Jo Laycock is a Senior Lecturer in Modern History at the University of ManchesterFrancesca Piana is a Postdoctoral Researcher at the University of Trento

'This is the 11th volume in the timely and consistently well-edited series “Humanitarianism: Key Debates and New Approaches.” Ten essays, an important introduction, an afterword, and an epilogue present and analyze over a century of humanitarian attempts to help Armenia and Armenians when they were ruled by Ottoman Turkey, Tsarist Russia, and the Soviet Union, or after independence. Some of the best essays are specific and focused, such as Sossie Kasbarian’s “Refuge in the ‘Homeland,’” about Syrian Armenians seeking shelter and humanitarian help due to the ongoing catastrophe in Syria. Others offer accounts of and draw lessons from countries contributing aid, as in Heitor Loureiro’s surprising narrative of attempts to engage Brazil. Vahé Tachjian’s thoughtful account of contributions from a major philanthropic organization of the Armenian diaspora helpfully directs attention to non-state sources of assistance. Not all essays can be enumerated, but Asya Darbinyan’s rich and compact examination of Russian imperial responses to humanitarian catastrophe achieves a particularly complex task well, pointing out differences between assistance coming from first responders, institutions, and then states. The editors instructively summarize the wealth of actions and discourses that together constitute not just Armenian but all modern humanitarianism in this essential collection.'CHOICE‘An excellent contribution to the history of humanitarianism. The collection of well-researched and readable essays provides a compelling analysis of humanitarian interventions in support of Armenia and Armenians from the late nineteenth century to recent years.’Silvia Salvatici, University of Florence‘An essential and groundbreaking volume … The contributions to this volume, bringing together a multiplicity of humanitarian interventions, stand out not only for their meticulous research and scholarly excellence, but also for their interdisciplinary approach ... Its comprehensive geographic and chronological coverage makes it an essential resource for scholars, practitioners, and anyone interested in the complexities of humanitarian aid and intervention.’Melanie Schulze Tanielian, University of Michigan

• Introduction – Jo Laycock and Francesca Piana1 Humanitarian accountability: Anglo-American relief during the Hamidian massacres, 1894-98 – Stéphanie Prévost2 Pragmatism and personalities: Etienne Brasil and Brazilian engagement with Armenia, 1912-22 – Heitor Loureiro3 ‘An appeal from afar’: the challenges of compassion and the Australian humanitarian campaigns for Armenian relief, 1900-30 – Joy Damousi4 Humanitarian crisis at the Ottoman-Russian border: Russian imperial responses to Armenian refugees of war and genocide, 1914-15 – Asya Darbinyan5 'Making good' in the Near East: The Smith College Relief Unit, Near East Relief, and visions of Armenian reconstruction, 1919-21 – Rebecca Jinks6 Care and connections: Orphans, refugees, and Norwegian relief in the Soviet Armenian Republi,c 1922-25 – Inger Marie Okkenhaug7 Humanitarian Diaspora? The AGBU in Soviet Armenia, 1920-30s – Vahé Tachjian 8 Tremor and change: Humanitarian interventions after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia – Katja Doose9 Humanitarian intervention meets a de facto state: International peacebuilding consortiums in Nagorny Karabakh, 2003-16 – Laurence Broers10 Refuge in the ‘homeland’: The Syrians in Armenia – Sossie KasbarianAfterword: Displacement and the humanitarian response to suffering: reflections on aiding Armenia – Peter GatrellEpilogue – Ronald Grigor Suny