TIMOTHY L. SELLNOW is a professor of strategic communication at the Nicholson School of Communication and Media at the University of Central Florida. Dr. Sellnow's research focuses on risk and crisis communication. In addition to serving frequently as a corporate consultant, he has conducted funded research for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the United States Geological Survey (USGS), and the World Health Organization (WHO). MATTHEW W. SEEGER is Dean of the College of Fine, Performing, and Communication Arts and a Professor of Communication at Wayne State University, Michigan. His work on crisis, risk, and communication appears in over 200 journal articles, book chapters, and conference proceedings. Dr. Seeger is the author or co-author of eight books on crisis and risk communication. He has advised both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) on crisis communication. His work has been cited by the New York Times, The Washington Post, and Rolling Stone.

Select Guide Rating

• Acknowledgments ixForeword xi1 Introduction to Crisis Communication 1Defining Crisis 4Defining Communication 12Plan for This Book 19Conclusion 202 Theorizing about Crisis and Crisis Communication 21Critiquing Theory 31Conclusion 323 Theories of Communication and Warning 33Detection of Risks 34Warnings 36Hear-Confirm-Understand-Decide-Respond Model 44Applications of the Hear-Confirm-Understand-Decide-Response Model 46Strengths and Weaknesses of the Hear-Confirm-Understand-Decide-Response Model 47Protective Action Decision Model 48Applications of the PADM 52Strengths and Weaknesses of the PADM 54Integrated Model of Food Recall 55Applications of the Integrated Model of Food Recall 58Strengths and Weaknesses of the Integrated Model of Food Recall 58Emerging Warning Systems 59Conclusion 614 Theories of Communication and Crisis Development 63Assumptions of Stage Models 66Three-Stage Model 69Applications of the Three-Stage Model 71Strengths and Weaknesses of the Three-Stage Model 72Fink’s Four-Stage Cycle 72Applications of Fink’s Four-Stage Cycle 74Strengths and Weaknesses of Fink’s Four-Stage Cycle 75Turner’s Six-Stage Sequence of Failure in Foresight 76Applications of Turner’s Six-Stage Sequence of Failure in Foresight 78Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication 79Applications of CERC 80Strengths and Weaknesses of CERC 84Conclusion 855 Theories of Communication and Crisis Outcomes 87Organizational Learning 88Sensemaking 94Organizational Legitimacy 98Balance Theory 102Stealing Thunder 105Situational Crisis Communication Theory 108Discourse of Renewal 113Conclusion 1176 Theories of Communication and Emergency Coping and Response 119Assumptions of Communication and Emergency Response 121Chaos Theory and Emergent Self-Organization 122Theories of Communication and Crisis Coordination 128Communication and Community Resilience 137Four-Channel Model of Communication 148Integrated Crisis Mapping Model 153Conclusion 1557 Theories of Crisis Communication and Legacy Media 157The Legacy Mass Media 159News Framing Theory 160Focusing Events and Agenda Setting 163Exemplification Theory 168Uses and Gratifications Theory 171Cultivation Theory 175Media System Dependency Theory 178Crisis News Diffusion 182Diffusion of Innovations 185Conclusion 1898 Theories about Social Media and Crisis Communication 192Social Information Processing Theory 196Warranting Theory 198The MAIN Model 201Dialogic Theory of Public Relations 204Social-Mediated Crisis Communication Model 208Emerging Theories of Social Media in Crisis Communication 211Conclusion 2129 Theories of Influence and Crisis Communication 213Apologia 215Image Repair 218Kategoria 223Dramatism 227Narrative Theory 231Message Convergence Framework 234Conclusion 23710 Theories of Communication and Risk Management 239Social Amplification of Risk Framework 242Risk Information Seeking and Processing Model 245Mindfulness 248High Reliability Organizations 252The Precautionary Principle 258Cultural Theory 262The IDEA Model 266Conclusion 27011 Theories of Crisis Communication and Ethics 271Ethics 272Crisis Communication as an Ethical Domain 275Responsible Communication 278Significant Choice 280The Ethic of Care 282Virtue Ethics 284Justice 286Applications of Moral Theory to Crisis 287Conclusion 29212 Applying Theories of Crisis Communication 293Choosing a Theory 294The Rationale for Asking Question 295Questions Focusing of Ontology 295Questions Focusing on Axiology 297Questions Focusing on Epistemology 298Selecting a Data Set and Method 300Selecting Literature for Review 302Forming Conclusions and Implications of Research 303The Practicality of Theory in Understanding CrisisCommunication 304Persistent Challenges 305Invisible Success 305Global Causation 306Insufficient Instruction for Self-Protection 306Persistent Opportunities 307New Perspectives for Study 308A Final Word 310References 311Index 348

TIMOTHY L. SELLNOW is a professor of strategic communication at the Nicholson School of Communication and Media at the University of Central Florida. Dr. Sellnow's research focuses on risk and crisis communication. In addition to serving frequently as a corporate consultant, he has conducted funded research for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the United States Geological Survey (USGS), and the World Health Organization (WHO). MATTHEW W. SEEGER is Dean of the College of Fine, Performing, and Communication Arts and a Professor of Communication at Wayne State University, Michigan. His work on crisis, risk, and communication appears in over 200 journal articles, book chapters, and conference proceedings. Dr. Seeger is the author or co-author of eight books on crisis and risk communication. He has advised both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) on crisis communication. His work has been cited by the New York Times, The Washington Post, and Rolling Stone.

Select Guide Rating

• Acknowledgments ixForeword xi1 Introduction to Crisis Communication 1Defining Crisis 4Defining Communication 12Plan for This Book 19Conclusion 202 Theorizing about Crisis and Crisis Communication 21Critiquing Theory 31Conclusion 323 Theories of Communication and Warning 33Detection of Risks 34Warnings 36Hear-Confirm-Understand-Decide-Respond Model 44Applications of the Hear-Confirm-Understand-Decide-Response Model 46Strengths and Weaknesses of the Hear-Confirm-Understand-Decide-Response Model 47Protective Action Decision Model 48Applications of the PADM 52Strengths and Weaknesses of the PADM 54Integrated Model of Food Recall 55Applications of the Integrated Model of Food Recall 58Strengths and Weaknesses of the Integrated Model of Food Recall 58Emerging Warning Systems 59Conclusion 614 Theories of Communication and Crisis Development 63Assumptions of Stage Models 66Three-Stage Model 69Applications of the Three-Stage Model 71Strengths and Weaknesses of the Three-Stage Model 72Fink’s Four-Stage Cycle 72Applications of Fink’s Four-Stage Cycle 74Strengths and Weaknesses of Fink’s Four-Stage Cycle 75Turner’s Six-Stage Sequence of Failure in Foresight 76Applications of Turner’s Six-Stage Sequence of Failure in Foresight 78Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication 79Applications of CERC 80Strengths and Weaknesses of CERC 84Conclusion 855 Theories of Communication and Crisis Outcomes 87Organizational Learning 88Sensemaking 94Organizational Legitimacy 98Balance Theory 102Stealing Thunder 105Situational Crisis Communication Theory 108Discourse of Renewal 113Conclusion 1176 Theories of Communication and Emergency Coping and Response 119Assumptions of Communication and Emergency Response 121Chaos Theory and Emergent Self-Organization 122Theories of Communication and Crisis Coordination 128Communication and Community Resilience 137Four-Channel Model of Communication 148Integrated Crisis Mapping Model 153Conclusion 1557 Theories of Crisis Communication and Legacy Media 157The Legacy Mass Media 159News Framing Theory 160Focusing Events and Agenda Setting 163Exemplification Theory 168Uses and Gratifications Theory 171Cultivation Theory 175Media System Dependency Theory 178Crisis News Diffusion 182Diffusion of Innovations 185Conclusion 1898 Theories about Social Media and Crisis Communication 192Social Information Processing Theory 196Warranting Theory 198The MAIN Model 201Dialogic Theory of Public Relations 204Social-Mediated Crisis Communication Model 208Emerging Theories of Social Media in Crisis Communication 211Conclusion 2129 Theories of Influence and Crisis Communication 213Apologia 215Image Repair 218Kategoria 223Dramatism 227Narrative Theory 231Message Convergence Framework 234Conclusion 23710 Theories of Communication and Risk Management 239Social Amplification of Risk Framework 242Risk Information Seeking and Processing Model 245Mindfulness 248High Reliability Organizations 252The Precautionary Principle 258Cultural Theory 262The IDEA Model 266Conclusion 27011 Theories of Crisis Communication and Ethics 271Ethics 272Crisis Communication as an Ethical Domain 275Responsible Communication 278Significant Choice 280The Ethic of Care 282Virtue Ethics 284Justice 286Applications of Moral Theory to Crisis 287Conclusion 29212 Applying Theories of Crisis Communication 293Choosing a Theory 294The Rationale for Asking Question 295Questions Focusing of Ontology 295Questions Focusing on Axiology 297Questions Focusing on Epistemology 298Selecting a Data Set and Method 300Selecting Literature for Review 302Forming Conclusions and Implications of Research 303The Practicality of Theory in Understanding CrisisCommunication 304Persistent Challenges 305Invisible Success 305Global Causation 306Insufficient Instruction for Self-Protection 306Persistent Opportunities 307New Perspectives for Study 308A Final Word 310References 311Index 348

TIMOTHY L. SELLNOW is a professor of strategic communication at the Nicholson School of Communication and Media at the University of Central Florida. Dr. Sellnow's research focuses on risk and crisis communication. In addition to serving frequently as a corporate consultant, he has conducted funded research for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the United States Geological Survey (USGS), and the World Health Organization (WHO). MATTHEW W. SEEGER is Dean of the College of Fine, Performing, and Communication Arts and a Professor of Communication at Wayne State University, Michigan. His work on crisis, risk, and communication appears in over 200 journal articles, book chapters, and conference proceedings. Dr. Seeger is the author or co-author of eight books on crisis and risk communication. He has advised both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) on crisis communication. His work has been cited by the New York Times, The Washington Post, and Rolling Stone.

Select Guide Rating

• Acknowledgments ixForeword xi1 Introduction to Crisis Communication 1Defining Crisis 4Defining Communication 12Plan for This Book 19Conclusion 202 Theorizing about Crisis and Crisis Communication 21Critiquing Theory 31Conclusion 323 Theories of Communication and Warning 33Detection of Risks 34Warnings 36Hear-Confirm-Understand-Decide-Respond Model 44Applications of the Hear-Confirm-Understand-Decide-Response Model 46Strengths and Weaknesses of the Hear-Confirm-Understand-Decide-Response Model 47Protective Action Decision Model 48Applications of the PADM 52Strengths and Weaknesses of the PADM 54Integrated Model of Food Recall 55Applications of the Integrated Model of Food Recall 58Strengths and Weaknesses of the Integrated Model of Food Recall 58Emerging Warning Systems 59Conclusion 614 Theories of Communication and Crisis Development 63Assumptions of Stage Models 66Three-Stage Model 69Applications of the Three-Stage Model 71Strengths and Weaknesses of the Three-Stage Model 72Fink’s Four-Stage Cycle 72Applications of Fink’s Four-Stage Cycle 74Strengths and Weaknesses of Fink’s Four-Stage Cycle 75Turner’s Six-Stage Sequence of Failure in Foresight 76Applications of Turner’s Six-Stage Sequence of Failure in Foresight 78Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication 79Applications of CERC 80Strengths and Weaknesses of CERC 84Conclusion 855 Theories of Communication and Crisis Outcomes 87Organizational Learning 88Sensemaking 94Organizational Legitimacy 98Balance Theory 102Stealing Thunder 105Situational Crisis Communication Theory 108Discourse of Renewal 113Conclusion 1176 Theories of Communication and Emergency Coping and Response 119Assumptions of Communication and Emergency Response 121Chaos Theory and Emergent Self-Organization 122Theories of Communication and Crisis Coordination 128Communication and Community Resilience 137Four-Channel Model of Communication 148Integrated Crisis Mapping Model 153Conclusion 1557 Theories of Crisis Communication and Legacy Media 157The Legacy Mass Media 159News Framing Theory 160Focusing Events and Agenda Setting 163Exemplification Theory 168Uses and Gratifications Theory 171Cultivation Theory 175Media System Dependency Theory 178Crisis News Diffusion 182Diffusion of Innovations 185Conclusion 1898 Theories about Social Media and Crisis Communication 192Social Information Processing Theory 196Warranting Theory 198The MAIN Model 201Dialogic Theory of Public Relations 204Social-Mediated Crisis Communication Model 208Emerging Theories of Social Media in Crisis Communication 211Conclusion 2129 Theories of Influence and Crisis Communication 213Apologia 215Image Repair 218Kategoria 223Dramatism 227Narrative Theory 231Message Convergence Framework 234Conclusion 23710 Theories of Communication and Risk Management 239Social Amplification of Risk Framework 242Risk Information Seeking and Processing Model 245Mindfulness 248High Reliability Organizations 252The Precautionary Principle 258Cultural Theory 262The IDEA Model 266Conclusion 27011 Theories of Crisis Communication and Ethics 271Ethics 272Crisis Communication as an Ethical Domain 275Responsible Communication 278Significant Choice 280The Ethic of Care 282Virtue Ethics 284Justice 286Applications of Moral Theory to Crisis 287Conclusion 29212 Applying Theories of Crisis Communication 293Choosing a Theory 294The Rationale for Asking Question 295Questions Focusing of Ontology 295Questions Focusing on Axiology 297Questions Focusing on Epistemology 298Selecting a Data Set and Method 300Selecting Literature for Review 302Forming Conclusions and Implications of Research 303The Practicality of Theory in Understanding CrisisCommunication 304Persistent Challenges 305Invisible Success 305Global Causation 306Insufficient Instruction for Self-Protection 306Persistent Opportunities 307New Perspectives for Study 308A Final Word 310References 311Index 348