Marco Bresciani is Associate Professor at the University of Florence, Department of Political and Social Sciences. He received his PhD in Contemporary History at the University of Pisa. He was a fellow at the Scuola Normale Superiore (Pisa), Remarque Institute (NYU), Centre de Recherches Politiques R. Aron (Ecole Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales), Center for Advanced Studies (Rijeka), University of Zagreb, University of Verona. His research concerns Italian and European antifascism and anti-totalitarianism, socialism and liberalism, as well as nationalism and fascism between Italian and Central Europe. He published Quale antifascism? Storia di Giustizia e Libertà (Rome 2017) and edited Conservatives and Right Radicals in Interwar Europe (London 2021).

Notwithstanding its small size, Giustizia e Libertà had an international relevance, due to the interaction between its exile perception of fascism, affected by the Parisian debates on totalitarianism, and a political activity fully immersed in the Italian reality. Bresciani's book is a remarkable contribution to the current debate on the distinctive nature of fascism(s).

• AcknowledgementsArchives and LibrariesAbbreviationsIntroductionWhich Antifascism?Learning from the Enemy1. Antifascism as an Experiment1.1. Understanding Fascism Means Fighting Fascism1.2. Group Picture: Between Giolitti and Mussolini1.3. Blending Liberalism, Democracy, and Socialism1.4. The Turtle Conspiracy1.5. In the Shadow of Piero (But Not Only)2. Exile in Paris as a Laboratory2.1. Fascism: 'Th e Autobiography of a Nation', or of Europe?2.2. Crisis of Democracy and of the Nation-State2.3. Class Politics, Revolutionary Myths, Soviet Dictatorship2.4. 'Non-Conformist' Strategies of Imitation and Competition2.5. Crisis of Civilization3. Time for Action?3.1. A 'European Civil War'3.2. 'Which Italy?'3.3. 'Conspiracy in Broad Daylight' (Turin)3.4. Different Time Frames3.5. Spain: An International Battleground4. Shades of Socialism4.1. Rosselli's Legacy: What Form of Socialism in an Age of Tyranny?4.2. Nations, Europes, and Empires4.3. Exploring the World (from a Prison Cell in Rome)4.4. In the Footsteps of Heretics and Utopians5. A Posthumous (and Hidden) Vitality5.1. From the Fall of Paris to the Resistance5.2. The Knight and the CastleIndex

Marco Bresciani is Associate Professor at the University of Florence, Department of Political and Social Sciences. He received his PhD in Contemporary History at the University of Pisa. He was a fellow at the Scuola Normale Superiore (Pisa), Remarque Institute (NYU), Centre de Recherches Politiques R. Aron (Ecole Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales), Center for Advanced Studies (Rijeka), University of Zagreb, University of Verona. His research concerns Italian and European antifascism and anti-totalitarianism, socialism and liberalism, as well as nationalism and fascism between Italian and Central Europe. He published Quale antifascism? Storia di Giustizia e Libertà (Rome 2017) and edited Conservatives and Right Radicals in Interwar Europe (London 2021).

Notwithstanding its small size, Giustizia e Libertà had an international relevance, due to the interaction between its exile perception of fascism, affected by the Parisian debates on totalitarianism, and a political activity fully immersed in the Italian reality. Bresciani's book is a remarkable contribution to the current debate on the distinctive nature of fascism(s).

• AcknowledgementsArchives and LibrariesAbbreviationsIntroductionWhich Antifascism?Learning from the Enemy1. Antifascism as an Experiment1.1. Understanding Fascism Means Fighting Fascism1.2. Group Picture: Between Giolitti and Mussolini1.3. Blending Liberalism, Democracy, and Socialism1.4. The Turtle Conspiracy1.5. In the Shadow of Piero (But Not Only)2. Exile in Paris as a Laboratory2.1. Fascism: 'Th e Autobiography of a Nation', or of Europe?2.2. Crisis of Democracy and of the Nation-State2.3. Class Politics, Revolutionary Myths, Soviet Dictatorship2.4. 'Non-Conformist' Strategies of Imitation and Competition2.5. Crisis of Civilization3. Time for Action?3.1. A 'European Civil War'3.2. 'Which Italy?'3.3. 'Conspiracy in Broad Daylight' (Turin)3.4. Different Time Frames3.5. Spain: An International Battleground4. Shades of Socialism4.1. Rosselli's Legacy: What Form of Socialism in an Age of Tyranny?4.2. Nations, Europes, and Empires4.3. Exploring the World (from a Prison Cell in Rome)4.4. In the Footsteps of Heretics and Utopians5. A Posthumous (and Hidden) Vitality5.1. From the Fall of Paris to the Resistance5.2. The Knight and the CastleIndex

Marco Bresciani is Associate Professor at the University of Florence, Department of Political and Social Sciences. He received his PhD in Contemporary History at the University of Pisa. He was a fellow at the Scuola Normale Superiore (Pisa), Remarque Institute (NYU), Centre de Recherches Politiques R. Aron (Ecole Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales), Center for Advanced Studies (Rijeka), University of Zagreb, University of Verona. His research concerns Italian and European antifascism and anti-totalitarianism, socialism and liberalism, as well as nationalism and fascism between Italian and Central Europe. He published Quale antifascism? Storia di Giustizia e Libertà (Rome 2017) and edited Conservatives and Right Radicals in Interwar Europe (London 2021).

Notwithstanding its small size, Giustizia e Libertà had an international relevance, due to the interaction between its exile perception of fascism, affected by the Parisian debates on totalitarianism, and a political activity fully immersed in the Italian reality. Bresciani's book is a remarkable contribution to the current debate on the distinctive nature of fascism(s).

• AcknowledgementsArchives and LibrariesAbbreviationsIntroductionWhich Antifascism?Learning from the Enemy1. Antifascism as an Experiment1.1. Understanding Fascism Means Fighting Fascism1.2. Group Picture: Between Giolitti and Mussolini1.3. Blending Liberalism, Democracy, and Socialism1.4. The Turtle Conspiracy1.5. In the Shadow of Piero (But Not Only)2. Exile in Paris as a Laboratory2.1. Fascism: 'Th e Autobiography of a Nation', or of Europe?2.2. Crisis of Democracy and of the Nation-State2.3. Class Politics, Revolutionary Myths, Soviet Dictatorship2.4. 'Non-Conformist' Strategies of Imitation and Competition2.5. Crisis of Civilization3. Time for Action?3.1. A 'European Civil War'3.2. 'Which Italy?'3.3. 'Conspiracy in Broad Daylight' (Turin)3.4. Different Time Frames3.5. Spain: An International Battleground4. Shades of Socialism4.1. Rosselli's Legacy: What Form of Socialism in an Age of Tyranny?4.2. Nations, Europes, and Empires4.3. Exploring the World (from a Prison Cell in Rome)4.4. In the Footsteps of Heretics and Utopians5. A Posthumous (and Hidden) Vitality5.1. From the Fall of Paris to the Resistance5.2. The Knight and the CastleIndex