A.C. HEPBURN is Professor of History at the University of Sunderland and Associate Director of the AHRB Centre for North East England History. He has also taught at the University of Ulster, Queen's University Belfast and the University of Tennessee. His recent books include A Past Apart: Studies in the History of Catholic Belfast (1996) and Ireland 1905-25 (1998).

• Contested Cities: Social Change, State Action and International Intervention Surrender: From Danzig to Gdansk Resistance: The Survival of Italian Trieste Peaceful Reconquest: Montreal Peaceful Contest: Brussels The Failure of the Chronic Violence: Belfast The Failure of Acute Violence: Jerusalem Conclusion Bibliography

A.C. HEPBURN is Professor of History at the University of Sunderland and Associate Director of the AHRB Centre for North East England History. He has also taught at the University of Ulster, Queen's University Belfast and the University of Tennessee. His recent books include A Past Apart: Studies in the History of Catholic Belfast (1996) and Ireland 1905-25 (1998).

• Contested Cities: Social Change, State Action and International Intervention Surrender: From Danzig to Gdansk Resistance: The Survival of Italian Trieste Peaceful Reconquest: Montreal Peaceful Contest: Brussels The Failure of the Chronic Violence: Belfast The Failure of Acute Violence: Jerusalem Conclusion Bibliography

A.C. HEPBURN is Professor of History at the University of Sunderland and Associate Director of the AHRB Centre for North East England History. He has also taught at the University of Ulster, Queen's University Belfast and the University of Tennessee. His recent books include A Past Apart: Studies in the History of Catholic Belfast (1996) and Ireland 1905-25 (1998).

• Contested Cities: Social Change, State Action and International Intervention Surrender: From Danzig to Gdansk Resistance: The Survival of Italian Trieste Peaceful Reconquest: Montreal Peaceful Contest: Brussels The Failure of the Chronic Violence: Belfast The Failure of Acute Violence: Jerusalem Conclusion Bibliography