Zhanhuan Shang (Author) Zhanhuan Shang is a full professor at College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, China. His research interests include ecological restoration, grassland management, rural sustainable development, carbon management, biodiversity on the Tibetan plateau. He has more than 200 publications in international and Chinese journals and books.Allan Degen (Author) A. Allan Degen is an emeritus professor at Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel. He does research on livestock production under harsh conditions and has co-operated in projects in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Nepal, Ethiopia, Afghanistan, Kenya, South Africa and China. He has authored or co-authored 16 books or chapters and over 220 publications in peer-reviewed journals.Devendra Gauchan (Author) Devendra Gauchan is an Agricultural Economist, specializing in Agricultural Economics, Agrobiodiversity conservation, Farming systems and Agricultural research policy. He has published over 50 papers and publications related to socioeconomics, farming systems, technology adoption, seed system, agriculture marketing, agrobiodiversity policy and agriculture development in Nepal.Madan Koirala (Author) Madan Koirala is a full Professor of Environmental Science in Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. He has published more than 100 papers on environmental science, sustainable development, water research, and ecology in the HKH region.Muhammad Khalid Rafiq (Author) Muhammad Khalid Rafiq is Senior Scientific Officer at the Rangeland Research Institute (RRI), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) Islamabad, Pakistan, and Commonwealth Rutherford Fellow at UK Biochar Research Center, School of Geosciences, the University of Edinburgh (UoE), United Kingdom.

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• Part I:: Overview Chapter 1:: Environmental problems in the history and the development of the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Zhanhuan Shang, Allan Degen, Zhiqiang Dang, Zhen Peng and Devendra Gauchan. Chapter 2:: Biodiversity assessment for sustainable conservation in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Zhen Peng, Allan Degen, Devendra Gauchan and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 3:: The environmental impact on livelihood and food security in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region: Current and future challenges for Nepal. Chapter 4:: Challenges of ecological conservation and restoration during the COVID-19 global pandemic in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Part II:: Country strategy Chapter 5:: Ecological Conservation and Restoration in Afghanistan. Awais Iqbal and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 6:: Ecological Conservation and Restoration in Bangladesh. Srijana Khanal, Madan Koirala and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 7:: Ecological Conservation and Restoration in Bhutan. Furbe Lama, Allan Degen and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 8:: Ecological conservation and restoration on the Tibetan plateau in China. Mei Huang, Allan Degen and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 9:: Ecological conservation and restoration in the Indian Himalaya region. Huma Ali, Muhammad Rafiq and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 10:: Ecological protection and restoration in Myanmar. Huma Ali, Muhammad Rafiq and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 11:: Ecological Restoration in Nepal: A Comprehensive Policy Overview. Ramesh Raj Pant, Madan Koirala, Diwakar Adhikari and Narayan Prasad Gaire. Chapter 12:: Ecological conservation and restoration in Pakistan. Muhammad Khalid Rafiq, Rukhsanda Aziz, Jalal Hayat Khan, Usman Ali and Zhanhuan Shang. Part III:: Ecosystems Chapter 13:: Forests: conservation, restoration and sustainable utilization in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region. Wenyin Wang, Allan Degen, Zhen Peng, Binyu Luo and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 14:: Conservation and sustainable utilization of rangelands in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Peipei Liu, Xiaoping Jing, Allan Degen and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 15:: Agriculture: agrobiodiversity and sustainable approaches in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Dongmei Li, Haonan Guo, Zhen Peng, Allan Degen, Madan Koirala, Devendra Gauchan and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 16:: Function and conservation of the montane desert ecosystem in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Rui Zhang, Allan Degen and Jie Lian. Chapter 17:: Wetlands in the Hindu Kush Himalaya Region: Eco-economic Function and Conservation. Ritika K.C, Usha Rai, Monika Ghimire and Udhab Raj Khadka. Chapter 18:: Glaciers and permafrost: function and conservation. Tianyun Qi, Allan Degen and Zhanhuan Shang. Part IV:: Management strategies Chapter 19:: Gender roles and practices in ecological conservation and restoration. Youyan Liu, Allan Degen and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 20:: Conservation strategies: multi-scale approaches and policies in Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Binyu Luo, Allan Degen and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 21:: Strategies for Forest and Grassland Restoration in the Himalayan Regions. Ramesh Prasad Sapkota, Rashila Deshar and Madan Koirala Chapter 22:: Sustainable Livestock Production in the Hindu-Kush Himalayan region. Allan Degen. Chapter 23:: Ecosystem services and compensation in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region: strategies and suggestions. Dawei Zhang, Jiayi He and Hui Xu.

Zhanhuan Shang (Author) Zhanhuan Shang is a full professor at College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, China. His research interests include ecological restoration, grassland management, rural sustainable development, carbon management, biodiversity on the Tibetan plateau. He has more than 200 publications in international and Chinese journals and books.Allan Degen (Author) A. Allan Degen is an emeritus professor at Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel. He does research on livestock production under harsh conditions and has co-operated in projects in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Nepal, Ethiopia, Afghanistan, Kenya, South Africa and China. He has authored or co-authored 16 books or chapters and over 220 publications in peer-reviewed journals.Devendra Gauchan (Author) Devendra Gauchan is an Agricultural Economist, specializing in Agricultural Economics, Agrobiodiversity conservation, Farming systems and Agricultural research policy. He has published over 50 papers and publications related to socioeconomics, farming systems, technology adoption, seed system, agriculture marketing, agrobiodiversity policy and agriculture development in Nepal.Madan Koirala (Author) Madan Koirala is a full Professor of Environmental Science in Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. He has published more than 100 papers on environmental science, sustainable development, water research, and ecology in the HKH region.Muhammad Khalid Rafiq (Author) Muhammad Khalid Rafiq is Senior Scientific Officer at the Rangeland Research Institute (RRI), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) Islamabad, Pakistan, and Commonwealth Rutherford Fellow at UK Biochar Research Center, School of Geosciences, the University of Edinburgh (UoE), United Kingdom.

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• Part I:: Overview Chapter 1:: Environmental problems in the history and the development of the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Zhanhuan Shang, Allan Degen, Zhiqiang Dang, Zhen Peng and Devendra Gauchan. Chapter 2:: Biodiversity assessment for sustainable conservation in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Zhen Peng, Allan Degen, Devendra Gauchan and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 3:: The environmental impact on livelihood and food security in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region: Current and future challenges for Nepal. Chapter 4:: Challenges of ecological conservation and restoration during the COVID-19 global pandemic in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Part II:: Country strategy Chapter 5:: Ecological Conservation and Restoration in Afghanistan. Awais Iqbal and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 6:: Ecological Conservation and Restoration in Bangladesh. Srijana Khanal, Madan Koirala and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 7:: Ecological Conservation and Restoration in Bhutan. Furbe Lama, Allan Degen and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 8:: Ecological conservation and restoration on the Tibetan plateau in China. Mei Huang, Allan Degen and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 9:: Ecological conservation and restoration in the Indian Himalaya region. Huma Ali, Muhammad Rafiq and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 10:: Ecological protection and restoration in Myanmar. Huma Ali, Muhammad Rafiq and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 11:: Ecological Restoration in Nepal: A Comprehensive Policy Overview. Ramesh Raj Pant, Madan Koirala, Diwakar Adhikari and Narayan Prasad Gaire. Chapter 12:: Ecological conservation and restoration in Pakistan. Muhammad Khalid Rafiq, Rukhsanda Aziz, Jalal Hayat Khan, Usman Ali and Zhanhuan Shang. Part III:: Ecosystems Chapter 13:: Forests: conservation, restoration and sustainable utilization in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region. Wenyin Wang, Allan Degen, Zhen Peng, Binyu Luo and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 14:: Conservation and sustainable utilization of rangelands in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Peipei Liu, Xiaoping Jing, Allan Degen and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 15:: Agriculture: agrobiodiversity and sustainable approaches in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Dongmei Li, Haonan Guo, Zhen Peng, Allan Degen, Madan Koirala, Devendra Gauchan and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 16:: Function and conservation of the montane desert ecosystem in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Rui Zhang, Allan Degen and Jie Lian. Chapter 17:: Wetlands in the Hindu Kush Himalaya Region: Eco-economic Function and Conservation. Ritika K.C, Usha Rai, Monika Ghimire and Udhab Raj Khadka. Chapter 18:: Glaciers and permafrost: function and conservation. Tianyun Qi, Allan Degen and Zhanhuan Shang. Part IV:: Management strategies Chapter 19:: Gender roles and practices in ecological conservation and restoration. Youyan Liu, Allan Degen and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 20:: Conservation strategies: multi-scale approaches and policies in Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Binyu Luo, Allan Degen and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 21:: Strategies for Forest and Grassland Restoration in the Himalayan Regions. Ramesh Prasad Sapkota, Rashila Deshar and Madan Koirala Chapter 22:: Sustainable Livestock Production in the Hindu-Kush Himalayan region. Allan Degen. Chapter 23:: Ecosystem services and compensation in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region: strategies and suggestions. Dawei Zhang, Jiayi He and Hui Xu.

Zhanhuan Shang (Author) Zhanhuan Shang is a full professor at College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, China. His research interests include ecological restoration, grassland management, rural sustainable development, carbon management, biodiversity on the Tibetan plateau. He has more than 200 publications in international and Chinese journals and books.Allan Degen (Author) A. Allan Degen is an emeritus professor at Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel. He does research on livestock production under harsh conditions and has co-operated in projects in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Nepal, Ethiopia, Afghanistan, Kenya, South Africa and China. He has authored or co-authored 16 books or chapters and over 220 publications in peer-reviewed journals.Devendra Gauchan (Author) Devendra Gauchan is an Agricultural Economist, specializing in Agricultural Economics, Agrobiodiversity conservation, Farming systems and Agricultural research policy. He has published over 50 papers and publications related to socioeconomics, farming systems, technology adoption, seed system, agriculture marketing, agrobiodiversity policy and agriculture development in Nepal.Madan Koirala (Author) Madan Koirala is a full Professor of Environmental Science in Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. He has published more than 100 papers on environmental science, sustainable development, water research, and ecology in the HKH region.Muhammad Khalid Rafiq (Author) Muhammad Khalid Rafiq is Senior Scientific Officer at the Rangeland Research Institute (RRI), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) Islamabad, Pakistan, and Commonwealth Rutherford Fellow at UK Biochar Research Center, School of Geosciences, the University of Edinburgh (UoE), United Kingdom.

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• Part I:: Overview Chapter 1:: Environmental problems in the history and the development of the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Zhanhuan Shang, Allan Degen, Zhiqiang Dang, Zhen Peng and Devendra Gauchan. Chapter 2:: Biodiversity assessment for sustainable conservation in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Zhen Peng, Allan Degen, Devendra Gauchan and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 3:: The environmental impact on livelihood and food security in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region: Current and future challenges for Nepal. Chapter 4:: Challenges of ecological conservation and restoration during the COVID-19 global pandemic in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Part II:: Country strategy Chapter 5:: Ecological Conservation and Restoration in Afghanistan. Awais Iqbal and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 6:: Ecological Conservation and Restoration in Bangladesh. Srijana Khanal, Madan Koirala and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 7:: Ecological Conservation and Restoration in Bhutan. Furbe Lama, Allan Degen and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 8:: Ecological conservation and restoration on the Tibetan plateau in China. Mei Huang, Allan Degen and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 9:: Ecological conservation and restoration in the Indian Himalaya region. Huma Ali, Muhammad Rafiq and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 10:: Ecological protection and restoration in Myanmar. Huma Ali, Muhammad Rafiq and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 11:: Ecological Restoration in Nepal: A Comprehensive Policy Overview. Ramesh Raj Pant, Madan Koirala, Diwakar Adhikari and Narayan Prasad Gaire. Chapter 12:: Ecological conservation and restoration in Pakistan. Muhammad Khalid Rafiq, Rukhsanda Aziz, Jalal Hayat Khan, Usman Ali and Zhanhuan Shang. Part III:: Ecosystems Chapter 13:: Forests: conservation, restoration and sustainable utilization in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region. Wenyin Wang, Allan Degen, Zhen Peng, Binyu Luo and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 14:: Conservation and sustainable utilization of rangelands in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Peipei Liu, Xiaoping Jing, Allan Degen and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 15:: Agriculture: agrobiodiversity and sustainable approaches in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Dongmei Li, Haonan Guo, Zhen Peng, Allan Degen, Madan Koirala, Devendra Gauchan and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 16:: Function and conservation of the montane desert ecosystem in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Rui Zhang, Allan Degen and Jie Lian. Chapter 17:: Wetlands in the Hindu Kush Himalaya Region: Eco-economic Function and Conservation. Ritika K.C, Usha Rai, Monika Ghimire and Udhab Raj Khadka. Chapter 18:: Glaciers and permafrost: function and conservation. Tianyun Qi, Allan Degen and Zhanhuan Shang. Part IV:: Management strategies Chapter 19:: Gender roles and practices in ecological conservation and restoration. Youyan Liu, Allan Degen and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 20:: Conservation strategies: multi-scale approaches and policies in Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Binyu Luo, Allan Degen and Zhanhuan Shang. Chapter 21:: Strategies for Forest and Grassland Restoration in the Himalayan Regions. Ramesh Prasad Sapkota, Rashila Deshar and Madan Koirala Chapter 22:: Sustainable Livestock Production in the Hindu-Kush Himalayan region. Allan Degen. Chapter 23:: Ecosystem services and compensation in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region: strategies and suggestions. Dawei Zhang, Jiayi He and Hui Xu.