Nicholas J. Allen is Emeritus Fellow of Wolfson College, University of Oxford. He has published on the Himalayas, kinship theory, the Durkheimian School and Indo-European Comparativism. His books include Categories and Classifications (2000) and Marcel Mauss: A Centenary Tribute (1998). Hilary Callan has been Director of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland since 2000. Her research and publications include work on biological and social anthropology, occupational cultures, and gender, including Ethology and Society (1970)and The Incorporated Wife (edited with Shirley Ardener, 1984).Wendy James was until recently Professor of Social Anthropology at the University of Oxford, and is now Emeritus Fellow of St Cross College, Oxford. She has carried out ethnographic research in North East Africa, and her books include War and Survival in Sudan's Frontierlands: Voices from the Blue Nile (2007) and The Ceremonial Animal: A New Portrait of Anthropology (2003).Robin Dunbar is Professor of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford, and specializes in primate behaviour. He is co-director of the British Academy's Centenary Research Project ('From Lucy to Language: The Archaeology of the Social Brain'). He is the author or co-author of numerous books, including The Human Story (2004) and Evolutionary Psychology: A Beginner's Guide (2005).

• List of Tables. List of Figures.List of Illustrations.Preface.Acknowledgements.Notes on Contributors.INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND.Why 'Kinship'? New Questions on an Old Topic (Wendy James).A Brief Overview of Human Evolution (John A. J. Gowlett and Robin Dunbar).PART I Where and When: The Archaeological Evidence for Early Social Life in Africa.1 Kinship and Material Culture: Archaeological Implications of the Human Global Diaspora (Clive Gamble).2 Deep Roots of Kin: Developing the Evolutionary Perspective from Prehistory (John A. J. Gowlett).PART II Women, Children, Men – and the Puzzles of Comparative Social Structure.3 Early Human Kinship Was Matrilineal (Chris Knight).4 Alternating Birth Classes: A Note from Eastern Africa (Wendy James).5 Tetradic Theory and the Origin of Human Kinship Systems (Nicholas J. Allen).6 What Can Ethnography Tell Us about Human Social Evolution? (Robert Layton).PART III Other Primates and the Biological Approach.7 Kinship in Biological Perspective (Robin Dunbar).8 The Importance of Kinship in Monkey Society (Amanda H. Korstjens).9 Meaning and Relevance of Kinship in Great Apes (Julia Lehmann).10 Grandmothering and Female Coalitions: A Basis for Matrilineal Priority? (Kit Opie and Camilla Power).PART IV Reconstructions: Evidence from Cultural Practice and Language.11 A Phylogenetic Approach to the History of Cultural Practices (Laura Fortunato).12 Reconstructing Ancient Kinship in Africa (Christopher Ehret).13 The Co-evolution of Language and Kinship (Alan Barnard).EPILOGUE.Reaching across the Gaps (Hilary Callan).Appendices to Chapter 12.Bibliography.Index.

Nicholas J. Allen is Emeritus Fellow of Wolfson College, University of Oxford. He has published on the Himalayas, kinship theory, the Durkheimian School and Indo-European Comparativism. His books include Categories and Classifications (2000) and Marcel Mauss: A Centenary Tribute (1998). Hilary Callan has been Director of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland since 2000. Her research and publications include work on biological and social anthropology, occupational cultures, and gender, including Ethology and Society (1970)and The Incorporated Wife (edited with Shirley Ardener, 1984).Wendy James was until recently Professor of Social Anthropology at the University of Oxford, and is now Emeritus Fellow of St Cross College, Oxford. She has carried out ethnographic research in North East Africa, and her books include War and Survival in Sudan's Frontierlands: Voices from the Blue Nile (2007) and The Ceremonial Animal: A New Portrait of Anthropology (2003).Robin Dunbar is Professor of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford, and specializes in primate behaviour. He is co-director of the British Academy's Centenary Research Project ('From Lucy to Language: The Archaeology of the Social Brain'). He is the author or co-author of numerous books, including The Human Story (2004) and Evolutionary Psychology: A Beginner's Guide (2005).

• List of Tables. List of Figures.List of Illustrations.Preface.Acknowledgements.Notes on Contributors.INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND.Why 'Kinship'? New Questions on an Old Topic (Wendy James).A Brief Overview of Human Evolution (John A. J. Gowlett and Robin Dunbar).PART I Where and When: The Archaeological Evidence for Early Social Life in Africa.1 Kinship and Material Culture: Archaeological Implications of the Human Global Diaspora (Clive Gamble).2 Deep Roots of Kin: Developing the Evolutionary Perspective from Prehistory (John A. J. Gowlett).PART II Women, Children, Men – and the Puzzles of Comparative Social Structure.3 Early Human Kinship Was Matrilineal (Chris Knight).4 Alternating Birth Classes: A Note from Eastern Africa (Wendy James).5 Tetradic Theory and the Origin of Human Kinship Systems (Nicholas J. Allen).6 What Can Ethnography Tell Us about Human Social Evolution? (Robert Layton).PART III Other Primates and the Biological Approach.7 Kinship in Biological Perspective (Robin Dunbar).8 The Importance of Kinship in Monkey Society (Amanda H. Korstjens).9 Meaning and Relevance of Kinship in Great Apes (Julia Lehmann).10 Grandmothering and Female Coalitions: A Basis for Matrilineal Priority? (Kit Opie and Camilla Power).PART IV Reconstructions: Evidence from Cultural Practice and Language.11 A Phylogenetic Approach to the History of Cultural Practices (Laura Fortunato).12 Reconstructing Ancient Kinship in Africa (Christopher Ehret).13 The Co-evolution of Language and Kinship (Alan Barnard).EPILOGUE.Reaching across the Gaps (Hilary Callan).Appendices to Chapter 12.Bibliography.Index.