Mushroom Biotechnology for Improved Agriculture and Human Health

Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology at the Edo University Iyamho, in Edo State, Nigeria. Currently, he is the Director of Intellectual Properties and Technology Transfer and Chairman of the Committee on Research Grants at EUI. He has won several scientific awards and grants from renowned academic bodies such as the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) India. He has published more than 600 papers in peer-reviewed national and international journals as well as more than 50 books, 340 book chapters, and many scientific patents. Chukwuebuka Egbuna, PhD, is a chartered chemist and academic researcher. He has published numerous articles in international journals of repute and edited over 20 internationally published books. He serves as a reviewer and editorial board member of several journals and a member of the Institute of Chartered Chemists of Nigeria, the Nigerian Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the Royal Society of Chemistry. His primary research interests include biochemistry, phytochemistry, pharmacology, nutrition and toxicology, food and medicinal chemistry, and analytical biochemistry. Oluwatosin Ademola Ijabadeniyi, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, South Africa. He has published numerous scientific papers, edited one book, and authored four books. His work in this field has also earned him several awards including an Association of Commonwealth Universities fellowship and an Association of Public Health Libraries Centers for Disease Control fellowship. Samantha C. Karunarathna, PhD, is a professor at Qujing Normal University, China. He has published over 360 publications and co-authored two books. His current research interests are taxonomy, phylogeny, and domestication of wild edible and medicinal mushrooms.

• Preface xv1 Application of Mushrooms in the Bioremediation of Environmental Pollutants 1Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Kayode-Edwards Ihotu, Agbontaen Osagie David, Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Simon Sunday Ameh, Samuel Adeniyi Oyegbade and Charles Oluwaseun AdetunjiIntroduction 2Unique Characteristics of Fungi 4Specific Contaminants Targeted by Mushrooms 6Mechanisms of Mushroom Bioremediation 7Absorption and Accumulation of Contaminants by Mushrooms 9Transformation and Degradation of Pollutants 10Role of Enzymes and Metabolic Processes 12Advancements and Research in Mushroom Bioremediation 13Emerging Trends in Fungal Bioremediation 15Genetic Modification of Mushrooms for Enhanced Bioremediation 16Benefits of Mushroom Bioremediation 19Challenges and Limitations of Using Mushrooms 21Future Prospects and Research Opportunities 22Conclusion and Recommendations 24References 262 Application of Mushroom in the Management of Pest and Diseases Affecting Agricultural Crops 29Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwabukola Atinuke Popoola, John Tsado Mathew and Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel2.1 Introduction 302.2 Properties of Mushroom as Biocontrol Agents (Basidiomycetes) 312.3 Mushroom Substrate as Biocontrol Agent for Plant 332.4 Mechanism of Action of Mushrooms in the Control of Pests and Diseases 342.5 Several Areas Where Mushrooms Can Be Applied 362.6 Mushrooms as Disease Control Agents 372.7 Conclusion 38References 383 Agricultural Applications of Novel Mushroom-Based Nanopesticide 45Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Adamu Binta Buba, Alhassan Muhammad Alhassan and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji3.1 Introduction 463.2 Advantages of Nanobiopesticides Over Conventional Pesticides 503.3 Mushrooms as Nanobiopesticide Sources 523.4 Bioactive Compounds in Mushrooms Suitable for Nanobiopesticide Development 553.5 Role of Mushroom Extracts in Nanoparticle Synthesis 563.6 Mechanisms of Action of Nanobiopesticides on Pests and Pathogens 573.7 Production and Formulation of Nanobiopesticides 603.8 Agricultural Applications of Nanobiopesticides 613.9 Future Prospects and Research Directions 643.10 Recommendation and Conclusion 66References 674 Mass Production of Mushroom for Animal Feed 71Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwabukola Atinuke Popoola, John Tsado Mathew and Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel4.1 Introduction 724.2 Mushroom 734.3 Mushroom Production 744.3.1 Mass Production of Mushrooms for Animal Feed 754.3.2 Mushroom Substrate (Spent) for Feed 774.3.3 Mushroom Substrate (Spent) for Poultry 774.3.4 Mushroom Substrate (Spent) for Ruminants 774.4 Benefits of Feeding Animals with Mushrooms 784.5 Conclusion 79References 805 Application of Mushrooms in Management of Soil-Borne Parasites, Nematodes, Bacteria and Fungi 85Aisha Bisola Bello, Abdullahi Idris Dabban, Wuna Muhammad Muhammad, Adioha Amarachi, Joseph Odey Oko, Hammed Opeyemi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji5.1 Introduction 865.2 Soil-Borne Parasites, Nematodes, Bacteria, and Fungi 885.2.1 Soil-Borne Nematodes 895.2.2 Types of Soil-Borne Bacteria 935.2.3 Types of Soil-Borne Fungi 955.3 Mushrooms as Biocontrol Agents 985.3.1 Mushrooms as Natural Biopesticide 995.3.2 Mechanisms of Mushroom-Mediated Biocontrol 1015.4 Mushroom Species and Biocontrol Potential 1025.5 Advantages of Mushroom Biocontrol 1075.6 Challenges and Limitations of Mushroom Bio-Control 1085.7 Conclusion and Future Outlook 108References 1096 Production of Stable Enzymes from Mushrooms with Numerous Biomedical Applications 123Idris Abdullahi Dabban, Olorunshola Lucky Opeyemi, Mustapha Adamu, Bashaku Yakubu Dabban, Auwalu Bala, Oyegbade Samuel Adeniyi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji6.1 Introduction 1246.2 Classes/Types of Mushrooms 1266.2.1 Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) 1266.2.2 Oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) 1266.2.3 Portabello 1276.2.4 Morel (Morchella) 1276.2.5 Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) 1286.2.6 Burnt Matches (Eutypellascorpia) 1296.2.7 Chanterelle (Cantharellus) 1296.2.8 Laetiporus sulphureus 1296.2.9 Cordyceps (Cordyceps militaris) 1296.2.10 Enokitake (Flammulina velutipes) 1296.2.11 Giraffe Spots (Endophora albobadia) 1306.2.12 Destroying Angel (Amanita sp.) 1306.2.13 Green-Spored Lepiota (Chloropyhllum) 1306.2.14 Matsutake Mushroom 1306.2.15 Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinula edodes) 1316.2.16 Truffles 1316.2.17 Shimeji 1316.3 Stable Enzymes Produced by Mushrooms 1316.3.1 Ligninolytic Enzymes 1326.3.1.1 Lignin Peroxidase 1326.3.1.2 Manganese Peroxidase 1336.3.1.3 Versatile Peroxidase 1336.3.1.4 Laccases 1336.3.1.5 Tyrosinase 1346.3.2 Hydrolases 1346.3.2.1 Cellulases 1346.3.2.2 Xylanase 1356.3.2.3 Pectinases 1356.3.2.4 Amylases 1356.3.2.5 Proteases 1366.3.2.6 Esterase 1366.3.3 Stress Enzymes 1366.4 Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications of Stable Mushroom Enzymes 1376.4.1 Mushroom Enzymes as Antimicrobial Agents 1386.4.2 Mushroom Enzymes as Anticancer and Antitumor Agents 1396.4.3 Mushroom Enzymes as Antioxidants 1406.4.4 Other Applications of Mushroom Enzymes 1416.5 Some Limitations of Mushroom Enzymes 1456.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 146References 1477 Relevance of Mushrooms for Biological Control of Diverse Biotic Agent Mitigating Against Agricultural Crops 159Oluwabukola Atinuke Popoola, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Abel Inobeme and Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel7.1 Introduction 1607.1.1 Benefits of Using Mushrooms in Pest and Disease Management 1617.1.2 Challenges of Mycopesticides 1627.2 Fungal Biopesticides 1637.2.1 How Fungal Biopesticides Work 1637.2.2 Advantages of Fungal Biopesticides 1647.2.3 Challenges and Considerations of Fungal Biopesticides 1657.2.4 Some Key Points Regarding Fungal Biopesticides 1667.3 Mycoparasitism 1677.4 Nutrient Cycling and Soil Health 1707.5 Companion Planting 1727.6 Challenges and Considerations 1747.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 1757.7.1 Future Perspectives 176References 1778 Discovery and Relevance of Novel Pharmacological Substances from Beneficial Mushrooms 183Oluwabukola Atinuke Popoola, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Abel Inobeme and Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel8.1 Introduction 1848.1.1 Brief Overview of Beneficial Mushrooms 1858.1.2 Importance of Discovering Novel Pharmacological Substances in Mushrooms 1878.1.3 Beneficial Mushrooms as a Source of Pharmacological Substances 1888.1.4 Historical Use of Mushrooms in Traditional Medicine 1908.2 Bioactive Compounds in Mushrooms 1928.3 Pharmacological Activities of Mushroom-Derived Compounds 1938.4 Clinical Applications and Relevance 1958.5 Challenges and Future Directions 196Conclusion 197References 1979 Application of Mushroom in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus 209Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Oluwabukola Atinuke Popoola and John Tsado MathewIntroduction 210Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus 210Mushroom and Its Biomolecules 212Mushroom and Health 213Therapeutic Potential of Mushroom in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus 214Conclusion 216References 21710 Application of Mushrooms in the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases 221Enitan Emmanuella Lawal, Frances Iseghohi, Aishat Sani Rabiu, Amarachi Rosemary Osi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwabukola Atinuke Popoola, and Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel10.1 Introduction 22210.2 Selected Medicinal Mushrooms 22410.2.1 Ganoderma lucidum 22410.2.2 Hericium erinaceus (Lions Mane Mushroom) 22510.2.3 Agaricus bisporus 22610.3 Nutritional Composition of Mushrooms 22710.4 Bioactive Compounds in Mushrooms 22910.4.1 The Polysaccharide 22910.4.2 Terpenoids 23010.4.3 Steroids 23010.4.4 Phenolics 23110.4.5 Alkaloids 23210.5 Cardioprotective Effect of Mushrooms 23210.6 Conclusion 233References 23411 Application of Mushroom in the Regulation of Gut Microbiome and Maintenance of Gut Health 239Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Oluwabukola Atinuke Popoola and John Tsado MathewIntroduction 240Gut Microbiome in Health and Disease 241Mushrooms and Their Derived Bioactive Molecules 243Health Benefits of Edible Mushroom Associated with Maintenance of Gut Health 245Conclusion 246References 24712 Applications of Mushrooms in the Management of Cancers 251Tsado Priscilla Yetu, Iseghohi Frances, Sani Rabiu Aishat, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Idris Abdullahi Dabban, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwabukola Atinuke Popoola and Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel12.1 Introduction 25212.2 Cancer 25312.2.1 Types of Cancer 25412.3 Mushrooms 25412.3.1 Major Bioactive Compounds in Medicinal Mushroom 25612.3.1.1 Metabolites with a Substantial Molecular Weight 25612.3.1.2 Metabolites with a Low Molecular Weight 26212.3.1.3 Polyphenolic Compounds (Styrylpyrone-Class of Phenols) 26412.3.2 Mechanisms by Which Certain Mushrooms Exhibit Anti-Cancer Effects 26512.3.2.1 Immune Modulation 26612.3.2.2 Angiogenesis 26812.3.2.3 DNA Repair Inhibition 26912.3.2.4 Apoptosis 26912.3.2.5 Metastasis 27112.3.3 Some Mushrooms and Their Anti-Cancer Properties 27212.3.3.1 Agaricus bisporus 27212.3.3.2 Antrodia cinnamomea 27412.3.3.3 Cordyceps sinensis 27412.3.3.4 Coriolus versicolor 27512.3.3.5 Ganoderma lucidum 27512.3.3.6 Grifola frondosa (Maitake) 27612.3.3.7 Lentinula edodes (Shitake) 27712.3.3.8 Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) 27812.3.4 Exploring Novel Mushroom-Derived Therapies for Cancer 28012.3.4.1 Vaccinotherapy 28012.3.4.2 Nanovectors for Drug Delivery 28012.4 Conclusion 281References 28113 Applications of Mushrooms as Immune Boosters 289Margaret Ikhiwili Oniha, Clement Shina Olusanya, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Priscilla Yetu Tsado, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwabukola Atinuke Popoola and Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel13.1 Introduction 29013.2 Mushroom Composites 29313.3 β-Glucans and Their Nutritional Components 29613.4 Antiproliferative and Other Human Health Reactions of Medicinal Mushrooms 297Conclusion 302References 30314 The Influence of Mushroom on the Taphonomic Process of Cadaver 307Willy Barinem Vidona, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and Charity Willy-Vidona14.1 Introduction 30814.2 Mushroom and the Fungus Phylogeny 30914.3 Mushroom Taphonomic Process 31014.4 Influence of Mushroom on Cadaver Taphonomy 31114.5 Conclusion 312References 31315 Role of Nanobiopesticides Derived from Mushrooms: Recent Advances 317John Tsado Mathew, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Musah Monday, Yakubu Azeh, Jibrin Noah Akoji, Amos Mamman, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima15.1 Introduction 31815.2 Environmental and Health Concerns with Chemical Pesticides 32115.3 Mushrooms as a Source of Bioactive Compounds 32215.4 Antimicrobial and Insecticidal Properties of Mushrooms 32415.4.1 Antimicrobial Properties 32415.4.2 Antiparasitic Activity 32415.5 Nanotechnology and its Applications in Agriculture 32515.6 Mechanisms of Action of Nanobiopesticides 32715.7 Benefits and Advantages of Nanobiopesticides 32815.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 32915.8.1 Conclusion 32915.8.2 Future Perspectives 330References 33116 Nutraceutical, Mineral, Proximate Constituents from Beneficial Mushrooms 337John Tsado Mathew, Abel Inobeme, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Musah Monday, Yakubu Azeh, Ismail Haruna, Amos Mamman, Jemkur Maurice, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima16.1 Introduction 33816.2 Nutraceutical Constituents of Mushrooms 33916.3 Mineral Constituents of Mushrooms 34216.4 Proximate Constituents of Mushrooms 34516.5 Variation among Mushroom Species 34716.6 Health Implications and Potential Benefits 34816.7 Conclusion 352References 35217 Application of Mushrooms in the Promotion of Longevity 359Victory Igiku, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima17.1 Introduction 35917.2 Health Benefits of Mushrooms 36117.3 Conclusion 365References 366Index 371