4327.7.2 Analysis of Factors Influencing on Loudness, Sharpness, and Ring‐Down 4347.7.3 Example Analysis of Door Closing Sound Quality 4357.8 Sound Quality for Other Body Components 437Bibliography 4388 Squeak and Rattle Control in Vehicle Body 4418.1 Introduction 4418.1.1 What Is Squeak and Rattle? 4418.1.2 Components Generating Squeak and Rattle 4428.1.3 Importance of Squeak and Rattle 4428.1.4 Mechanism of Squeak and Rattle 4428.1.5 Identification and Control of Squeak and Rattle 4438.2 Mechanism and Influence Factors of Squeak 4448.2.1 Mechanism of Squeak 4448.2.2 Factors Influencing Squeak 4478.3 Mechanism and Influence Factors of Rattle 4498.3.1 Mechanism of Rattle 4498.3.2 Factors Influencing Rattle 4508.4 CAE Analysis of Squeak and Rattle 4528.4.1 Analysis of Stiffness, Mode, and Deformation of Body and Door 4538.4.2 Modal Analysis of Body Subsystems 4558.4.3 Sensitivity Analysis of Squeak and Rattle 4588.4.4 Dynamic Response Analysis of Squeak and Rattle 4608.5 Subjective Evaluation and Testing of Squeak and Rattle 4618.5.1 Subjective Identification and Evaluation of Squeak and Rattle 4628.5.2 Objective Testing and Analysis of Squeak and Rattle 4678.6 Control of Body Squeak and Rattle 4718.6.1 Control Strategy during Vehicle Development 4718.6.2 Body Structure‐Integrated Design and S&R Control 4728.6.3 DMU Checking for Body S&R Prevention 4768.6.4 Matching of Material Friction Pairs 4778.6.5 Control of Manufacture Processes 4788.6.6 Squeak and Rattle Issues for High Mileage Vehicle 4788.6.7 Squeak and Rattle at High Mileage 479Bibliography 4809 Targets for Body Noise and Vibration 4839.1 Target System for Vehicle Noise and Vibration 4839.1.1 Period for Vehicle Development and Targets 4839.1.2 Factors Influencing on Target Setting 4859.1.3 Principles of Target Setting and Cascading 4869.1.4 Principles of Modal Separation 4889.1.5 Target System of Body NVH 4899.2 NVH Targets for Vehicle‐Level Body 4909.2.1 Vehicle‐Level Body NVH Targets 4909.2.2 Vibration Targets for Vehicle‐Level Body 4909.2.3 Noise Targets for Vehicle‐Level Body 4919.3 NVH Targets for Trimmed Body 4929.3.1 NVH Characteristics of Trimmed Body 4929.3.2 Vibration Targets of Trimmed Body 4939.3.3 Noise Targets for Trimmed Body 4939.4 NVH Targets for Body‐in‐White 4949.4.1 NVH Characteristics of BIW 4949.4.2 Vibration Targets of BIW 4959.4.3 Noise Target of BIW 4969.5 NVH Targets for Body Components 4969.5.1 Component‐Level Vibration Targets 4979.5.2 Component‐Level Noise Target 4979.5.3 Noise and Vibration Targets of Door 4979.6 Execution and Realization of Body Targets 4989.6.1 Control at Phase of Target Setting and Cascading 4989.6.2 Target Checking at Milestones 4999.6.3 CAE Analysis and DMU Checking 5009.6.4 NVH Control for BIW 5019.6.5 NVH Control for Trimmed Body and Full Vehicle 501Bibliography 501Index 503