Qualitative Research

Sharon M. Ravitch is a professor of practice at the University of Pennsylvania’s Graduate School of Education. She engages in numerous applied research projects in India, serving as a visiting scholar at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) in Mumbai and working as a co-researcher and key resource expert in policy advocacy, professional development, and community-based participatory research related to corporate social responsibility through TISS’s corporate social responsibility hub. She is involved in the design and implementation of assessment and evaluation of statewide performance through mixed-methods research in the Ministry of Human Resource Development’s major policy initiative, Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA), a countrywide reform initiative aimed to resurrect India’s state public university system. Ravitch is also an expert adviser at the Center for Academic Leadership and Education Management at TISS. The center provides professional development and policy advocacy support to school education leaders across India. Ravitch works in the center’s capacity-building program to collaboratively develop case studies and technology-innovation frameworks for the higher education and K–12 sectors using a participatory approach. She received the prestigious GIAN Scholar Award from the government of India for 2016–2017 and the RUSA Scholar Award for 2017–2018. Ravitch also received a Fulbright Fellowship to engage in research and applied development work in India from 2017 to 2019.Ravitch has published five books: Applied Research for Sustainable Change: A Guide for Education Leaders (with Nicole Carl, 2019); Qualitative Research: Bridging the Conceptual, Theoretical, and Methodological (2nd ed., with Nicole Carl, 2020); Reason and Rigor: How Conceptual Frameworks Guide Research (2012; 2nd ed., with Matthew Riggan, 2016); School Counseling Principles: Diversity and Multiculturalism (2006); and Matters of Interpretation: Reciprocal Transformation in Therapeutic and Developmental Relationships With Youth (with Michael Nakkula, 1998).Nicole Mittenfelner Carl is a postdoctoral fellow in the Teaching, Learning, and Leadership Division at the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education. She received her doctorate in educational leadership from the University of Pennsylvania in 2017. Carl teaches courses related to qualitative research methods, practitioner research for educational leaders, and mentoring strategies for veteran teachers coaching first-year teachers.Carl has been conducting qualitative research for more than a decade, beginning in 2005, when she was awarded a Mellon Fellowship. Since then, she has led and participated in numerous qualitative and mixed-methods research projects. She recently co-authored a text for Harvard Education Press, Applied Research for Sustainable Change: A Guide for Education Leaders, that exemplifies ways for practitioners to use local research as a driver of school change. Carl has also published several articles on students’ experiences with schooling, democratizing schooling, the impacts of educational policies on teachers and leaders, and applied research in peer-reviewed journals.Carl has worked with school leaders, teachers, and students in various settings (public and independent) to consider ways to use research to drive school improvement. She has also led a multiyear, multisite evaluation of the impact of these projects on the schools and individuals involved. She continues to research ways that practitioners can conduct and use research in their schools, and she supports educators in the implementation of these projects.

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• ForewordPrefaceAcknowledgmentsSharon Would Like to ThankNicole Would Like to ThankAbout the AuthorsChapter 1: Qualitative Research: An Opening OrientationAn Overview of the Processes of Qualitative ResearchDefining and Situating Qualitative ResearchKey Components of Qualitative ResearchHorizontal Values in Qualitative Research: Criticality, Reflexivity, Collaboration, and RigorApproaches to Qualitative Research: An OverviewA Note on the Possibilities of Qualitative ResearchChapter 2: Conceptual Frameworks in ResearchConceptual Frameworks in ResearchDeveloping a Conceptual FrameworkBuilding Your Conceptual FrameworkChapter 3: Qualitative Research DesignResearch Design in Qualitative ResearchQualitative Research Design ProcessesSampling: Site and Participant SelectionWriting in Research DesignConclusionChapter 4: Reflexivity in Data CollectionDefining Qualitative Research as IterativeReflexivity in Data CollectionReflexivity and Researcher-Generated Data SourcesChapter 5: Methods of Data CollectionInterviewsObservational FieldnotesFocus GroupsDocuments and Archival DataOpen-Ended QuestionnairesParticipatory Methods of Data CollectionRevisiting Research DesignChapter 6: Validity in Qualitative ResearchOverview of Validity in Qualitative ResearchAssessing ValidityStrategies for Achieving Qualitative ValidityRigor and Validity in Qualitative ResearchChapter 7: Ethics and Relational ResearchRelational Ethics: Taking a Relational Approach to ResearchDeepening Research Ethics: Beyond IRB and Informed ConsentBeyond Negotiating Entrée and Building RapportResearch BoundariesInformed Consent, with an Emphasis on InformedTransparency in Goals, Expectations, Processes, and RolesConfidentiality and AnonymityThe Ethical Dimensions of the Researcher as InstrumentPushing Against the Expert–Learner BinaryEthical Collaboration: Dialectics of Mutual InfluenceBalancing Design Flexibility and Rigor: Responsive Research as an Ethical StanceChapter 8: An Integrative Approach to Data AnalysisDefining and Critically Approaching Qualitative Data AnalysisAnalysis and InterpretationOverview of Qualitative Data Analysis ProcessesAn Integrative Approach to Qualitative Data AnalysisChapter 9: Methods and Processes of Data AnalysisData Organization and ManagementsImmersive EngagementWriting and RepresentationChapter 10: Writing and Representing Research: The Research ReportThe Craft of Writing: Outlining, Drafting, and RevisingWriting a Final Report: Building On, Deepening, and Codifying AnalysisCritical Writing ConsiderationsConcluding Thoughts: The Ethics of Research WritingChapter 11: Qualitative Research ProposalsQualitative Research ProposalsWriting Quality Research ProposalsAdapting Research ProposalsEpilogueRevisiting the Horizontal Values in Qualitative ResearchClosing Thoughts: The Power and Potential of Qualitative ResearchGlossaryAppendixesReferencesIndex