Joel West is a Ph.D. student at the University of Toronto, studying the philosophy of cognitive science and the science of mind. His academic work is eclectic and ubiquitous, having published papers covering such topics as Bernie Madoff’s Ponzi scheme, understanding gender in Isaac Bashevis Singer’s short story Yentl the Yeshiva Boy, and The Sign of the Joker: The Clown Prince of Crime as a Sign (Brill, 2020).

• Preface and AcknowledgementsWhat This Book Is NotAbstractKeywordsIntroduction1 Who or What Is a Jew?2 A Fractured Framework: Trauma, Identity, Ethnicity3 Diachronic Denominationally Jewish4 North American Semiotics: Jew, Jewish or Judaism as a Sign5 North American Jews: Alienations6 North American Jews: Denominations as History7 Preforming Jew, Jewish, Judaism8 The Jew Is a Joke—Internalized AntisemitismConclusionReferencesIndex

Joel West is a Ph.D. student at the University of Toronto, studying the philosophy of cognitive science and the science of mind. His academic work is eclectic and ubiquitous, having published papers covering such topics as Bernie Madoff’s Ponzi scheme, understanding gender in Isaac Bashevis Singer’s short story Yentl the Yeshiva Boy, and The Sign of the Joker: The Clown Prince of Crime as a Sign (Brill, 2020).

• Preface and AcknowledgementsWhat This Book Is NotAbstractKeywordsIntroduction1 Who or What Is a Jew?2 A Fractured Framework: Trauma, Identity, Ethnicity3 Diachronic Denominationally Jewish4 North American Semiotics: Jew, Jewish or Judaism as a Sign5 North American Jews: Alienations6 North American Jews: Denominations as History7 Preforming Jew, Jewish, Judaism8 The Jew Is a Joke—Internalized AntisemitismConclusionReferencesIndex

Joel West is a Ph.D. student at the University of Toronto, studying the philosophy of cognitive science and the science of mind. His academic work is eclectic and ubiquitous, having published papers covering such topics as Bernie Madoff’s Ponzi scheme, understanding gender in Isaac Bashevis Singer’s short story Yentl the Yeshiva Boy, and The Sign of the Joker: The Clown Prince of Crime as a Sign (Brill, 2020).

• Preface and AcknowledgementsWhat This Book Is NotAbstractKeywordsIntroduction1 Who or What Is a Jew?2 A Fractured Framework: Trauma, Identity, Ethnicity3 Diachronic Denominationally Jewish4 North American Semiotics: Jew, Jewish or Judaism as a Sign5 North American Jews: Alienations6 North American Jews: Denominations as History7 Preforming Jew, Jewish, Judaism8 The Jew Is a Joke—Internalized AntisemitismConclusionReferencesIndex