Eduardo Sánchez Moreno is Senior Lecturer in Ancient History at the Department of Ancient History, Medieval History and Diplomatics at the Autonomous University of Madrid (Spain), of which he has been director (2019-2023). He completed a Degree in History with two specialities, Prehistory and Archaeology (1992) and Ancient and Medieval History (1993), and obtained a PhD in Ancient History (1997) at the Autonomous University of Madrid. He made his Postdoc at the University of Oxford (1999-2001) and, in addition, he has been visiting scholar at the universities of Minnesota, Oxford, Waterloo, Edinburgh and Cape Town. His main research interest are the peoples and cultures of Ancient Iberia and the study of Roman imperialism and diplomacy in the Western Mediterranean. Principal Investigator of the Research Group Occidens: Power, Conflict and Diplomacy in the Ancient West (Autonomous University of Madrid). He has taken part in several scientific programs, being a Principal Researcher in different R+D+i projects (Spanish State Research Agency, Government of Spain). He is author of two individual books and nearly eighty academic articles and contributions in collective books; he has edited or co-edited several volumes, such as: Unidos en armas. Coaliciones militares en el Occidente antiguo (Edicions UIB-Ediciones UAM, Palma-Madrid, 2019, with E. García Riaza), Veinticinco estampas de la España antigua cincuenta años después (1967-2017), En torno a la obra de Antonio García y Bellido y su actualización científica (Editorial de la Universidad de Sevilla, 2019), Ideología, identidades e interacción en el Mundo Antiguo (Madrid, 2012, with C. del Cerro, G. Mora and J. Pascual), Poder, Cultura e Imagen en el Mundo Antiguo (Ediciones UAM, Madrid, 2011, with G. Mora), and Protohistoria y Antigüedad de la Península Ibérica, volumes I-II (Sílex, Madrid, 2007-2008). Enrique García Riaza is Professor in Ancient History at the Department of Historical Sciences and Theory of the Arts, University of the Balearic Islands (Spain). He completed his Degree in History (speciality of Ancient History) at the University of Salamanca (1991), as well as the 'Grado de Salamanca' on Roman History (1992). He defended his doctoral thesis in 1997 (University of the Balearic Islands) later published as a book: Celtíberos y lusitanos frente a Roma: diplomacia y derecho de guerra (Universidad del País Vasco, Vitoria, 2002). His main research interests are Diplomacy and Law of War during the Roman expansion. Principal Investigator of the Research Group Civitas (University of the Balearic Islands). He has taken part in several scientific programs, being a Principal Researcher in several R + D + i projects (Spanish State Research Agency, Government of Spain). His publications include: "Laureatae litterae. Announcing Victories and Public Opinion in the Middle Republic" in C. Rosillo López (ed.), Communicating Public Opinion in the Roman Republic, Historia – Einzelschriften, Band 256 (Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 2019), 85-106, and "Foreign Cities. Institutional Aspects of the Roman Expansion in the Iberian Peninsula (218–133 B. C.)", in M. Jehne - F. Pina Polo (eds.), Foreign Clientelae in the Roman World: a Reconsideration, Historia Einzelschriften, Band 238 (Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 2015), 119-140. He has edited or co-edited several volumes, such as: Unidos en armas. Coaliciones militares en el Occidente antiguo (Edicions UIB-Ediciones UAM, Palma-Madrid, 2019, with E. Sánchez Moreno), In fidem venerunt. Expresiones de sometimiento a la República Romana en Occidente (Dykinson, Madrid, 2019, with A.-M. Sanz), and De fronteras a provincias. Interacción e integración en Occidente (ss. III-I a.C.) (Edicions UIB, Palma, 2011).

Eduardo Sánchez Moreno and Enrique García Riaza provide a focused examination of the relevance and importance of materiality within the field of diplomacy. This focus brings an additional and distinctive contribution to the field, particularly through the collective nature of this volume.

• List Of IllustrationsNote on the ContributorsIntroduction: Unboxing the Gift. Diplomatic Presents in their Cultural Contexts, Eduardo Sánchez Moreno and Enrique García RiazaI. A Background for Gifts in Action: Gracing Gods, Kings and Cities2. Diplomatic Gifts in the Biblical Context of the Sixth to Fourth Ceturies B.C. A Systematic Study of Deuteronomistic History (Joshua – 2 Kings), Francesc Ramis Darder3. Greek Cities and Diplomatic Gifts in the Classical Period, Dominique Lenfant4. Gifts for the Gods and Keimelia. Some Reflections on Arms as Diplomatic Gifts in the Greek World, María del Mar Gabaldón Martínez II. From Asia Minor to Lusitania: The Multiple Use of Gifts in an Interconnected World5. Crowns to Rome: Honours, Gifts and Hellenistic Diplomacy, Andrew Erskine6. The Romans and Gifts from the Greeks: The Story of an Ostentatious Rejection, Nathalie Barrandon, Anthony-Marc Sanz and Enrique García Riaza 7. Gift, Debt, Anxiety in Late Hellenistic Times. On the Cautiousness and Attitudes of Achaeans, Macedonians and Bastarnae Towards Diplomatic Presents, Miguel Esteban Payno and Gerard Ventós Rodríguez 8. Buying Goodwill, Granting Rewards: The Roman Headquarters as a Space of Diplomatic Interaction, Borja Vertedor Ballesteros9. From Presents to Bribes: Symbolic and Political Evolution of the Diplomatic Gift in Relations between Romans and Numidians, Esther Sánchez Medina and Gabriel Rosselló Calafell 10. Torques, Horses, and Gold: Approaching Diplomatic Gifts in Gaul, Alberto Pérez Rubio11. Do ut des. Liberating Hostages and Offering Gifts on the Hispanian Front in the Second Punic War, Eduardo Sánchez Moreno and Jorge García Cardiel 12. Gold for the Romans. Booty, Gifts, and Bribes during the Roman Conquest of the Western Iberian Peninsula, Manuel Salinas de Frías13. Bonding Gifts. Material Exchange and Political Alliance during the Sertorian War, David García Domínguez and Diego Suárez MartínezEpilogue: Gifts at the Edges of the World: Diplomatic Exchanges in the Roman West and Early Colonial Chile, Tomás Aguilera Durán

Eduardo Sánchez Moreno is Senior Lecturer in Ancient History at the Department of Ancient History, Medieval History and Diplomatics at the Autonomous University of Madrid (Spain), of which he has been director (2019-2023). He completed a Degree in History with two specialities, Prehistory and Archaeology (1992) and Ancient and Medieval History (1993), and obtained a PhD in Ancient History (1997) at the Autonomous University of Madrid. He made his Postdoc at the University of Oxford (1999-2001) and, in addition, he has been visiting scholar at the universities of Minnesota, Oxford, Waterloo, Edinburgh and Cape Town. His main research interest are the peoples and cultures of Ancient Iberia and the study of Roman imperialism and diplomacy in the Western Mediterranean. Principal Investigator of the Research Group Occidens: Power, Conflict and Diplomacy in the Ancient West (Autonomous University of Madrid). He has taken part in several scientific programs, being a Principal Researcher in different R+D+i projects (Spanish State Research Agency, Government of Spain). He is author of two individual books and nearly eighty academic articles and contributions in collective books; he has edited or co-edited several volumes, such as: Unidos en armas. Coaliciones militares en el Occidente antiguo (Edicions UIB-Ediciones UAM, Palma-Madrid, 2019, with E. García Riaza), Veinticinco estampas de la España antigua cincuenta años después (1967-2017), En torno a la obra de Antonio García y Bellido y su actualización científica (Editorial de la Universidad de Sevilla, 2019), Ideología, identidades e interacción en el Mundo Antiguo (Madrid, 2012, with C. del Cerro, G. Mora and J. Pascual), Poder, Cultura e Imagen en el Mundo Antiguo (Ediciones UAM, Madrid, 2011, with G. Mora), and Protohistoria y Antigüedad de la Península Ibérica, volumes I-II (Sílex, Madrid, 2007-2008). Enrique García Riaza is Professor in Ancient History at the Department of Historical Sciences and Theory of the Arts, University of the Balearic Islands (Spain). He completed his Degree in History (speciality of Ancient History) at the University of Salamanca (1991), as well as the 'Grado de Salamanca' on Roman History (1992). He defended his doctoral thesis in 1997 (University of the Balearic Islands) later published as a book: Celtíberos y lusitanos frente a Roma: diplomacia y derecho de guerra (Universidad del País Vasco, Vitoria, 2002). His main research interests are Diplomacy and Law of War during the Roman expansion. Principal Investigator of the Research Group Civitas (University of the Balearic Islands). He has taken part in several scientific programs, being a Principal Researcher in several R + D + i projects (Spanish State Research Agency, Government of Spain). His publications include: "Laureatae litterae. Announcing Victories and Public Opinion in the Middle Republic" in C. Rosillo López (ed.), Communicating Public Opinion in the Roman Republic, Historia – Einzelschriften, Band 256 (Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 2019), 85-106, and "Foreign Cities. Institutional Aspects of the Roman Expansion in the Iberian Peninsula (218–133 B. C.)", in M. Jehne - F. Pina Polo (eds.), Foreign Clientelae in the Roman World: a Reconsideration, Historia Einzelschriften, Band 238 (Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 2015), 119-140. He has edited or co-edited several volumes, such as: Unidos en armas. Coaliciones militares en el Occidente antiguo (Edicions UIB-Ediciones UAM, Palma-Madrid, 2019, with E. Sánchez Moreno), In fidem venerunt. Expresiones de sometimiento a la República Romana en Occidente (Dykinson, Madrid, 2019, with A.-M. Sanz), and De fronteras a provincias. Interacción e integración en Occidente (ss. III-I a.C.) (Edicions UIB, Palma, 2011).

Eduardo Sánchez Moreno and Enrique García Riaza provide a focused examination of the relevance and importance of materiality within the field of diplomacy. This focus brings an additional and distinctive contribution to the field, particularly through the collective nature of this volume.

• List Of IllustrationsNote on the ContributorsIntroduction: Unboxing the Gift. Diplomatic Presents in their Cultural Contexts, Eduardo Sánchez Moreno and Enrique García RiazaI. A Background for Gifts in Action: Gracing Gods, Kings and Cities2. Diplomatic Gifts in the Biblical Context of the Sixth to Fourth Ceturies B.C. A Systematic Study of Deuteronomistic History (Joshua – 2 Kings), Francesc Ramis Darder3. Greek Cities and Diplomatic Gifts in the Classical Period, Dominique Lenfant4. Gifts for the Gods and Keimelia. Some Reflections on Arms as Diplomatic Gifts in the Greek World, María del Mar Gabaldón Martínez II. From Asia Minor to Lusitania: The Multiple Use of Gifts in an Interconnected World5. Crowns to Rome: Honours, Gifts and Hellenistic Diplomacy, Andrew Erskine6. The Romans and Gifts from the Greeks: The Story of an Ostentatious Rejection, Nathalie Barrandon, Anthony-Marc Sanz and Enrique García Riaza 7. Gift, Debt, Anxiety in Late Hellenistic Times. On the Cautiousness and Attitudes of Achaeans, Macedonians and Bastarnae Towards Diplomatic Presents, Miguel Esteban Payno and Gerard Ventós Rodríguez 8. Buying Goodwill, Granting Rewards: The Roman Headquarters as a Space of Diplomatic Interaction, Borja Vertedor Ballesteros9. From Presents to Bribes: Symbolic and Political Evolution of the Diplomatic Gift in Relations between Romans and Numidians, Esther Sánchez Medina and Gabriel Rosselló Calafell 10. Torques, Horses, and Gold: Approaching Diplomatic Gifts in Gaul, Alberto Pérez Rubio11. Do ut des. Liberating Hostages and Offering Gifts on the Hispanian Front in the Second Punic War, Eduardo Sánchez Moreno and Jorge García Cardiel 12. Gold for the Romans. Booty, Gifts, and Bribes during the Roman Conquest of the Western Iberian Peninsula, Manuel Salinas de Frías13. Bonding Gifts. Material Exchange and Political Alliance during the Sertorian War, David García Domínguez and Diego Suárez MartínezEpilogue: Gifts at the Edges of the World: Diplomatic Exchanges in the Roman West and Early Colonial Chile, Tomás Aguilera Durán

Eduardo Sánchez Moreno is Senior Lecturer in Ancient History at the Department of Ancient History, Medieval History and Diplomatics at the Autonomous University of Madrid (Spain), of which he has been director (2019-2023). He completed a Degree in History with two specialities, Prehistory and Archaeology (1992) and Ancient and Medieval History (1993), and obtained a PhD in Ancient History (1997) at the Autonomous University of Madrid. He made his Postdoc at the University of Oxford (1999-2001) and, in addition, he has been visiting scholar at the universities of Minnesota, Oxford, Waterloo, Edinburgh and Cape Town. His main research interest are the peoples and cultures of Ancient Iberia and the study of Roman imperialism and diplomacy in the Western Mediterranean. Principal Investigator of the Research Group Occidens: Power, Conflict and Diplomacy in the Ancient West (Autonomous University of Madrid). He has taken part in several scientific programs, being a Principal Researcher in different R+D+i projects (Spanish State Research Agency, Government of Spain). He is author of two individual books and nearly eighty academic articles and contributions in collective books; he has edited or co-edited several volumes, such as: Unidos en armas. Coaliciones militares en el Occidente antiguo (Edicions UIB-Ediciones UAM, Palma-Madrid, 2019, with E. García Riaza), Veinticinco estampas de la España antigua cincuenta años después (1967-2017), En torno a la obra de Antonio García y Bellido y su actualización científica (Editorial de la Universidad de Sevilla, 2019), Ideología, identidades e interacción en el Mundo Antiguo (Madrid, 2012, with C. del Cerro, G. Mora and J. Pascual), Poder, Cultura e Imagen en el Mundo Antiguo (Ediciones UAM, Madrid, 2011, with G. Mora), and Protohistoria y Antigüedad de la Península Ibérica, volumes I-II (Sílex, Madrid, 2007-2008). Enrique García Riaza is Professor in Ancient History at the Department of Historical Sciences and Theory of the Arts, University of the Balearic Islands (Spain). He completed his Degree in History (speciality of Ancient History) at the University of Salamanca (1991), as well as the 'Grado de Salamanca' on Roman History (1992). He defended his doctoral thesis in 1997 (University of the Balearic Islands) later published as a book: Celtíberos y lusitanos frente a Roma: diplomacia y derecho de guerra (Universidad del País Vasco, Vitoria, 2002). His main research interests are Diplomacy and Law of War during the Roman expansion. Principal Investigator of the Research Group Civitas (University of the Balearic Islands). He has taken part in several scientific programs, being a Principal Researcher in several R + D + i projects (Spanish State Research Agency, Government of Spain). His publications include: "Laureatae litterae. Announcing Victories and Public Opinion in the Middle Republic" in C. Rosillo López (ed.), Communicating Public Opinion in the Roman Republic, Historia – Einzelschriften, Band 256 (Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 2019), 85-106, and "Foreign Cities. Institutional Aspects of the Roman Expansion in the Iberian Peninsula (218–133 B. C.)", in M. Jehne - F. Pina Polo (eds.), Foreign Clientelae in the Roman World: a Reconsideration, Historia Einzelschriften, Band 238 (Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 2015), 119-140. He has edited or co-edited several volumes, such as: Unidos en armas. Coaliciones militares en el Occidente antiguo (Edicions UIB-Ediciones UAM, Palma-Madrid, 2019, with E. Sánchez Moreno), In fidem venerunt. Expresiones de sometimiento a la República Romana en Occidente (Dykinson, Madrid, 2019, with A.-M. Sanz), and De fronteras a provincias. Interacción e integración en Occidente (ss. III-I a.C.) (Edicions UIB, Palma, 2011).

Eduardo Sánchez Moreno and Enrique García Riaza provide a focused examination of the relevance and importance of materiality within the field of diplomacy. This focus brings an additional and distinctive contribution to the field, particularly through the collective nature of this volume.

• List Of IllustrationsNote on the ContributorsIntroduction: Unboxing the Gift. Diplomatic Presents in their Cultural Contexts, Eduardo Sánchez Moreno and Enrique García RiazaI. A Background for Gifts in Action: Gracing Gods, Kings and Cities2. Diplomatic Gifts in the Biblical Context of the Sixth to Fourth Ceturies B.C. A Systematic Study of Deuteronomistic History (Joshua – 2 Kings), Francesc Ramis Darder3. Greek Cities and Diplomatic Gifts in the Classical Period, Dominique Lenfant4. Gifts for the Gods and Keimelia. Some Reflections on Arms as Diplomatic Gifts in the Greek World, María del Mar Gabaldón Martínez II. From Asia Minor to Lusitania: The Multiple Use of Gifts in an Interconnected World5. Crowns to Rome: Honours, Gifts and Hellenistic Diplomacy, Andrew Erskine6. The Romans and Gifts from the Greeks: The Story of an Ostentatious Rejection, Nathalie Barrandon, Anthony-Marc Sanz and Enrique García Riaza 7. Gift, Debt, Anxiety in Late Hellenistic Times. On the Cautiousness and Attitudes of Achaeans, Macedonians and Bastarnae Towards Diplomatic Presents, Miguel Esteban Payno and Gerard Ventós Rodríguez 8. Buying Goodwill, Granting Rewards: The Roman Headquarters as a Space of Diplomatic Interaction, Borja Vertedor Ballesteros9. From Presents to Bribes: Symbolic and Political Evolution of the Diplomatic Gift in Relations between Romans and Numidians, Esther Sánchez Medina and Gabriel Rosselló Calafell 10. Torques, Horses, and Gold: Approaching Diplomatic Gifts in Gaul, Alberto Pérez Rubio11. Do ut des. Liberating Hostages and Offering Gifts on the Hispanian Front in the Second Punic War, Eduardo Sánchez Moreno and Jorge García Cardiel 12. Gold for the Romans. Booty, Gifts, and Bribes during the Roman Conquest of the Western Iberian Peninsula, Manuel Salinas de Frías13. Bonding Gifts. Material Exchange and Political Alliance during the Sertorian War, David García Domínguez and Diego Suárez MartínezEpilogue: Gifts at the Edges of the World: Diplomatic Exchanges in the Roman West and Early Colonial Chile, Tomás Aguilera Durán