Arctic Governance in a Changing World

Mary Durfee is professor emerita at Michigan Technological University. She is a past Fulbright and Annenberg Scholar and has coauthored a book on international relations theory with James N. Rosenau, Thinking Theory Thoroughly, 2nd ed. (2000).Rachael Lorna Johnstone is professor of law at the University of Akureyri, Iceland, and at the University of Greenland. She is a specialist in polar law and international human rights law. She is the author of Offshore Oil and Gas Development in the Arctic under International Law: Risk and Responsibility (2015).

Arctic scholars, policymakers and students should have this book on their shelves, and it deserves wider consumption by those interested in International Relations and International Law as well.

• 1 What the Arctic Tells us about World AffairsCooperation Under UncertaintyGovernanceCooperationCommon v More Complex Representations of Arctic AffairsThe Arctic and its Indigenous Peoples in World AffairsThe Arctic Region and Policy Tools Used to Manage itRegions are Created by People through DiscoursesGoverning the Arctic: International LawWhat the Arctic Tells Us about International Relations TheoryAssumptions of Realism, Liberalism, and Critical TheoriesRegime TheoryArctic Puzzles for International Relations TheoristsOne Cannot Explain the Arctic without International Law The Arctic has Weak Institutions and Strong Cooperation The Arctic Illustrates Creative Uses of Sovereignty Human Security Rivals National Security Climate Change Matters in Governance Efforts.Organization of the Book2 A Natural and Human History of the ArcticThe Natural History of the ArcticThe Physical Geography of the ArcticCooling and Warming in the ArcticChanging Atmospheric ChemistryGreenhouse Gases and PermafrostSea IceGlaciers and Ice SheetsArctic Warming and Ocean CurrentsBiodiversity in the Arctic• Settlement of the ArcticEurasiaMigrations to North AmericaEconomic LifeViking Exploration• The Rise of the Sovereign European Arctic States and Colonization of the ArcticEarly Formation of the Arctic States of EuropeRise of the Modern System of StatesMapping the Arctic, Gaining ControlColonizationChanging State Borders through WarThe Napoleonic WarsWorld War IWorld War IIHot War to Cold WarInternational CooperationConclusions3 Arctic PlayersThe Indigenous in the ArcticArctic StatesThe United StatesCanadaThe Kingdom of DenmarkIcelandNorwaySwedenFinlandRussiaNon-Arctic StatesInternational Organizations and ForaThe European UnionThe Arctic CouncilThe Arctic FiveThe Barents Euro Arctic Region (BEAR)Other Regional ForaGlobal ForaNon-Governmental OrganizationsCorporate InterestsOther StakeholdersConclusions4 Securities in the ArcticSecurity or SecuritiesSecurities are InterwovenMaking Humans SecureLogics of SecurityCurrent Strategies to Understand and Manage SecuritiesNational SecurityHow Secure is National Security in the Arctic?Power and Hegemonic Transitions: the Rise of ChinaGeo-StrategySecurity DilemmasFrom Security Dilemmas to Arms RacingHot Conflict in the Arctic? Two Unlikely ScenariosConclusions5 Arctic Economies and ResourcesPillars of Arctic EconomiesThe Subsistence EconomyThe Formal EconomyThe Transfer EconomyEconomic SectorsThe Three “D’sDecoupling DependencyDiversificationArctic ResourcesArctic Economies Competition between Different SectorsSocial Impacts of Large-Scale Resource ExtractionInterest Groups and Influences Inside and Outside the ArcticThe Impacts of Climate Change on Arctic Resources Conclusions6 The Political Economy of the ArcticEconomic Globalization and Modern CapitalismsThree Flavors of CapitalismEconomic Development National StrategiesFinance and BankingFree TradeNAFTASupply and Value ChainsA Perfect Trade Storm Hits Canadian Inuit Recent Neoliberal Trade NegotiationsCETA and CPTPPCETA ImpactsImpact on Small and Medium Enterprises Social ImpactsConclusions7 Human Rights and the Rights of Indigenous Rights in the Arctic Human Rights or Indigenous Rights?How do Human Rights Impact Decision-Making?United Nations Instruments and MechanismsThe Council of EuropeThe Inter-American System of Human Rights ProtectionResponsibility for Human Rights and the Rights of Indigenous PeoplesHuman Rights and Indigenous Issues in the ArcticThe Right to Self-Determination and Political ParticipationLand and Resource ManagementThe Right to CultureIndustrial Development and Rights to ParticipationEconomic and Social Rights Conclusions8 Law of the Sea in the ArcticThe UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)Maritime ZonesBaselinesThe Territorial Sea and the Contiguous ZoneThe Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)The Continental ShelfThe High SeasThe Area Beyond National JurisdictionDelimitation Between Adjacent or Opposite StatesMaritime Zones around the Svalbard Islands States’ or Peoples’ Rights over the SeasThe Internationalization of the Arctic Ocean and SeasConclusions9 Arctic Shipping and NavigationFreedom of NavigationArctic Shipping Today The Northern Sea RouteArctic Marine TourismSea-ice and Other Challenges to Arctic ShippingGlobal Interest in Arctic Transit ShippingConstraints to Freedom of NavigationArctic Controversies: Straight Baselines and the Question of ‘International Straits’Are the straits in the NWP ‘international’? Does the NSR contain international straits?Managing the disputes: agreeing to disagreeEnvironmental and Human Security: Vessel-Source Pollution and Safety at SeaInternational and Domestic Efforts to Control the Impacts and Reduce the RisksThe Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement and the Agreement on Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness and ResponseThe Polar CodeConclusions10 Environmental Protection in the Arctic Principles of International Environmental LawThe Environmental Impact Assessment The Precautionary ApproachConservation of Biological Diversity Sustainable DevelopmentArctic Environmental ChallengesClimate ChangeLong-Range Contaminants Protection and Preservation of the Marine EnvironmentHuman Rights and the EnvironmentImplementation and Enforcement of International Environmental LawConclusions11 The Future of Arctic GovernanceMaterial and Ideational ConnectionsArctic Puzzles for International Relations TheoristsOne Cannot Explain the Arctic without International LawThe Arctic has Weak Institutions and Strong CooperationThe Arctic Illustrates Creative SovereigntyHuman Security Rivals National Security in ImportanceClimate Change Matters in Governance EffortsQuestions for Further Reflection