Scammell, Margaret; Semetko, Holli

• Contents: Media Democracy - Key Debates: 4th branch or 4th rate? The press's failure to live up to the founders' expectations, Thomas E. Patterson; On evaluating news media performance, Jack M. McLeod; A guard dog perspective on the role of the media, George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor and Clarice N. Olien; The US media: supermarket or assembly line?, Ben H. Bagdikian; Structural transformations of the public sphere, John Keane; Public service broadcasting and modern public life, Paddy Scannell. Professional Journalism: Towards Universal Norms: Professional models in journalism: the gatekeeper and the advocate, Morris Janowitz; 'The gatekeeper': a case study in the selection of news, David Manning White; Objectivity as strategic ritual: an examination of newsmen's notions of objectivity, Gaye Tuchman; The sacred side of professional journalism, Throbjörn Broddason; Subjective objectivity, how journalists in 4 countries define a key term of their profession, Wolfgang Donsbach and Bettina Klett; The radical changes needed to remedy TV's bias against understanding, John Birt and Peter Jay; Making journalism more public, Jay Rosen. News: The Anatomy of Content: New frames, political cynicism and media cynicism, Joseph N. Cappella and Kathleen Hall Jamieson; Hidden conflicts and journalistic norms: the case for self-coverage, Joseph Turow; The end of journalism? Notes on watching the war, Elihu Katz; Accidental news: the great oil spillage as local occurrence and national event, Harvey Molotch and Marilyn Lester; Disdaining the news, Mark R. Levy; Sound bite news: television coverage of elections, 1968-1988, Daniel C. Hallin. Media and Journalism: New Challenges in a Changing World: New roles for public television in Western Europe? Challenges and prospects, Jay G. Blumler and Wolfgang Hoffman-Riem; The popular press and political democracy, Colin Sparkes; Media within and without the state: press freedom in Eastern Europe, Karl Jakubowicz; Media, the political