Plants are amazing organisms to study, some are important sources for pharmaceuticals, and others can help to elucidate molecular mechanisms required for a plant’s development and its interactions with the biotic or abiotic environment. Functional genomics is vastly lagging behind the speed of genome sequencing as high-throughput gene function assays are difficult to design, specifically for non-model plants. Bioinformatics tools are useful for gene identification and annotation but are of limited value for predictions concerning gene functions as gene functions are uncovered best by experimental approaches. Virus-Induced-Gene-Silencing (VIGS) is an easy to use, fast, and reliable method to achieve down regulation of target gene expression. Virus-Induced Gene Silencing: Methods and Protocols provides detailed protocols for VIGS experiments in several plant species including model and non-model plants. Also included in this book are recently developed protocols for VIGS-derived microRNA production in the plant or protein over expression, as well as chapters devoted to summarizing the molecular mechanisms of VIGS action and the vector systems developed so far. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology™ series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.

Authoritative and easily accessible, Virus-Induced Gene Silencing: Methods and Protocols serves as a valuable resource for researchers from diverse fields of plant biology interested in experimental approaches to analyzing gene functions.

Bicycles as a means of transport in cities are playing an ever more important role. The reasons are: reduction of motorcar traffic, sustainable traffic planning, reduction of noise and exhaust emissions, enhancement of the value of public space, healthier form of transport, savings potential in national health services and infrastructure expenditure.

The book illustrates urban design ideas and architectural projects which go far beyond purely redesigning road layouts; its eight essays focus on the trend in urban design, landscape design, and traffic planning, it introduces nine exemplary bicycle traffic concepts in various cities (Barcelona, Copenhagen, New York, and Oslo amongst others), and presents 28 forward-looking individual bicycle infrastructure projects.

Das vorliegende Buch beschreibt umfassend und aus interdisziplinärer Sicht alle wesentlichen Aspekte zu Diagnose, Therapie und Prävention von akuten und chronischen Rücken- und Nackenschmerzen und wendet sich insbesondere an Orthopäden, Neurologen, Psychologen, Schmerztherapeuten, Internisten und Allgemeinmediziner. Alle Inhalte orientieren sich an den Nationalen Versorgungsleitlinien "Kreuzschmerz" und sind, soweit es die Datenlage zulässt, evidenzbasiert.

Hinweise auf Besonderheiten, Fallbeispiele, zusammenfassende Darstellungen und Praxistipps machen das Werk besonders praxistauglich. So gelingt die optimale Versorgung von Rücken- und Nackenschmerzpatienten, auch in schwierigen Fällen.

Aus dem Inhalt

Plants are amazing organisms to study, some are important sources for pharmaceuticals, and others can help to elucidate molecular mechanisms required for a plant’s development and its interactions with the biotic or abiotic environment. Functional genomics is vastly lagging behind the speed of genome sequencing as high-throughput gene function assays are difficult to design, specifically for non-model plants. Bioinformatics tools are useful for gene identification and annotation but are of limited value for predictions concerning gene functions as gene functions are uncovered best by experimental approaches. Virus-Induced-Gene-Silencing (VIGS) is an easy to use, fast, and reliable method to achieve down regulation of target gene expression. Virus-Induced Gene Silencing: Methods and Protocols provides detailed protocols for VIGS experiments in several plant species including model and non-model plants. Also included in this book are recently developed protocols for VIGS-derived microRNA production in the plant or protein over expression, as well as chapters devoted to summarizing the molecular mechanisms of VIGS action and the vector systems developed so far. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology™ series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.

Authoritative and easily accessible, Virus-Induced Gene Silencing: Methods and Protocols serves as a valuable resource for researchers from diverse fields of plant biology interested in experimental approaches to analyzing gene functions.

Bicycles as a means of transport in cities are playing an ever more important role. The reasons are: reduction of motorcar traffic, sustainable traffic planning, reduction of noise and exhaust emissions, enhancement of the value of public space, healthier form of transport, savings potential in national health services and infrastructure expenditure.

The book illustrates urban design ideas and architectural projects which go far beyond purely redesigning road layouts; its eight essays focus on the trend in urban design, landscape design, and traffic planning, it introduces nine exemplary bicycle traffic concepts in various cities (Barcelona, Copenhagen, New York, and Oslo amongst others), and presents 28 forward-looking individual bicycle infrastructure projects.

Das vorliegende Buch beschreibt umfassend und aus interdisziplinärer Sicht alle wesentlichen Aspekte zu Diagnose, Therapie und Prävention von akuten und chronischen Rücken- und Nackenschmerzen und wendet sich insbesondere an Orthopäden, Neurologen, Psychologen, Schmerztherapeuten, Internisten und Allgemeinmediziner. Alle Inhalte orientieren sich an den Nationalen Versorgungsleitlinien "Kreuzschmerz" und sind, soweit es die Datenlage zulässt, evidenzbasiert.

Hinweise auf Besonderheiten, Fallbeispiele, zusammenfassende Darstellungen und Praxistipps machen das Werk besonders praxistauglich. So gelingt die optimale Versorgung von Rücken- und Nackenschmerzpatienten, auch in schwierigen Fällen.

Aus dem Inhalt