Edited by Maureen McKelvey, Professor, School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg, Sweden and the late Luigi Orsenigo, formerly Professor of Industrial Organisation, University of Brescia and CESPRI (Center on the Processes of Innovation and Internationalisation), Bocconi University, Milan, Italy

'. . . the selected contents make for a great leisurely read due to the breadth and the fluency of the various authors, and is thus generally recommended.'

• Contents:Volume IAcknowledgementsPrefaceMaureen McKelvey and Luigi OrsenigoIntroduction Maureen McKelvey and Luigi OrsenigoPART IOVERVIEW 1. (1984), ‘Summary’2. Rebecca Henderson, Luigi Orsenigo and Gary P. Pisano (1999), ‘The Pharmaceutical Industry and the Revolution in Molecular Biology: Interactions Among Scientific, Institutional, and Organizational Change’3. Govindan Parayil (2003), ‘Mapping Technological Trajectories of the Green Revolution and the Gene Revolution from Modernization to Globalization’4. Hannah E. Kettler and Sonja Marjanovic (2004), ‘Engaging Biotechnology Companies in the Development of Innovative Solutions for Diseases of Poverty’PART IISCIENCE AND INNOVATION 5. Ashish Arora and Alfonso Gambardella (1994), ‘Evaluating Technological Information and Utilizing It: Scientific Knowledge, Technological Capability, and External Linkages in Biotechnology’6. Gary P. Pisano (1994), ‘Knowledge, Integration, and the Locus of Learning: An Empirical Analysis of Process Development’7. Paul Nightingale (2000), ‘Economies of Scale in Experimentation: Knowledge and Technology in Pharmaceutical R&D’8. Michelle Gittelman and Bruce Kogut (2003), ‘Does Good Science Lead to Valuable Knowledge? Biotechnology Firms and the Evolutionary Logic of Citation Patterns’9. Maureen D. McKelvey (1996), ‘Introduction’ and ‘Conclusions for Science and Technology’PART IIINEW SPECIALISED BIOTECHNOLOGY FIRMS 10. Martin Kenney (1986), ‘Schumpeterian Innovation and Entrepreneurs in Capitalism: A Case Study of the U.S. Biotechnology Industry’11. David B. Audretsch (2001), ‘The Role of Small Firms in U.S. Biotechnology Clusters’12. Lynne G. Zucker, Michael R. Darby and Marilynn B. Brewer (1998), ‘Intellectual Human Capital and the Birth of U.S. Biotechnology Enterprises’13. Vincent Mangematin, Stéphane Lemarié, Jean-Pierre Boissin, David Catherine, Frédéric Corolleur, Roger Coronini and Michel Trommetter (2003), ‘Development of SMEs and Heterogeneity of Trajectories: The Case of Biotechnology in France’PART IVREACTION AND ADAPTATION OF LARGE INCUMBENT COMPANIES 14. Louis Galambos and Jeffrey L. Sturchio (1998), ‘Pharmaceutical Firms and the Transition to Biotechnology: A Study in Strategic Innovation’15. Joanna Chataway, Joyce Tait and David Wield (2004), ‘Understanding Company R&D Strategies in Agro-Biotechnology: Trajectories and Blind Spots’16. Iain Cockburn and Rebecca M. Henderson (1998), ‘Absorptive Capacity, Coauthoring Behavior, and the Organization of Research in Drug Discovery’17. Lynne G. Zucker and Michael R. Darby (1997), ‘Present at the Biotechnological Revolution: Transformation of Technological Identity for a Large Incumbent Pharmaceutical Firm’18. Shyama V. Ramani (2002), ‘Who is Interested in Biotech? R&D Strategies, Knowledge Base and Market Sales of Indian Biopharmaceutical Firms’Name IndexVolume IIAcknowledgementsA preface and introduction by the editors to both volumes appears in Volume IPART IDIVISION OF LABOUR IN INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES AND NETWORKS OF INNOVATORS 1. Gary P. Pisano (1991), ‘The Governance of Innovation: Vertical Integration and Collaborative Arrangements in the Biotechnology Industry’2. Ashish Arora and Alfonso Gambardella (1990), ‘Complementarity and External Linkages: The Strategies of the Large Firms in Biotechnology’3. Walter W. Powell, Kenneth W. Koput and Laurel Smith-Doerr (1996), ‘Interorganizational Collaboration and the Locus of Innovation: Networks of Learning in Biotechnology’4. Julia Porter Liebeskind, Amalya Lumerman Oliver, Lynne Zucker and Marilynn Brewer (1996), ‘Social Networks, Learning, and Flexibility: Sourcing Scientific Knowledge in New Biotechnology Firms’5. Gordon Walker, Bruce Kogut and Weijian Shan (1997), ‘Social Capital, Structural Holes and the Formation of an Industry Network’6. Walter W. Powell, Douglas R. White, Kenneth W. Koput and Jason Owen-Smith (2005), ‘Network Dynamics and Field Evolution: The Growth of Interorganizational Collaboration in the Life Sciences’7. L. Orsenigo, F. Pammolli and Massimo Riccaboni (2001), ‘Technological Change and Network Dynamics: Lessons from the Pharmaceutical Industry’PART IIGEOGRAPHICAL AGGLOMERATION 8. David B. Audretsch and Paula E. Stephan (1996), ‘Company-Scientist Locational Links: The Case of Biotechnology’9. Maryann P. Feldman (2000), ‘Where Science Comes to Life: University Bioscience, Commercial Spin-offs and Regional Economic Development’10. Toby Stuart and Olav Sorenson (2003), ‘The Geography of Opportunity: Spatial Heterogeneity in Founding Rates and the Performance of Biotechnology Firms’11. Philip Cooke (2002), ‘Regional Innovation Systems: General Findings and Some New Evidence from Biotechnology Clusters’12. Jorge Niosi and Tomas G. Bas (2003), ‘Biotechnology Megacentres: Montreal and Toronto Regional Systems of Innovation’PART III INSTITUTIONS SUPPORTING THE BIOTECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY 13. Martha Prevezer (2001), ‘Ingredients in the Early Development of the U.S. Biotechnology Industry’14. Steven Casper and Hannah Kettler (2001), ‘National Institutional Frameworks and the Hybridization of Entrepreneurial Business Models: The German and UK Biotechnology Sectors’15. Mark Lehrer and Kazuhiro Asakawa (2004), ‘Rethinking the Public Sector: Idiosyncrasies of Biotechnology Commercialization as Motors of National R&D Reform in Germany and Japan’16. Jason Owen-Smith, Massimo Riccaboni, Fabio Pammolli and Walter W. Powell (2002), ‘A Comparison of U.S. and European University-Industry Relations in the Life Sciences’17. Joel A.C. Baum and Brian S. Silverman (2004), ‘Picking Winners or Building Them? Alliance, Intellectual, and Human Capital as Selection Criteria in Venture Financing and Performance of Biotechnology Startups’PART IVINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 18. Michael A. Heller and Rebecca S. Eisenberg (1998), ‘Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anticommons in Biomedical Research’19. Roberto Mazzoleni and Richard R. Nelson (1998), ‘The Benefits and Costs of Strong Patent Protection: A Contribution to the Current Debate’20. John P. Walsh, Ashish Arora and Wesley M. Cohen (2003), ‘Effects of Research Tool Patents and Licencing on Biomedical Innovation’Name Index

Edited by Maureen McKelvey, Professor, School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg, Sweden and the late Luigi Orsenigo, formerly Professor of Industrial Organisation, University of Brescia and CESPRI (Center on the Processes of Innovation and Internationalisation), Bocconi University, Milan, Italy

'. . . the selected contents make for a great leisurely read due to the breadth and the fluency of the various authors, and is thus generally recommended.'

• Contents:Volume IAcknowledgementsPrefaceMaureen McKelvey and Luigi OrsenigoIntroduction Maureen McKelvey and Luigi OrsenigoPART IOVERVIEW 1. (1984), ‘Summary’2. Rebecca Henderson, Luigi Orsenigo and Gary P. Pisano (1999), ‘The Pharmaceutical Industry and the Revolution in Molecular Biology: Interactions Among Scientific, Institutional, and Organizational Change’3. Govindan Parayil (2003), ‘Mapping Technological Trajectories of the Green Revolution and the Gene Revolution from Modernization to Globalization’4. Hannah E. Kettler and Sonja Marjanovic (2004), ‘Engaging Biotechnology Companies in the Development of Innovative Solutions for Diseases of Poverty’PART IISCIENCE AND INNOVATION 5. Ashish Arora and Alfonso Gambardella (1994), ‘Evaluating Technological Information and Utilizing It: Scientific Knowledge, Technological Capability, and External Linkages in Biotechnology’6. Gary P. Pisano (1994), ‘Knowledge, Integration, and the Locus of Learning: An Empirical Analysis of Process Development’7. Paul Nightingale (2000), ‘Economies of Scale in Experimentation: Knowledge and Technology in Pharmaceutical R&D’8. Michelle Gittelman and Bruce Kogut (2003), ‘Does Good Science Lead to Valuable Knowledge? Biotechnology Firms and the Evolutionary Logic of Citation Patterns’9. Maureen D. McKelvey (1996), ‘Introduction’ and ‘Conclusions for Science and Technology’PART IIINEW SPECIALISED BIOTECHNOLOGY FIRMS 10. Martin Kenney (1986), ‘Schumpeterian Innovation and Entrepreneurs in Capitalism: A Case Study of the U.S. Biotechnology Industry’11. David B. Audretsch (2001), ‘The Role of Small Firms in U.S. Biotechnology Clusters’12. Lynne G. Zucker, Michael R. Darby and Marilynn B. Brewer (1998), ‘Intellectual Human Capital and the Birth of U.S. Biotechnology Enterprises’13. Vincent Mangematin, Stéphane Lemarié, Jean-Pierre Boissin, David Catherine, Frédéric Corolleur, Roger Coronini and Michel Trommetter (2003), ‘Development of SMEs and Heterogeneity of Trajectories: The Case of Biotechnology in France’PART IVREACTION AND ADAPTATION OF LARGE INCUMBENT COMPANIES 14. Louis Galambos and Jeffrey L. Sturchio (1998), ‘Pharmaceutical Firms and the Transition to Biotechnology: A Study in Strategic Innovation’15. Joanna Chataway, Joyce Tait and David Wield (2004), ‘Understanding Company R&D Strategies in Agro-Biotechnology: Trajectories and Blind Spots’16. Iain Cockburn and Rebecca M. Henderson (1998), ‘Absorptive Capacity, Coauthoring Behavior, and the Organization of Research in Drug Discovery’17. Lynne G. Zucker and Michael R. Darby (1997), ‘Present at the Biotechnological Revolution: Transformation of Technological Identity for a Large Incumbent Pharmaceutical Firm’18. Shyama V. Ramani (2002), ‘Who is Interested in Biotech? R&D Strategies, Knowledge Base and Market Sales of Indian Biopharmaceutical Firms’Name IndexVolume IIAcknowledgementsA preface and introduction by the editors to both volumes appears in Volume IPART IDIVISION OF LABOUR IN INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES AND NETWORKS OF INNOVATORS 1. Gary P. Pisano (1991), ‘The Governance of Innovation: Vertical Integration and Collaborative Arrangements in the Biotechnology Industry’2. Ashish Arora and Alfonso Gambardella (1990), ‘Complementarity and External Linkages: The Strategies of the Large Firms in Biotechnology’3. Walter W. Powell, Kenneth W. Koput and Laurel Smith-Doerr (1996), ‘Interorganizational Collaboration and the Locus of Innovation: Networks of Learning in Biotechnology’4. Julia Porter Liebeskind, Amalya Lumerman Oliver, Lynne Zucker and Marilynn Brewer (1996), ‘Social Networks, Learning, and Flexibility: Sourcing Scientific Knowledge in New Biotechnology Firms’5. Gordon Walker, Bruce Kogut and Weijian Shan (1997), ‘Social Capital, Structural Holes and the Formation of an Industry Network’6. Walter W. Powell, Douglas R. White, Kenneth W. Koput and Jason Owen-Smith (2005), ‘Network Dynamics and Field Evolution: The Growth of Interorganizational Collaboration in the Life Sciences’7. L. Orsenigo, F. Pammolli and Massimo Riccaboni (2001), ‘Technological Change and Network Dynamics: Lessons from the Pharmaceutical Industry’PART IIGEOGRAPHICAL AGGLOMERATION 8. David B. Audretsch and Paula E. Stephan (1996), ‘Company-Scientist Locational Links: The Case of Biotechnology’9. Maryann P. Feldman (2000), ‘Where Science Comes to Life: University Bioscience, Commercial Spin-offs and Regional Economic Development’10. Toby Stuart and Olav Sorenson (2003), ‘The Geography of Opportunity: Spatial Heterogeneity in Founding Rates and the Performance of Biotechnology Firms’11. Philip Cooke (2002), ‘Regional Innovation Systems: General Findings and Some New Evidence from Biotechnology Clusters’12. Jorge Niosi and Tomas G. Bas (2003), ‘Biotechnology Megacentres: Montreal and Toronto Regional Systems of Innovation’PART III INSTITUTIONS SUPPORTING THE BIOTECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY 13. Martha Prevezer (2001), ‘Ingredients in the Early Development of the U.S. Biotechnology Industry’14. Steven Casper and Hannah Kettler (2001), ‘National Institutional Frameworks and the Hybridization of Entrepreneurial Business Models: The German and UK Biotechnology Sectors’15. Mark Lehrer and Kazuhiro Asakawa (2004), ‘Rethinking the Public Sector: Idiosyncrasies of Biotechnology Commercialization as Motors of National R&D Reform in Germany and Japan’16. Jason Owen-Smith, Massimo Riccaboni, Fabio Pammolli and Walter W. Powell (2002), ‘A Comparison of U.S. and European University-Industry Relations in the Life Sciences’17. Joel A.C. Baum and Brian S. Silverman (2004), ‘Picking Winners or Building Them? Alliance, Intellectual, and Human Capital as Selection Criteria in Venture Financing and Performance of Biotechnology Startups’PART IVINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 18. Michael A. Heller and Rebecca S. Eisenberg (1998), ‘Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anticommons in Biomedical Research’19. Roberto Mazzoleni and Richard R. Nelson (1998), ‘The Benefits and Costs of Strong Patent Protection: A Contribution to the Current Debate’20. John P. Walsh, Ashish Arora and Wesley M. Cohen (2003), ‘Effects of Research Tool Patents and Licencing on Biomedical Innovation’Name Index