Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology at the Edo University Iyamho, in Edo State, Nigeria. Currently, he is the Director of Intellectual Properties and Technology Transfer. He has published more than 600 papers in peer-reviewed national and international journals as well as more than 50 books, 340 book chapters, and many scientific patents. Maulin P. Shah, PhD, is the Chief Scientist and Head of the Industrial Wastewater Research Lab at Enviro Technology Ltd., Ankleshwar, Gujarat, India. He has published over 200 research publications in national and international journals. In addition to his authored works, he has edited over 65 books and serves as an editor and reviewer for over 150 journals. Yerima Mohammed Bello, PhD, is the Academic Deputy Vice-Chancellor at Sokoto State University, Dangeda, Nigeria with over 26 years of research and teaching experience. He has published over 60 peer-reviewed articles in national and international journals as well as over 90 conference and workshop papers. Daniel Hefft is a food engineer specializing in food process design and engineering. He lectures in food sciences and agriculture at various institutions and has been awarded research fellowships with the University of Birmingham, UK. Additionally, he has authored over 30 papers in internationally recognized books and journals. He is also the founder of Rheality Ltd., a company using a novel technology based on acoustic sensing and machine learning for rheology measurements. Jay Singh, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry, Institute of Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. He has published over 80 international research papers and authored more than 15 book chapters and several books. Shyam S. Pandey, PhD, is a professor in the Green Electronics Department, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan. He has published more than 220 papers in international refereed journals, more than 500 papers in national and international conferences, and over 30 patents in India, Japan, Europe, and the United States. Ravindra Pratap Singh, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Biotechnology, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, India. He has authored over 55 articles in international peer-reviewed journals and edited eight books and over 40 book chapters of international repute.

• Preface xix1 The Role of Nanomaterials in Agriculture as Nanofertilizers 1Wuna Muhammad Muhammad, Abdulqadir Bala Ibrahim, Job Oloruntoba Samuel, Ahmadu Shekwaga Khalifa, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T., Mohammed Bello Yerima and John Tsado Mathew1.1 Introduction 21.2 Nanotechnology in Agriculture 41.3 Nanomaterials 51.4 Nanofertilizers 241.5 Conclusion 31References 322 Synthesis of Nano-Chitosan Using Agricultural Waste 39Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Japhet Gaius Yakubu, Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Wuna Muhammad Muhammad, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T., Mohammed Bello Yerima and John Tsado Mathew2.1 Introduction 402.2 Different Sources of Agricultural Waste 412.3 Synthesis of Nano-Chitosan 472.4 Conclusion 57References 583 Reduction of Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Nanochitosan 69Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Samuel Adeniyi Oyegbade, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji3.1 Introduction 703.2 Types of Greenhouse Gases Emitted in Agriculture 723.3 Environmental and Economic Consequences of Greenhouse Gases 743.4 Nanochitosan as a Potential Mitigation Strategy 753.5 Mechanisms of Action for Emission Reduction 773.6 Crop Yield and Quality 783.7 Limitations and Future Research Directions 813.8 Conclusion and Recommendations 82References 844 The Application of Nanochitosan Biopesticides as a Replacement to Synthetic Pesticides 89Suleiman Imam Malik, Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Abdulmajid Musa Maku, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T., Mohammed Bello Yerima and John Tsado Mathew4.1 Introduction 904.2 Nanochitosan 914.3 Efficacy of Nanochitosan Compared to Synthetic Pesticides 1004.4 Challenges and Future Prospects for the Use of Chitosan Nanoparticles as Biopesticides 1044.5 Conclusion 1054.6 Recommendations 106References 1065 The Use of Nanochitosan for Enhancement in the Quality and Yield of Fruit Crops 111Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Eniola K. I. T., Mohammed Bello Yerima and John Tsado Mathew5.1 Introduction 1125.2 Chitosan 1125.3 The Impact of Chitosan NPs on the Growth and Yields of Some Fruit Crops 1135.4 Application of Chitosan Nanoparticles (ChNPs) 1155.5 Other Potential Use of Nanochitosan for Enhancing Fruit Crops 1175.6 Conclusion 118References 1196 Application of Nanochitosan for Effective Fruit Production 123Ibrahim Dawud, Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Eniola K. I. T., Mohammed Bello Yerima and John Tsado Mathew6.1 Introduction 1246.2 Mechanism of Action 1256.3 Fruits 1256.4 Guidelines in Effective Application of Nanochitosan 1296.5 Application of Nanochitosan for Different Fruits 1316.6 Conclusion 132References 1327 Application of Nanochitosan in the Detection of Mycotoxins 137Abdulmajid Musa Maku, Suleiman Imam Malik, Tsado Priscilla Yetu, Oyegbade Samuel Adeniyi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima7.1 Introduction 1387.2 Nanochitosan 1407.3 Advantages of Nanochitosan 1457.4 Conclusion 1497.5 Recommendations 150References 1508 Application of Nanochitosan in Food Packaging Sectors 155Ummulkhair Salamah Ilyasu, Faridah Laraba Tauheed, Sherifat Enejiyon Ozavize, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima8.1 The Evolution of Food Packaging 1568.2 Standard Food Packaging 1578.3 Types of Food Packaging 1578.4 Environmental Impacts of Food Packaging 1588.5 Significance of Food Packaging 1598.6 Current Challenges in the Field of Food Packaging and Sustainability 1608.7 Current Scenario of Nanotechnology Application in Food Packaging 1608.8 Different Nanoparticles in Food Packaging Applications 1618.9 Preparation of Chitosan Nanoparticles 1638.10 Advantages of Nanotechnology in Food Packaging 1708.11 Conclusion 172References 1739 Application of Nanochitosan as Food Additive and Preservatives 181Samuel Adeniyi Oyegbade, Gbotemi Jerry Oni, Andrew Alalade Kolawole, Tsado Priscilla Yetu, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima9.1 Introduction 1829.2 Importance of Food Additives and Preservatives in the Food Industry 1829.3 Transition to the Application of Nanochitosan in Food Preservation 1849.4 Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan 1869.5 Mechanisms of Food Spoilage and Preservation 1879.6 Application of Nanochitosan as Food Additives 1909.7 Safety and Regulatory Considerations for Nanochitosan 1949.8 Case Studies and Practical Applications of Nanochitosan 1989.9 Future Prospects and Challenges 2019.10 Conclusion 204References 20510 Applications of Chitosan Nanocomposites in Packaging of Food Products 217Tsado Priscilla Yetu, NengakYunana, Soda Gaius Baga, Innocent Ojeba Musa, Ibrahim Dawud, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima10.1 Introduction 21810.2 The Chitosan Antimicrobial Potential 21910.3 Chitosan Composites for Food Applications 22010.4 Conclusion 240References 24111 Application of Nanochitosan as Biofertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture 249Ibrahim Dawud, Ahmad Muhammad Abubakar, Mujahid Hussaini, Sherifat Enejiyon Ozavize, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima11.1 Introduction to Nanoparticle and Chitosan 25011.2 Nanofertilizers 25111.3 Biofertilizers 26111.4 Application of Nanochitosan for Sustainable Agricultural Activities 26811.5 Conclusion 273References 27312 Application of Nanochitosan in Plant Growth and Crop Protection 281Innocent Ojeba Musa, Job Oloruntoba Samuel, Mustapha Adamu, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima12.1 Introduction 28212.2 Chitosan-Based Agronanochemicals 28312.3 The Mechanism of Actions of Chitosan Against the Pathogens 29012.4 Agronanochemicals Pose Adverse Effects on Human Health and Environmental Welfare 29612.5 Conclusion 297References 29713 Chitosan-Based Nanosystems: Antimicrobial Activity in Agrifood Sector 301Sherifat Ozavize Enejiyon, Nana Hauwau Ahmad, Rukayat Abidemi Fasasi, Nasiru Usman Adabara, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima13.1 Introduction 30213.2 Chitosan 30413.3 Nanotechnology in Agrifood Industry 30813.4 Various Forms of Chitosan-Based Nanosystems Used in Agrifood 30813.5 Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles 30913.6 Mechanisms of Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites 31113.7 Mechanism of Antifungal Activity of Chitosan-Based Nanosystems 31313.8 Antibiofilm Properties of Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives 31413.9 Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanosystems in Food Preservation 31513.10 Toxicology, Safety, and Regulatory Aspects of Nanosystem 31713.11 Conclusion 319References 31914 Significant of Nanochitosan in the Management of Biotic Stress 331Willy Barinem Vidona, Charity Willy-Vidona and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji14.1 Introduction 33214.2 Nanochitosan Compound 33214.3 Methods of Preparation 33414.4 Significance of Nanochitosan 33414.5 Biotic Stress Mechanism 33614.6 Management of Biotic Stress Conditions 337References 34015 Relevance of Nanochitosan in Food Sector and Food Packaging Sectors: Current Trends 345John Tsado Mathew, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Musah Monday, Yakubu Azeh, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Muhammad Aishetu Ibrahim, Amos Mamman and Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole15.1 Introduction 34615.2 Chitosan Nanoparticles and Food Packaging 34915.3 Potential Application of Nanochitosan in Food Packaging 35115.4 Nanochitosan in Food Packaging Sector 35615.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 357References 35816 Application of Nanochitosan for the Biodegradation of Agricultural Wastes 361John Tsado Mathew, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Musah Monday, Yakubu Azeh, Etsuyankpa Muhammad Bini, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Isah Mohammed Chado, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Jibrin Noah Akoji, Amos Mamman and Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole16.1 Introduction 36216.2 Role of Nanochitosan in Waste Management Nanochitosan 36416.3 Unique Properties of Nanochitosan 36516.4 Application of Nanochitosan in Agricultural Waste Biodegradation 36716.5 Mechanisms of Nanochitosan in Biodegradation 36916.6 Nanochitosan-Based Biodegradation Techniques 37016.7 Environmental Benefits of Nanochitosan-Based Biodegradation 37216.8 Challenges and Future Perspectives of Nanochitosan Biodegradation of Agricultural Wastes 37316.9 Conclusion 375References 37617 Application of Nanochitosan in the Detection of Pesticide Residues and Degradation 383Japhet Gaius Yakubu, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Ummulkhair Salamah Ilyasu, Opeyemi Isaac Ayanda and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji17.1 Introduction 38417.2 Pesticides and Their Chemical Nature 38617.3 Properties of Chitosan Nanoparticles 39017.4 Application of Chitosan in Bioremediation of Pesticide 39617.5 Conclusion 40217.6 Future Perspective 402References 403Index 409

Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology at the Edo University Iyamho, in Edo State, Nigeria. Currently, he is the Director of Intellectual Properties and Technology Transfer. He has published more than 600 papers in peer-reviewed national and international journals as well as more than 50 books, 340 book chapters, and many scientific patents. Maulin P. Shah, PhD, is the Chief Scientist and Head of the Industrial Wastewater Research Lab at Enviro Technology Ltd., Ankleshwar, Gujarat, India. He has published over 200 research publications in national and international journals. In addition to his authored works, he has edited over 65 books and serves as an editor and reviewer for over 150 journals. Yerima Mohammed Bello, PhD, is the Academic Deputy Vice-Chancellor at Sokoto State University, Dangeda, Nigeria with over 26 years of research and teaching experience. He has published over 60 peer-reviewed articles in national and international journals as well as over 90 conference and workshop papers. Daniel Hefft is a food engineer specializing in food process design and engineering. He lectures in food sciences and agriculture at various institutions and has been awarded research fellowships with the University of Birmingham, UK. Additionally, he has authored over 30 papers in internationally recognized books and journals. He is also the founder of Rheality Ltd., a company using a novel technology based on acoustic sensing and machine learning for rheology measurements. Jay Singh, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry, Institute of Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. He has published over 80 international research papers and authored more than 15 book chapters and several books. Shyam S. Pandey, PhD, is a professor in the Green Electronics Department, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan. He has published more than 220 papers in international refereed journals, more than 500 papers in national and international conferences, and over 30 patents in India, Japan, Europe, and the United States. Ravindra Pratap Singh, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Biotechnology, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, India. He has authored over 55 articles in international peer-reviewed journals and edited eight books and over 40 book chapters of international repute.

• Preface xix1 The Role of Nanomaterials in Agriculture as Nanofertilizers 1Wuna Muhammad Muhammad, Abdulqadir Bala Ibrahim, Job Oloruntoba Samuel, Ahmadu Shekwaga Khalifa, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T., Mohammed Bello Yerima and John Tsado Mathew1.1 Introduction 21.2 Nanotechnology in Agriculture 41.3 Nanomaterials 51.4 Nanofertilizers 241.5 Conclusion 31References 322 Synthesis of Nano-Chitosan Using Agricultural Waste 39Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Japhet Gaius Yakubu, Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Wuna Muhammad Muhammad, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T., Mohammed Bello Yerima and John Tsado Mathew2.1 Introduction 402.2 Different Sources of Agricultural Waste 412.3 Synthesis of Nano-Chitosan 472.4 Conclusion 57References 583 Reduction of Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Nanochitosan 69Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Samuel Adeniyi Oyegbade, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji3.1 Introduction 703.2 Types of Greenhouse Gases Emitted in Agriculture 723.3 Environmental and Economic Consequences of Greenhouse Gases 743.4 Nanochitosan as a Potential Mitigation Strategy 753.5 Mechanisms of Action for Emission Reduction 773.6 Crop Yield and Quality 783.7 Limitations and Future Research Directions 813.8 Conclusion and Recommendations 82References 844 The Application of Nanochitosan Biopesticides as a Replacement to Synthetic Pesticides 89Suleiman Imam Malik, Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Abdulmajid Musa Maku, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T., Mohammed Bello Yerima and John Tsado Mathew4.1 Introduction 904.2 Nanochitosan 914.3 Efficacy of Nanochitosan Compared to Synthetic Pesticides 1004.4 Challenges and Future Prospects for the Use of Chitosan Nanoparticles as Biopesticides 1044.5 Conclusion 1054.6 Recommendations 106References 1065 The Use of Nanochitosan for Enhancement in the Quality and Yield of Fruit Crops 111Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Eniola K. I. T., Mohammed Bello Yerima and John Tsado Mathew5.1 Introduction 1125.2 Chitosan 1125.3 The Impact of Chitosan NPs on the Growth and Yields of Some Fruit Crops 1135.4 Application of Chitosan Nanoparticles (ChNPs) 1155.5 Other Potential Use of Nanochitosan for Enhancing Fruit Crops 1175.6 Conclusion 118References 1196 Application of Nanochitosan for Effective Fruit Production 123Ibrahim Dawud, Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Eniola K. I. T., Mohammed Bello Yerima and John Tsado Mathew6.1 Introduction 1246.2 Mechanism of Action 1256.3 Fruits 1256.4 Guidelines in Effective Application of Nanochitosan 1296.5 Application of Nanochitosan for Different Fruits 1316.6 Conclusion 132References 1327 Application of Nanochitosan in the Detection of Mycotoxins 137Abdulmajid Musa Maku, Suleiman Imam Malik, Tsado Priscilla Yetu, Oyegbade Samuel Adeniyi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima7.1 Introduction 1387.2 Nanochitosan 1407.3 Advantages of Nanochitosan 1457.4 Conclusion 1497.5 Recommendations 150References 1508 Application of Nanochitosan in Food Packaging Sectors 155Ummulkhair Salamah Ilyasu, Faridah Laraba Tauheed, Sherifat Enejiyon Ozavize, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima8.1 The Evolution of Food Packaging 1568.2 Standard Food Packaging 1578.3 Types of Food Packaging 1578.4 Environmental Impacts of Food Packaging 1588.5 Significance of Food Packaging 1598.6 Current Challenges in the Field of Food Packaging and Sustainability 1608.7 Current Scenario of Nanotechnology Application in Food Packaging 1608.8 Different Nanoparticles in Food Packaging Applications 1618.9 Preparation of Chitosan Nanoparticles 1638.10 Advantages of Nanotechnology in Food Packaging 1708.11 Conclusion 172References 1739 Application of Nanochitosan as Food Additive and Preservatives 181Samuel Adeniyi Oyegbade, Gbotemi Jerry Oni, Andrew Alalade Kolawole, Tsado Priscilla Yetu, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima9.1 Introduction 1829.2 Importance of Food Additives and Preservatives in the Food Industry 1829.3 Transition to the Application of Nanochitosan in Food Preservation 1849.4 Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan 1869.5 Mechanisms of Food Spoilage and Preservation 1879.6 Application of Nanochitosan as Food Additives 1909.7 Safety and Regulatory Considerations for Nanochitosan 1949.8 Case Studies and Practical Applications of Nanochitosan 1989.9 Future Prospects and Challenges 2019.10 Conclusion 204References 20510 Applications of Chitosan Nanocomposites in Packaging of Food Products 217Tsado Priscilla Yetu, NengakYunana, Soda Gaius Baga, Innocent Ojeba Musa, Ibrahim Dawud, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima10.1 Introduction 21810.2 The Chitosan Antimicrobial Potential 21910.3 Chitosan Composites for Food Applications 22010.4 Conclusion 240References 24111 Application of Nanochitosan as Biofertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture 249Ibrahim Dawud, Ahmad Muhammad Abubakar, Mujahid Hussaini, Sherifat Enejiyon Ozavize, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima11.1 Introduction to Nanoparticle and Chitosan 25011.2 Nanofertilizers 25111.3 Biofertilizers 26111.4 Application of Nanochitosan for Sustainable Agricultural Activities 26811.5 Conclusion 273References 27312 Application of Nanochitosan in Plant Growth and Crop Protection 281Innocent Ojeba Musa, Job Oloruntoba Samuel, Mustapha Adamu, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima12.1 Introduction 28212.2 Chitosan-Based Agronanochemicals 28312.3 The Mechanism of Actions of Chitosan Against the Pathogens 29012.4 Agronanochemicals Pose Adverse Effects on Human Health and Environmental Welfare 29612.5 Conclusion 297References 29713 Chitosan-Based Nanosystems: Antimicrobial Activity in Agrifood Sector 301Sherifat Ozavize Enejiyon, Nana Hauwau Ahmad, Rukayat Abidemi Fasasi, Nasiru Usman Adabara, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima13.1 Introduction 30213.2 Chitosan 30413.3 Nanotechnology in Agrifood Industry 30813.4 Various Forms of Chitosan-Based Nanosystems Used in Agrifood 30813.5 Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles 30913.6 Mechanisms of Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites 31113.7 Mechanism of Antifungal Activity of Chitosan-Based Nanosystems 31313.8 Antibiofilm Properties of Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives 31413.9 Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanosystems in Food Preservation 31513.10 Toxicology, Safety, and Regulatory Aspects of Nanosystem 31713.11 Conclusion 319References 31914 Significant of Nanochitosan in the Management of Biotic Stress 331Willy Barinem Vidona, Charity Willy-Vidona and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji14.1 Introduction 33214.2 Nanochitosan Compound 33214.3 Methods of Preparation 33414.4 Significance of Nanochitosan 33414.5 Biotic Stress Mechanism 33614.6 Management of Biotic Stress Conditions 337References 34015 Relevance of Nanochitosan in Food Sector and Food Packaging Sectors: Current Trends 345John Tsado Mathew, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Musah Monday, Yakubu Azeh, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Muhammad Aishetu Ibrahim, Amos Mamman and Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole15.1 Introduction 34615.2 Chitosan Nanoparticles and Food Packaging 34915.3 Potential Application of Nanochitosan in Food Packaging 35115.4 Nanochitosan in Food Packaging Sector 35615.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 357References 35816 Application of Nanochitosan for the Biodegradation of Agricultural Wastes 361John Tsado Mathew, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Musah Monday, Yakubu Azeh, Etsuyankpa Muhammad Bini, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Isah Mohammed Chado, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Jibrin Noah Akoji, Amos Mamman and Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole16.1 Introduction 36216.2 Role of Nanochitosan in Waste Management Nanochitosan 36416.3 Unique Properties of Nanochitosan 36516.4 Application of Nanochitosan in Agricultural Waste Biodegradation 36716.5 Mechanisms of Nanochitosan in Biodegradation 36916.6 Nanochitosan-Based Biodegradation Techniques 37016.7 Environmental Benefits of Nanochitosan-Based Biodegradation 37216.8 Challenges and Future Perspectives of Nanochitosan Biodegradation of Agricultural Wastes 37316.9 Conclusion 375References 37617 Application of Nanochitosan in the Detection of Pesticide Residues and Degradation 383Japhet Gaius Yakubu, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Ummulkhair Salamah Ilyasu, Opeyemi Isaac Ayanda and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji17.1 Introduction 38417.2 Pesticides and Their Chemical Nature 38617.3 Properties of Chitosan Nanoparticles 39017.4 Application of Chitosan in Bioremediation of Pesticide 39617.5 Conclusion 40217.6 Future Perspective 402References 403Index 409

Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology at the Edo University Iyamho, in Edo State, Nigeria. Currently, he is the Director of Intellectual Properties and Technology Transfer. He has published more than 600 papers in peer-reviewed national and international journals as well as more than 50 books, 340 book chapters, and many scientific patents. Maulin P. Shah, PhD, is the Chief Scientist and Head of the Industrial Wastewater Research Lab at Enviro Technology Ltd., Ankleshwar, Gujarat, India. He has published over 200 research publications in national and international journals. In addition to his authored works, he has edited over 65 books and serves as an editor and reviewer for over 150 journals. Yerima Mohammed Bello, PhD, is the Academic Deputy Vice-Chancellor at Sokoto State University, Dangeda, Nigeria with over 26 years of research and teaching experience. He has published over 60 peer-reviewed articles in national and international journals as well as over 90 conference and workshop papers. Daniel Hefft is a food engineer specializing in food process design and engineering. He lectures in food sciences and agriculture at various institutions and has been awarded research fellowships with the University of Birmingham, UK. Additionally, he has authored over 30 papers in internationally recognized books and journals. He is also the founder of Rheality Ltd., a company using a novel technology based on acoustic sensing and machine learning for rheology measurements. Jay Singh, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry, Institute of Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. He has published over 80 international research papers and authored more than 15 book chapters and several books. Shyam S. Pandey, PhD, is a professor in the Green Electronics Department, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan. He has published more than 220 papers in international refereed journals, more than 500 papers in national and international conferences, and over 30 patents in India, Japan, Europe, and the United States. Ravindra Pratap Singh, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Biotechnology, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, India. He has authored over 55 articles in international peer-reviewed journals and edited eight books and over 40 book chapters of international repute.

• Preface xix1 The Role of Nanomaterials in Agriculture as Nanofertilizers 1Wuna Muhammad Muhammad, Abdulqadir Bala Ibrahim, Job Oloruntoba Samuel, Ahmadu Shekwaga Khalifa, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T., Mohammed Bello Yerima and John Tsado Mathew1.1 Introduction 21.2 Nanotechnology in Agriculture 41.3 Nanomaterials 51.4 Nanofertilizers 241.5 Conclusion 31References 322 Synthesis of Nano-Chitosan Using Agricultural Waste 39Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Japhet Gaius Yakubu, Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Wuna Muhammad Muhammad, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T., Mohammed Bello Yerima and John Tsado Mathew2.1 Introduction 402.2 Different Sources of Agricultural Waste 412.3 Synthesis of Nano-Chitosan 472.4 Conclusion 57References 583 Reduction of Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Nanochitosan 69Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Samuel Adeniyi Oyegbade, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji3.1 Introduction 703.2 Types of Greenhouse Gases Emitted in Agriculture 723.3 Environmental and Economic Consequences of Greenhouse Gases 743.4 Nanochitosan as a Potential Mitigation Strategy 753.5 Mechanisms of Action for Emission Reduction 773.6 Crop Yield and Quality 783.7 Limitations and Future Research Directions 813.8 Conclusion and Recommendations 82References 844 The Application of Nanochitosan Biopesticides as a Replacement to Synthetic Pesticides 89Suleiman Imam Malik, Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Abdulmajid Musa Maku, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T., Mohammed Bello Yerima and John Tsado Mathew4.1 Introduction 904.2 Nanochitosan 914.3 Efficacy of Nanochitosan Compared to Synthetic Pesticides 1004.4 Challenges and Future Prospects for the Use of Chitosan Nanoparticles as Biopesticides 1044.5 Conclusion 1054.6 Recommendations 106References 1065 The Use of Nanochitosan for Enhancement in the Quality and Yield of Fruit Crops 111Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Eniola K. I. T., Mohammed Bello Yerima and John Tsado Mathew5.1 Introduction 1125.2 Chitosan 1125.3 The Impact of Chitosan NPs on the Growth and Yields of Some Fruit Crops 1135.4 Application of Chitosan Nanoparticles (ChNPs) 1155.5 Other Potential Use of Nanochitosan for Enhancing Fruit Crops 1175.6 Conclusion 118References 1196 Application of Nanochitosan for Effective Fruit Production 123Ibrahim Dawud, Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Eniola K. I. T., Mohammed Bello Yerima and John Tsado Mathew6.1 Introduction 1246.2 Mechanism of Action 1256.3 Fruits 1256.4 Guidelines in Effective Application of Nanochitosan 1296.5 Application of Nanochitosan for Different Fruits 1316.6 Conclusion 132References 1327 Application of Nanochitosan in the Detection of Mycotoxins 137Abdulmajid Musa Maku, Suleiman Imam Malik, Tsado Priscilla Yetu, Oyegbade Samuel Adeniyi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima7.1 Introduction 1387.2 Nanochitosan 1407.3 Advantages of Nanochitosan 1457.4 Conclusion 1497.5 Recommendations 150References 1508 Application of Nanochitosan in Food Packaging Sectors 155Ummulkhair Salamah Ilyasu, Faridah Laraba Tauheed, Sherifat Enejiyon Ozavize, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima8.1 The Evolution of Food Packaging 1568.2 Standard Food Packaging 1578.3 Types of Food Packaging 1578.4 Environmental Impacts of Food Packaging 1588.5 Significance of Food Packaging 1598.6 Current Challenges in the Field of Food Packaging and Sustainability 1608.7 Current Scenario of Nanotechnology Application in Food Packaging 1608.8 Different Nanoparticles in Food Packaging Applications 1618.9 Preparation of Chitosan Nanoparticles 1638.10 Advantages of Nanotechnology in Food Packaging 1708.11 Conclusion 172References 1739 Application of Nanochitosan as Food Additive and Preservatives 181Samuel Adeniyi Oyegbade, Gbotemi Jerry Oni, Andrew Alalade Kolawole, Tsado Priscilla Yetu, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima9.1 Introduction 1829.2 Importance of Food Additives and Preservatives in the Food Industry 1829.3 Transition to the Application of Nanochitosan in Food Preservation 1849.4 Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan 1869.5 Mechanisms of Food Spoilage and Preservation 1879.6 Application of Nanochitosan as Food Additives 1909.7 Safety and Regulatory Considerations for Nanochitosan 1949.8 Case Studies and Practical Applications of Nanochitosan 1989.9 Future Prospects and Challenges 2019.10 Conclusion 204References 20510 Applications of Chitosan Nanocomposites in Packaging of Food Products 217Tsado Priscilla Yetu, NengakYunana, Soda Gaius Baga, Innocent Ojeba Musa, Ibrahim Dawud, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima10.1 Introduction 21810.2 The Chitosan Antimicrobial Potential 21910.3 Chitosan Composites for Food Applications 22010.4 Conclusion 240References 24111 Application of Nanochitosan as Biofertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture 249Ibrahim Dawud, Ahmad Muhammad Abubakar, Mujahid Hussaini, Sherifat Enejiyon Ozavize, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima11.1 Introduction to Nanoparticle and Chitosan 25011.2 Nanofertilizers 25111.3 Biofertilizers 26111.4 Application of Nanochitosan for Sustainable Agricultural Activities 26811.5 Conclusion 273References 27312 Application of Nanochitosan in Plant Growth and Crop Protection 281Innocent Ojeba Musa, Job Oloruntoba Samuel, Mustapha Adamu, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima12.1 Introduction 28212.2 Chitosan-Based Agronanochemicals 28312.3 The Mechanism of Actions of Chitosan Against the Pathogens 29012.4 Agronanochemicals Pose Adverse Effects on Human Health and Environmental Welfare 29612.5 Conclusion 297References 29713 Chitosan-Based Nanosystems: Antimicrobial Activity in Agrifood Sector 301Sherifat Ozavize Enejiyon, Nana Hauwau Ahmad, Rukayat Abidemi Fasasi, Nasiru Usman Adabara, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima13.1 Introduction 30213.2 Chitosan 30413.3 Nanotechnology in Agrifood Industry 30813.4 Various Forms of Chitosan-Based Nanosystems Used in Agrifood 30813.5 Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles 30913.6 Mechanisms of Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites 31113.7 Mechanism of Antifungal Activity of Chitosan-Based Nanosystems 31313.8 Antibiofilm Properties of Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives 31413.9 Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanosystems in Food Preservation 31513.10 Toxicology, Safety, and Regulatory Aspects of Nanosystem 31713.11 Conclusion 319References 31914 Significant of Nanochitosan in the Management of Biotic Stress 331Willy Barinem Vidona, Charity Willy-Vidona and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji14.1 Introduction 33214.2 Nanochitosan Compound 33214.3 Methods of Preparation 33414.4 Significance of Nanochitosan 33414.5 Biotic Stress Mechanism 33614.6 Management of Biotic Stress Conditions 337References 34015 Relevance of Nanochitosan in Food Sector and Food Packaging Sectors: Current Trends 345John Tsado Mathew, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Musah Monday, Yakubu Azeh, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Muhammad Aishetu Ibrahim, Amos Mamman and Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole15.1 Introduction 34615.2 Chitosan Nanoparticles and Food Packaging 34915.3 Potential Application of Nanochitosan in Food Packaging 35115.4 Nanochitosan in Food Packaging Sector 35615.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 357References 35816 Application of Nanochitosan for the Biodegradation of Agricultural Wastes 361John Tsado Mathew, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Musah Monday, Yakubu Azeh, Etsuyankpa Muhammad Bini, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Isah Mohammed Chado, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Jibrin Noah Akoji, Amos Mamman and Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole16.1 Introduction 36216.2 Role of Nanochitosan in Waste Management Nanochitosan 36416.3 Unique Properties of Nanochitosan 36516.4 Application of Nanochitosan in Agricultural Waste Biodegradation 36716.5 Mechanisms of Nanochitosan in Biodegradation 36916.6 Nanochitosan-Based Biodegradation Techniques 37016.7 Environmental Benefits of Nanochitosan-Based Biodegradation 37216.8 Challenges and Future Perspectives of Nanochitosan Biodegradation of Agricultural Wastes 37316.9 Conclusion 375References 37617 Application of Nanochitosan in the Detection of Pesticide Residues and Degradation 383Japhet Gaius Yakubu, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Ummulkhair Salamah Ilyasu, Opeyemi Isaac Ayanda and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji17.1 Introduction 38417.2 Pesticides and Their Chemical Nature 38617.3 Properties of Chitosan Nanoparticles 39017.4 Application of Chitosan in Bioremediation of Pesticide 39617.5 Conclusion 40217.6 Future Perspective 402References 403Index 409