Carbon-based Nanomaterials for Green Applications

Upendra Kumar, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, India. Piyush Kumar Sonkar, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. Suman Lata Tripathi, PhD, is a Professor in the School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering at Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India.

• About the Editors xxvList of Contributors xxixPreface xxxviiAcknowledgments xxxix1 Green Energy: An Introduction, Present, and Future Prospective 1Manoj Singh Adhikari, Raju Patel, Manoj Sindhwani, and Shippu Sachdeva1.1 Introduction 11.2 Present Status of Green Energy 31.3 Global Renewable Energy Capacity 41.4 Leading Green Energy Technologies 51.5 Challenges in Green Energy Adoption 71.6 Prospects of Green Energy 81.7 Sustainable Practices in Green Energy 101.8 Case Studies of Successful Green Energy Projects 121.9 Policy and Regulatory Framework for Green Energy 131.10 Opportunities and Challenges in the Evolution to a Green Energy Future 141.11 Conclusion 16References 172 Properties of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials and Techniques for Characterization 21Ravi Tejasvi2.1 Introduction 212.2 Significance in Green Energy 222.3 Techniques for Characterization of Properties of Carbon Nanomaterials 242.4 Conclusion 51References 523 Green Energy: Present and Future Prospectives 57Irtiqa Amin, Quraazah Akeemu Amin, and Harpreet Kaur3.1 Introduction 573.2 Sustainable Energy Resources 623.3 Non-Sustainable Energy Resources 863.4 Existing Green Energy Models 873.5 Conclusions 88References 924 Carbon-Based 2D Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Their Green Energy Applications 95Minakshi Sharma, Varsha Yadav, Prachi Diwakar, Chandra Mohan Singh Negi, and Parvez Ahmed Alvi4.1 Introduction 954.2 Synthesis of Graphene and Its Derivatives 974.3 Properties of g-CN 1084.4 Applications of g-CN 1094.5 Conclusion 113References 1145 Exploring the Potential of Graphene in Sustainable Energy Solutions 119M. Karthik, S. Allirani, G. Ilakkiya, and R. Adharsh5.1 Introduction 1195.2 Usage of Graphene in Various Sectors 1215.3 Implicit Operations of Graphene in the Renewable Energy Sector 1255.4 Catalysis 1375.5 Renewable Energies 1375.6 Nanotechnology 1385.7 Conclusion 138Bibliography 1396 Fullerene for Green Hydrogen Energy Application 141Manish Kumar and Sunil Kumar6.1 Introduction 1416.2 Green Hydrogen Energy 1436.3 Fullerene as a Hydrogen Storage Material 1456.4 Size Effect of Fullerene and Hydrogen Storage Efficiency 1456.5 Functionalized Fullerene, Chemical Structure, and Its Hydrogen Storage Performance 1466.6 Charged Fullerene as Hydrogen Storage System 1556.7 Hydrogen Storage in Hydro- or Hydrogenated Fullerene 1556.8 Conclusions and Future Outlook 156Acknowledgments 156References 1577 Graphyne-Based Carbon Nanomaterials for Green Energy Applications 163Kulsum Hashmi, Mohammad Imran Ahmad, Saman Raza, Nidhi Mishra, Seema Joshi, and Tahmeena Khan7.1 Introduction 1637.2 Graphyne-Based Carbon Nanomaterials for Green Energy Applications 1667.3 Fuel Cells 1697.4 Solar Energy 1777.5 Wastewater Treatment 1817.6 Perspectives and Conclusion 185Acknowledgments 185References 1858 Mesoporous Carbon for Green Energy Applications 199Vikas Jangra, Narvadeswar Kumar, Harpreet Kaur, Lal Bahadur Prasad, and Piyush Kumar Sonkar8.1 Introduction 1998.2 Recent Advances in Synthetic Techniques 2028.3 Applications of Mesoporous Carbon 2058.4 Further Directions, Opportunities, and Challenges 2178.5 Conclusions 218References 2189 Green Synthesis of Carbon Dots and Its Application in Hydrogen Generation Through Water Splitting 225Mandakini Gupta9.1 Introduction 2259.2 Carbon Dots 2279.3 Processes Used for Synthesis of CDs 2289.4 Green Synthesis of Carbon Dots 2349.5 Application of CDs in Water Splitting 2379.6 Factors Affecting Characteristics of Nanomaterials of Carbon in Photocatalytic H 2 Production 2429.7 Conclusion 243References 24410 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Energy Storage Devices: Solar Cells 255Seraj Ahmad, Manoj Kumar, Kahkashan Khatoon, Akram Ali, and Himanshu Arora10.1 Introduction 25510.2 Carbon Nanotubes 25710.3 Graphene 26110.4 Carbon Dots 26510.5 The Future of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Solar Cell Technology 26910.6 Conclusion 270References 27111 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Energy Storage Devices: Fuel Cells and Biofuel Cells 275Ponnusamy Thillai Arasu, Arumugam Murugan, G. Kanthimathi, A. Malar Retna, S. Daphne Rebekal, Natarajan Raman, Robin Kumar Samuel, and Tola Jebssa Masho11.1 Introduction 27511.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials’ Function in Energy Storage 27711.3 Carbon Nanotube-Based Materials for Use in Batteries 27711.4 Carbon Nanotube Varieties 27811.5 Carbon Nanoparticles 28111.6 Carbon Nanosheets 28411.7 Biofuels 28511.8 Morphological and Evolutionary Characteristics of Enzyme-Based Biofuels 28711.9 Immobilization of Enzymes 29011.10 Graphene and CNT Applications in Fuel Cells 29611.11 Conclusion 29811.12 Expected Future Application of Fuel Cells and Biofuel Cells 29811.13 Future Applications 298References 29912 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Energy Storage Devices: Supercapacitors 307Shikha Chander, Veerabathuni Jaya Usha Praveena, and Meenu Mangal12.1 Introduction 30712.2 Carbon Nanotube 31112.3 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 31612.4 Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Synthesis 31812.5 Characterization 31912.6 Results and Discussion 32112.7 Applied Electrochemistry 32612.8 Conclusions 32812.9 Future Scope 328References 32813 A Review of Effective Biomass, Chemical, Recycling and Storage Processes for Electrical Energy Generations 331Suman Lata Tripathi, Krishan Arora, and Celestine Lwendi13.1 Introduction 33113.2 Bio-Raw Materials and Utility 33313.3 Biomass Energy Conversion Techniques 33413.4 Application Areas of Biomass Energy 34313.5 Comparative Analysis of Modern Biomass Energy Conversion Techniques 34313.6 Optimization Techniques for Effective Biomass Conversion and Supply Chain Management 34313.7 Government Policies and Marketing Strategies 34513.8 Applications of Biomass Energy and Biomass Products 34613.9 Conclusions 346References 34714 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Pollutants’ Treatment 355Gaganpreet and Y. Pathania14.1 Introduction 35514.2 Allotropic Forms of Carbonaceous Nanomaterials 35714.3 Synergistic Approaches for Carbonaceous Materials 35914.4 Role of Carbonaceous Materials in Environmental Remediation 36214.5 Environmental Impact of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 36814.6 Conclusions: Technological Challenges and Future Prospects 369Conflicts of Interest 370Authors’ Contributions 370References 37015 Carbon Nanomaterials for Detection and Degradation of Wastewater Inorganic Pollutants: Present Status and Future Prospects 383Prem Rajak, Ruchika Agarwal, Sohini Goswami, Satadal Adhikary, Suchandra Bhattacharya, Abhratanu Ganguly, and Sayantani Nanda15.1 Introduction 38315.2 Properties of Carbon Nanomaterials 38715.3 Common Types of Carbon Nanomaterials 38715.4 Elimination of Inorganic Contaminants from Wastewater 39315.5 Carbon Nanomaterials for Sensing and Monitoring 39915.6 Limitations 40015.7 Conclusion 401References 40216 Role of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in CO2 Reduction and Capture Reaction Process 411Shyam Raj Yadav and Jai Prakash16.1 Introduction 41116.2 Parameters Affecting Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction 41216.3 CO2ECR-Derived Products 41516.4 Plausible Mechanism for ECR of CO2 41716.5 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in CO2 Reduction 42216.6 Imminent Challenges 43616.7 Conclusion 438References 43917 Application of Carbon Nanomaterials in CO2 Capture and Reduction 447R. Sanjeevi, J. Anuradh, and Sandeep Tripathi17.1 Introduction 44717.2 Different Types of Carbon Nanomaterials 44817.3 Applications in CO2 Management: Leveraging Unique Properties 45217.4 CO2 Capture 45317.5 Catalytic Conversion of CO2 :Nanomaterials as Agents of Change 45517.6 Challenges and Future Directions 46017.7 Future Directions 46117.8 Conclusion 463References 46418 Industrial Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials 469Y. Pathania, P. K. Ahluwalia, and Pooja Kapoor18.1 Introduction 46918.2 Different Forms of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 47118.3 Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials 47318.4 Challenges 48718.5 Conclusions and Future Scope 488Acknowledgment 489Declarations 489Funding 489References 48919 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials and Their Green Energy Applications: Carbon Nanotubes 505Smita Singh, Varsha Singh, Vikram Rathour, and Vellaichamy Ganesan19.1 Introduction 50519.2 Synthesis of CNTs 50919.3 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 51119.4 Green Energy Applications of CNTs 51419.5 Challenges Associated with CNTs 52319.6 Conclusion 524Acknowledgments 525References 52520 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles as Visible-Light Photocatalysts 533Sonam Soni20.1 Introduction 53320.2 Mechanism of Photocatalysis 53620.3 Classification of Nanomaterials 53720.4 Types of Carbon-Based Nanoparticles 53820.5 Application of CNPs as Photocatalysts 53820.6 Conclusions 54820.7 Future Scope 548References 54921 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Day-to-Day Human Life 553Manju Choudhary, Pooja Nain, Shivanshu Garg, and Himanshu Punetha21.1 Introduction 55321.2 Utilization of CNPs in Medical Services 55521.3 Applications Pertaining to Electrical and Electronics Sectors 56321.4 Applications Pertaining to Wind and Solar Energies 56621.5 Application Pertaining to Food Industry Sector 57121.6 Nanoparticles Operating Within Soil 57321.7 Agricultural Aspects of Nanomaterials 57421.8 Nanomaterials Bringing Out Latest Revolutions 57521.9 Conclusion and Future Scope 577References 578Index 587