Ion-Olimpiu Stamatescu - Böcker

Die moderne astrophysikalische Erforschung des Weltalls, insbesondere der Einsatz von Raumsonden, erweitert unser Weltbild mit ständig zunehmender Beschleunigung. Unterschiedliche Hypothesen und Theorien über die Geschichte des Universums fordern auch zu weltanschaulichen Auseinandersetzungen heraus. Diese Diskussion ist nicht neu: Kosmologie und Religion waren von der Antike bis zum Mittelalter und der Renaissance eng miteinander verbunden. Der Übergang vom geozentrischen, ptolemäischen Weltbild zum offenen Universum der Moderne bedeutete einen Bruch für die Lebensorientierung in der Welt: an die Stelle des geordneten Kosmos trat der Blick ins Unendliche. Der Mensch muß sich mit Hilfe der Vernunft neu einrichten. Naturwissenschaftliche Methoden allein reichen dafür offenbar nicht aus; die Dimension der Religion und des Glaubens gehört dazu. An Hand charakteristischer Beispiele aus der Religions-, Kunst- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte und der Diskussion des gegenwärtigen Erkenntnisstandes der Astrophysik wird in diesem Band schlaglichtartig beleuchtet, wie naturkundliches Interesse und religiöser, insbesondere christlicher Glaube miteinander ins Gespräch und wie Naturwissenschaft und Theologie in eine Verhältnisbestimmung zueinander gebracht werden können. Die Diskussion um das so genannte %quot;Anthropische Prinzip" wird in ihren vielfältigen Verästelungen gesondert vorgestellt.

In der Wissensgeschichte sind Bild und Sprache stets eng miteinander verflochten. Allerdings wurde das Bild immer wieder verdächtigt, durch die ihm eigene Verschränkung von suggestiver Macht und Sichtbarkeit die nicht einfach 'sichtbare' Wahrheit zu verstellen. Seine Rolle im Erkenntnisaufbau wurde daher häufig kontrovers eingeschätzt. Der Bildbegriff wird oft konnotiert mit den Begriffen Zeichen, Symbol, Metapher usw. Bildlichkeit besitzt aber ihre irreduzible Eigenständigkeit und ist weder unter die sprachlichen Figuren subsumierbar, noch lässt er sich durch sie erschöpfend bestimmen. Die Frage der Bilderverwendung und -funktion steht daher in einem Rahmen, der umstritten ist. In den Wissenschaften erweisen sich Bilder häufig als unverzichtbar aber auch als kontrollbedürftig. In diesem Buch wird die Bilderverwendung im wissenschaftlichen Kommunikations- und Denkprozess, die Visualisierung der Information bis hin zur mentalen Bildverarbeitung untersucht.Mit Beiträgen von: Petra Bahr, Karen van den Berg, Manfred Faßler, Jörg Huber, John M. Krois, Reimer Kühn, David Linden, Thorsten Moos, Birger Priddat, Ulrich Ratsch, Stephan Schaede, Jan C. Schmidt, Ion-Olimpiu Stamatescu, Philipp Stoellger

Adaptivity and learning have in recent decades become a common concern of scientific disciplines. These issues have arisen in mathematics, physics, biology, informatics, economics, and other fields more or less simultaneously. The aim of this publication is the interdisciplinary discourse on the phenomenon of learning and adaptivity. Different perspectives are presented and compared to find fruitful concepts for the disciplines involved. The authors select problems showing representative traits concerning the frame up, the methods and the achievements rather than to present extended overviews.

When we were preparing the first edition of this book, the concept of de­ coherence was known only to a minority of physicists. In the meantime, a wealth of contributions has appeared in the literature - important ones as well as serious misunderstandings. The phenomenon itself is now experimen­ tally clearly established and theoretically well understood in principle. New fields of application, discussed in the revised book, are chaos theory, informa­ tion theory, quantum computers, neuroscience, primordial cosmology, some aspects of black holes and strings, and others. While the first edition arose from regular discussions between the authors, thus leading to a clear" entanglement" of their otherwise quite different chap­ ters, the latter have thereafter evolved more or less independently. While this may broaden the book's scope as far as applications and methods are con­ cerned, it may also appear confusing to the reader wherever basic assumptions and intentions differ (as they do). For this reason we have rearranged the or­ der of the authors: they now appear in the same order as the chapters, such that those most closely related to the "early" and most ambitious concept of decoherence are listed first. The first three authors (Joos, Zeh, Kiefer) agree with one another that decoherence (in contradistinction to the Copen­ hagen interpretation) allows one to eliminate primary classical concepts, thus neither relying on an axiomatic concept of observables nor on a probability interpretation of the wave function in terms of classical concepts.

Cognition and artificial intelligence are entering a new era in which the aspects of symbolic manipulation and of connectionism begin to come together. This leads to a dialog of truly interdisciplinary character. The book covers aspects of fuzzy logic, case based reasoning, learning as well as meaning, language, and consciousness. The authors of this topical volume have their background in logic, computer science, physics and mathematics, philosophy, psychology and neurobiology.

This book represents in the ?rst place the desire of the authors of the various contributions to enter a discussion about the research landscape of prese- day fundamental theoretical physics. It documents their attempt, out of their highly specialized scienti?c positions, to ?nd a way of communicating about methods, achievements, and promises of the di?erent approacheswhich shape the development of this ?eld. It is therefore also an attempt to bring out the connections between these approaches, and present them not as disjoint ventures but rather as facets of a common quest for understanding. Whether in competition to each other or in collaboration, the ‘many-fold ways’ of contemporary physics are characterized by a number of exciting ?ndings (and questions) which appear more and more interrelated. Moreover, in the historical development of science, the steadily arriving new empi- cal information partly supports, partly contradicts the existing theories, and partly brings forth unexpected results forcing a total reorientationupon us. If we are lucky, the beginning of this century may prove to be as grand as that of the last one. Itisnotaneasytaskinasituationsomuchinmovementandinwhich variousapproachesstriveforcompletion,topromoteaconstructiveinteraction between these and to achieve a level of mutual understanding on which such an interaction can be fruitful. Nearly all of the authors contributing to this book have been participating in a working group dedicated exactly to this task; this group met in many sessions over several years. This book is to a large extent the result of these discussions.

Adaptivity and learning have in recent decades become a common concern of scientific disciplines. These issues have arisen in mathematics, physics, biology, informatics, economics, and other fields more or less simultaneously. The aim of this publication is the interdisciplinary discourse on the phenomenon of learning and adaptivity. Different perspectives are presented and compared to find fruitful concepts for the disciplines involved. The authors select problems showing representative traits concerning the frame up, the methods and the achievements rather than to present extended overviews.

When we were preparing the first edition of this book, the concept of de­ coherence was known only to a minority of physicists. In the meantime, a wealth of contributions has appeared in the literature - important ones as well as serious misunderstandings. The phenomenon itself is now experimen­ tally clearly established and theoretically well understood in principle. New fields of application, discussed in the revised book, are chaos theory, informa­ tion theory, quantum computers, neuroscience, primordial cosmology, some aspects of black holes and strings, and others. While the first edition arose from regular discussions between the authors, thus leading to a clear" entanglement" of their otherwise quite different chap­ ters, the latter have thereafter evolved more or less independently. While this may broaden the book's scope as far as applications and methods are con­ cerned, it may also appear confusing to the reader wherever basic assumptions and intentions differ (as they do). For this reason we have rearranged the or­ der of the authors: they now appear in the same order as the chapters, such that those most closely related to the "early" and most ambitious concept of decoherence are listed first. The first three authors (Joos, Zeh, Kiefer) agree with one another that decoherence (in contradistinction to the Copen­ hagen interpretation) allows one to eliminate primary classical concepts, thus neither relying on an axiomatic concept of observables nor on a probability interpretation of the wave function in terms of classical concepts.

Cognition and artificial intelligence are entering a new era in which the aspects of symbolic manipulation and of connectionism begin to come together. This leads to a dialog of truly interdisciplinary character. The book covers aspects of fuzzy logic, case based reasoning, learning as well as meaning, language, and consciousness. The authors of this topical volume have their background in logic, computer science, physics and mathematics, philosophy, psychology and neurobiology.

This book represents in the ?rst place the desire of the authors of the various contributions to enter a discussion about the research landscape of prese- day fundamental theoretical physics. It documents their attempt, out of their highly specialized scienti?c positions, to ?nd a way of communicating about methods, achievements, and promises of the di?erent approacheswhich shape the development of this ?eld. It is therefore also an attempt to bring out the connections between these approaches, and present them not as disjoint ventures but rather as facets of a common quest for understanding. Whether in competition to each other or in collaboration, the ‘many-fold ways’ of contemporary physics are characterized by a number of exciting ?ndings (and questions) which appear more and more interrelated. Moreover, in the historical development of science, the steadily arriving new empi- cal information partly supports, partly contradicts the existing theories, and partly brings forth unexpected results forcing a total reorientationupon us. If we are lucky, the beginning of this century may prove to be as grand as that of the last one. Itisnotaneasytaskinasituationsomuchinmovementandinwhich variousapproachesstriveforcompletion,topromoteaconstructiveinteraction between these and to achieve a level of mutual understanding on which such an interaction can be fruitful. Nearly all of the authors contributing to this book have been participating in a working group dedicated exactly to this task; this group met in many sessions over several years. This book is to a large extent the result of these discussions.