Edited by Tina Soliman Hunter, Professor of Energy and Resources Law, and Director of the Centre for Energy and Natural Resources Innovation and Transformation (CENRIT), Macquarie University, Australia, Angela Dobb, Independent Subsurface Consultant, UK and Ernst Nordtveit, Professor (em.) of Law, Faculty of Law, University of Bergen, Norway

‘The Elgar Concise Encyclopedia of Oil and Gas Law is an indispensable, user-friendly, and forward-looking resource for professionals navigating the complexities of the energy sector. Comprehensive and authoritative, it not only provides insights into current legal frameworks but also anticipates future trends and challenges, including contemporary issues such as carbon capture and storage, decommissioning and social licence to operate. A must-have for any practitioner in the field.’

• ContentsList of contributors ixPreface xiAbandoned wells (incl. well plugging) 1Angus McKayAccess arrangements and accessregime for infrastructure in Norway 6Yngve BustnesliALARP – as low as isreasonably practicable 10Keith AndersonAlexander Kielland accident 12Ernst NordveitAquifier 14Barry P. SetterfieldArbitration in gas disputes 16Kim TalusAward of oil and gas licences 19Tina Soliman HunterBaseline 23Marianthi PappaBritish Petroleum (BP) 26Angela DobbCarbon capture and storage (CCS) 32Tina Soliman HunterCessation of production 36Ruth ThomasClimate change and oil and gasproduction 40Daria ShapovalovaCoal bed methane (aka coal seam gas) 43Stewart HendersonCompetition law 47Ignacio Herrera Anchusteguiand Leigh HancherContinental shelf 52Abdullah Al ArifConventional petroleum 55Angela DobbDecommissioning of offshoreinstallations 56Alexandra WawrykDeep water and ultra deep water drilling 60Angus McKayDeepwater Horizon 64Andrew HopkinsDrilling (incl. directional andextended reach) 69Angus McKayDrilling best practice 73Arthur DacreDrilling fluids 80Keith AndersonDrilling rigs 86Keith AndersonEkofisk 89Tina Soliman HunterElectrification of oil and gas operations 92Siv Elén Årskog Vedvik andIgnacio Herrera AnchusteguiEnergy security 97Vlado VivodaEnhanced oil recovery (EOR) 100Angela DobbEnvironmental protection in oiland gas activities 101Daria ShapovalovaEquinor 103Knut HøivikExclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) 108Ernst NordtveitExploration, appraisal and development 110Gillian M. SykesField abandonment anddecommissioning 116Ruth ThomasField Development Plan 124Angela DobbForeign investment and participation 128Moritz WüstenbergGulf of Mexico 131Richard J. FoxHydraulic fracturing 137Angela DobbHydrocarbon Licensing Directive 141Ernst NordtveitImpact benefit agreements in thepetroleum sector 143Solomon Nwaulikpe ObulorInternational oil companies 148Tina Soliman HunterInternational treaties and conventions 150Abdullah Al ArifJoint development agreements 153Constantinos YiallouridesJoint Operating Agreement: Norway 157Ernst NordtveitJoint ventures (commercial agreements) 159Tina Soliman HunterLaw of the Sea 163Marianthi PappaLiability and insurance 167Kristoffer SvendsenLicensing and concession system 172Tina Soliman HunterLogging (incl. mud, wireline andwhile drilling) 175Andrew M. DaviesMake good provisions 180Madeline TaylorMarker crudes and oil trading 183Emre ÜsenmezMaximising economic recovery 188Judith Aldersey-Williams andValerie AllanNational Data Repository (NDR) UK 192Simon ChurchfieldNational interest 197Ahad Al-YahyaiNational oil companies 201Michael LaBelle and FelizbertoAntonio MulhovoNatural gas liquids (NGLs) 206Angela DobbNorm price for oil and gas 207Ernst NordtveitNorth American system 210Tina Soliman HunterNorth Sea system 213Tina Soliman HunterNorth Sea Transition Authority(Oil and Gas Authority) 218Angela DobbNorwegian petroleum model 223Ole Gunnar AustvikOffshore petroleum 228Angela DobbOil and gas in the European Union 230Kim TalusOil pricing 1950–85 233Emre ÜsenmezOil sands 238Michael LivingstoneOil spills and oil pollution 242Daria ShapovalovaOPEC 245Alanoud Khalid AlbarganOperator 250Stewart CunninghamOrphan wells 254Ruth ThomasOwnership of oil and gas 258Ernst NordtveitPetoro 260Torbjørn MælandPetroleum 264Graeme W. Will and Angela DobbPetroleum (hydrocarbon) accumulation 267Gillian M. SykesPetroleum geology 271Rachel E. BrackenridgePetroleum value chain 275Tina Soliman HunterPiper Alpha 278John PatersonPlatforms, installations andsubsea infrastructure 281Gillian M. SykesPorosity and permeability 286Barry P. SetterfieldProduction 290Angela DobbProduction sharing contracts 295Ahad Al-YahyaiRecovery 300Graeme W. WillRegulation and regulators 304Jordie PettitReserves and resources 308Graeme W. WillReservoir 312Gillian M. SykesReservoir fluids 313Graeme W. WillResource curse 316Nnennaya J. Nwali and Eddy WifaResource management 320Henrik JoremRule of capture 323Owen L. AndersonRussian petroleum system 327Irina FodchenkoSafety case regulation in theoffshore oil and gas industry 334Andrew HopkinsSaudi Aramco 338Alanoud Khalid AlbarganSeismic surveying 342Aaron LockwoodShale gas and oil 348Angela DobbShell and the Royal Dutch Group 349Angela DobbSocial licence to operate 354Madeline TaylorSovereignty and sovereign rights 358Marianthi PappaState Direct Financial Interest(SDFI) Norway 362Torbjørn MælandState participation and intervention 366Tina Soliman HunterStratigraphy 370David A. SouthwoodTaxation and royalties 375Tina Soliman HunterTechnology and innovation 377Iain Lees and Emma LeesTerritorial sea 383Abdullah Al ArifThird party access to infrastructure 386Mary WallaceTight gas and oil 390Angela DobbTransportation of oil and gas 391Tina Soliman HunterUltra deep water drilling 395Angus McKayUnconventional oil and gas 396Angela DobbUnitization of oil and gas fields 398Ernst NordtveitWell integrity 401Arthur DacreWorker participation and safety:tripartite approach 408Ole Andreas Engen and PrebenH. Lindøe

Edited by Tina Soliman Hunter, Professor of Energy and Resources Law, and Director of the Centre for Energy and Natural Resources Innovation and Transformation (CENRIT), Macquarie University, Australia, Angela Dobb, Independent Subsurface Consultant, UK and Ernst Nordtveit, Professor (em.) of Law, Faculty of Law, University of Bergen, Norway

‘The Elgar Concise Encyclopedia of Oil and Gas Law is an indispensable, user-friendly, and forward-looking resource for professionals navigating the complexities of the energy sector. Comprehensive and authoritative, it not only provides insights into current legal frameworks but also anticipates future trends and challenges, including contemporary issues such as carbon capture and storage, decommissioning and social licence to operate. A must-have for any practitioner in the field.’

• ContentsList of contributors ixPreface xiAbandoned wells (incl. well plugging) 1Angus McKayAccess arrangements and accessregime for infrastructure in Norway 6Yngve BustnesliALARP – as low as isreasonably practicable 10Keith AndersonAlexander Kielland accident 12Ernst NordveitAquifier 14Barry P. SetterfieldArbitration in gas disputes 16Kim TalusAward of oil and gas licences 19Tina Soliman HunterBaseline 23Marianthi PappaBritish Petroleum (BP) 26Angela DobbCarbon capture and storage (CCS) 32Tina Soliman HunterCessation of production 36Ruth ThomasClimate change and oil and gasproduction 40Daria ShapovalovaCoal bed methane (aka coal seam gas) 43Stewart HendersonCompetition law 47Ignacio Herrera Anchusteguiand Leigh HancherContinental shelf 52Abdullah Al ArifConventional petroleum 55Angela DobbDecommissioning of offshoreinstallations 56Alexandra WawrykDeep water and ultra deep water drilling 60Angus McKayDeepwater Horizon 64Andrew HopkinsDrilling (incl. directional andextended reach) 69Angus McKayDrilling best practice 73Arthur DacreDrilling fluids 80Keith AndersonDrilling rigs 86Keith AndersonEkofisk 89Tina Soliman HunterElectrification of oil and gas operations 92Siv Elén Årskog Vedvik andIgnacio Herrera AnchusteguiEnergy security 97Vlado VivodaEnhanced oil recovery (EOR) 100Angela DobbEnvironmental protection in oiland gas activities 101Daria ShapovalovaEquinor 103Knut HøivikExclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) 108Ernst NordtveitExploration, appraisal and development 110Gillian M. SykesField abandonment anddecommissioning 116Ruth ThomasField Development Plan 124Angela DobbForeign investment and participation 128Moritz WüstenbergGulf of Mexico 131Richard J. FoxHydraulic fracturing 137Angela DobbHydrocarbon Licensing Directive 141Ernst NordtveitImpact benefit agreements in thepetroleum sector 143Solomon Nwaulikpe ObulorInternational oil companies 148Tina Soliman HunterInternational treaties and conventions 150Abdullah Al ArifJoint development agreements 153Constantinos YiallouridesJoint Operating Agreement: Norway 157Ernst NordtveitJoint ventures (commercial agreements) 159Tina Soliman HunterLaw of the Sea 163Marianthi PappaLiability and insurance 167Kristoffer SvendsenLicensing and concession system 172Tina Soliman HunterLogging (incl. mud, wireline andwhile drilling) 175Andrew M. DaviesMake good provisions 180Madeline TaylorMarker crudes and oil trading 183Emre ÜsenmezMaximising economic recovery 188Judith Aldersey-Williams andValerie AllanNational Data Repository (NDR) UK 192Simon ChurchfieldNational interest 197Ahad Al-YahyaiNational oil companies 201Michael LaBelle and FelizbertoAntonio MulhovoNatural gas liquids (NGLs) 206Angela DobbNorm price for oil and gas 207Ernst NordtveitNorth American system 210Tina Soliman HunterNorth Sea system 213Tina Soliman HunterNorth Sea Transition Authority(Oil and Gas Authority) 218Angela DobbNorwegian petroleum model 223Ole Gunnar AustvikOffshore petroleum 228Angela DobbOil and gas in the European Union 230Kim TalusOil pricing 1950–85 233Emre ÜsenmezOil sands 238Michael LivingstoneOil spills and oil pollution 242Daria ShapovalovaOPEC 245Alanoud Khalid AlbarganOperator 250Stewart CunninghamOrphan wells 254Ruth ThomasOwnership of oil and gas 258Ernst NordtveitPetoro 260Torbjørn MælandPetroleum 264Graeme W. Will and Angela DobbPetroleum (hydrocarbon) accumulation 267Gillian M. SykesPetroleum geology 271Rachel E. BrackenridgePetroleum value chain 275Tina Soliman HunterPiper Alpha 278John PatersonPlatforms, installations andsubsea infrastructure 281Gillian M. SykesPorosity and permeability 286Barry P. SetterfieldProduction 290Angela DobbProduction sharing contracts 295Ahad Al-YahyaiRecovery 300Graeme W. WillRegulation and regulators 304Jordie PettitReserves and resources 308Graeme W. WillReservoir 312Gillian M. SykesReservoir fluids 313Graeme W. WillResource curse 316Nnennaya J. Nwali and Eddy WifaResource management 320Henrik JoremRule of capture 323Owen L. AndersonRussian petroleum system 327Irina FodchenkoSafety case regulation in theoffshore oil and gas industry 334Andrew HopkinsSaudi Aramco 338Alanoud Khalid AlbarganSeismic surveying 342Aaron LockwoodShale gas and oil 348Angela DobbShell and the Royal Dutch Group 349Angela DobbSocial licence to operate 354Madeline TaylorSovereignty and sovereign rights 358Marianthi PappaState Direct Financial Interest(SDFI) Norway 362Torbjørn MælandState participation and intervention 366Tina Soliman HunterStratigraphy 370David A. SouthwoodTaxation and royalties 375Tina Soliman HunterTechnology and innovation 377Iain Lees and Emma LeesTerritorial sea 383Abdullah Al ArifThird party access to infrastructure 386Mary WallaceTight gas and oil 390Angela DobbTransportation of oil and gas 391Tina Soliman HunterUltra deep water drilling 395Angus McKayUnconventional oil and gas 396Angela DobbUnitization of oil and gas fields 398Ernst NordtveitWell integrity 401Arthur DacreWorker participation and safety:tripartite approach 408Ole Andreas Engen and PrebenH. Lindøe

Edited by Tina Soliman Hunter, Professor of Energy and Resources Law, and Director of the Centre for Energy and Natural Resources Innovation and Transformation (CENRIT), Macquarie University, Australia, Angela Dobb, Independent Subsurface Consultant, UK and Ernst Nordtveit, Professor (em.) of Law, Faculty of Law, University of Bergen, Norway

‘The Elgar Concise Encyclopedia of Oil and Gas Law is an indispensable, user-friendly, and forward-looking resource for professionals navigating the complexities of the energy sector. Comprehensive and authoritative, it not only provides insights into current legal frameworks but also anticipates future trends and challenges, including contemporary issues such as carbon capture and storage, decommissioning and social licence to operate. A must-have for any practitioner in the field.’

• ContentsList of contributors ixPreface xiAbandoned wells (incl. well plugging) 1Angus McKayAccess arrangements and accessregime for infrastructure in Norway 6Yngve BustnesliALARP – as low as isreasonably practicable 10Keith AndersonAlexander Kielland accident 12Ernst NordveitAquifier 14Barry P. SetterfieldArbitration in gas disputes 16Kim TalusAward of oil and gas licences 19Tina Soliman HunterBaseline 23Marianthi PappaBritish Petroleum (BP) 26Angela DobbCarbon capture and storage (CCS) 32Tina Soliman HunterCessation of production 36Ruth ThomasClimate change and oil and gasproduction 40Daria ShapovalovaCoal bed methane (aka coal seam gas) 43Stewart HendersonCompetition law 47Ignacio Herrera Anchusteguiand Leigh HancherContinental shelf 52Abdullah Al ArifConventional petroleum 55Angela DobbDecommissioning of offshoreinstallations 56Alexandra WawrykDeep water and ultra deep water drilling 60Angus McKayDeepwater Horizon 64Andrew HopkinsDrilling (incl. directional andextended reach) 69Angus McKayDrilling best practice 73Arthur DacreDrilling fluids 80Keith AndersonDrilling rigs 86Keith AndersonEkofisk 89Tina Soliman HunterElectrification of oil and gas operations 92Siv Elén Årskog Vedvik andIgnacio Herrera AnchusteguiEnergy security 97Vlado VivodaEnhanced oil recovery (EOR) 100Angela DobbEnvironmental protection in oiland gas activities 101Daria ShapovalovaEquinor 103Knut HøivikExclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) 108Ernst NordtveitExploration, appraisal and development 110Gillian M. SykesField abandonment anddecommissioning 116Ruth ThomasField Development Plan 124Angela DobbForeign investment and participation 128Moritz WüstenbergGulf of Mexico 131Richard J. FoxHydraulic fracturing 137Angela DobbHydrocarbon Licensing Directive 141Ernst NordtveitImpact benefit agreements in thepetroleum sector 143Solomon Nwaulikpe ObulorInternational oil companies 148Tina Soliman HunterInternational treaties and conventions 150Abdullah Al ArifJoint development agreements 153Constantinos YiallouridesJoint Operating Agreement: Norway 157Ernst NordtveitJoint ventures (commercial agreements) 159Tina Soliman HunterLaw of the Sea 163Marianthi PappaLiability and insurance 167Kristoffer SvendsenLicensing and concession system 172Tina Soliman HunterLogging (incl. mud, wireline andwhile drilling) 175Andrew M. DaviesMake good provisions 180Madeline TaylorMarker crudes and oil trading 183Emre ÜsenmezMaximising economic recovery 188Judith Aldersey-Williams andValerie AllanNational Data Repository (NDR) UK 192Simon ChurchfieldNational interest 197Ahad Al-YahyaiNational oil companies 201Michael LaBelle and FelizbertoAntonio MulhovoNatural gas liquids (NGLs) 206Angela DobbNorm price for oil and gas 207Ernst NordtveitNorth American system 210Tina Soliman HunterNorth Sea system 213Tina Soliman HunterNorth Sea Transition Authority(Oil and Gas Authority) 218Angela DobbNorwegian petroleum model 223Ole Gunnar AustvikOffshore petroleum 228Angela DobbOil and gas in the European Union 230Kim TalusOil pricing 1950–85 233Emre ÜsenmezOil sands 238Michael LivingstoneOil spills and oil pollution 242Daria ShapovalovaOPEC 245Alanoud Khalid AlbarganOperator 250Stewart CunninghamOrphan wells 254Ruth ThomasOwnership of oil and gas 258Ernst NordtveitPetoro 260Torbjørn MælandPetroleum 264Graeme W. Will and Angela DobbPetroleum (hydrocarbon) accumulation 267Gillian M. SykesPetroleum geology 271Rachel E. BrackenridgePetroleum value chain 275Tina Soliman HunterPiper Alpha 278John PatersonPlatforms, installations andsubsea infrastructure 281Gillian M. SykesPorosity and permeability 286Barry P. SetterfieldProduction 290Angela DobbProduction sharing contracts 295Ahad Al-YahyaiRecovery 300Graeme W. WillRegulation and regulators 304Jordie PettitReserves and resources 308Graeme W. WillReservoir 312Gillian M. SykesReservoir fluids 313Graeme W. WillResource curse 316Nnennaya J. Nwali and Eddy WifaResource management 320Henrik JoremRule of capture 323Owen L. AndersonRussian petroleum system 327Irina FodchenkoSafety case regulation in theoffshore oil and gas industry 334Andrew HopkinsSaudi Aramco 338Alanoud Khalid AlbarganSeismic surveying 342Aaron LockwoodShale gas and oil 348Angela DobbShell and the Royal Dutch Group 349Angela DobbSocial licence to operate 354Madeline TaylorSovereignty and sovereign rights 358Marianthi PappaState Direct Financial Interest(SDFI) Norway 362Torbjørn MælandState participation and intervention 366Tina Soliman HunterStratigraphy 370David A. SouthwoodTaxation and royalties 375Tina Soliman HunterTechnology and innovation 377Iain Lees and Emma LeesTerritorial sea 383Abdullah Al ArifThird party access to infrastructure 386Mary WallaceTight gas and oil 390Angela DobbTransportation of oil and gas 391Tina Soliman HunterUltra deep water drilling 395Angus McKayUnconventional oil and gas 396Angela DobbUnitization of oil and gas fields 398Ernst NordtveitWell integrity 401Arthur DacreWorker participation and safety:tripartite approach 408Ole Andreas Engen and PrebenH. Lindøe