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34 produkter
34 produkter
Inbunden, Engelska, 2005
2 222 kr
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Computer-Aided Design of User Interfaces IV gathers the latest research of experts, research teams and leading organisations involved in computer-aided design of user interactive applications supported by software, with specific attention for platform-independent user interfaces and context-sensitive or aware applications. This includes: innovative model-based and agent-based approaches, code-generators, model editors, task animators, translators, checkers, advice-giving systems and systems for graphical and multimodal user interfaces. It also addresses User Interface Description Languages.This books attempts to emphasize the software tool support for designing user interfaces and their underlying languages and methods, beyond traditional development environments offered by the market. It will be of interest to software development practitioners and researchers whose work involves human-computer interaction, design of user interfaces, frameworks for computer-aided design, formal and semi-formal methods, web services and multimedia systems, interactive applications, and graphical user and multi-user interfaces.
E-bok
PDF, Engelska, 20062 822 kr
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Computer-Aided Design of User Interfaces IV gathers the latest research of experts, research teams and leading organisations involved in computer-aided design of user interactive applications supported by software, with specific attention for platform-independent user interfaces and context-sensitive or aware applications. This includes: innovative model-based and agent-based approaches, code-generators, model editors, task animators, translators, checkers, advice-giving systems and systems for graphical and multimodal user interfaces. It also addresses User Interface Description Languages.
This books attempts to emphasize the software tool support for designing user interfaces and their underlying languages and methods, beyond traditional development environments offered by the market. It will be of interest to software development practitioners and researchers whose work involves human-computer interaction, design of user interfaces, frameworks for computer-aided design, formal and semi-formal methods, web services and multimedia systems, interactive applications, and graphical user and multi-user interfaces.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2007
1 115 kr
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Today, the development life cycle of 3D User Interfaces (UIs) mostly remains an art more than a principled-based approach. Several methods [1,3,7,8,9,10,11,15,17,18,19] have been introduced to decompose this life cycle into steps and sub-steps, but these methods rarely provide the design knowledge that should be typically used for achieving each step. In addition, the development life cycle is more focusing directly on the programming - sues than on the design and analysis phases. This is sometimes reinforced by the fact that available tools for 3D UIs are toolkits, interface builders, r- dering engines, etc. When there is such a development life cycle defined, it is typically structured into the following set of activities: 1. The conceptual phase is characterized by the identification of the content and interaction requests. The meta-author discusses with the interface designer to take advantage of the current interaction technology. The int- face designer receives information about the content. The result of this phase is the production of UI schemes (e. g. , written sentences, visual schemes on paper) for defining classes of interactive experiences (e. g. , class Guided tour). Conceptual schemes are produced both for the final users and the authors. The meta-author has a deep knowledge of the c- tent domain and didactic skills too. He/she communicates with the final user too, in order to focus on didactic aspects of interaction. 2.
E-bok
PDF, Engelska, 20071 459 kr
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Today, the development life cycle of 3D User Interfaces (UIs) mostly remains an art more than a principled-based approach. Several methods [1,3,7,8,9,10,11,15,17,18,19] have been introduced to decompose this life cycle into steps and sub-steps, but these methods rarely provide the design knowledge that should be typically used for achieving each step. In addition, the development life cycle is more focusing directly on the programming - sues than on the design and analysis phases. This is sometimes reinforced by the fact that available tools for 3D UIs are toolkits, interface builders, r- dering engines, etc. When there is such a development life cycle defined, it is typically structured into the following set of activities: 1. The conceptual phase is characterized by the identification of the content and interaction requests. The meta-author discusses with the interface designer to take advantage of the current interaction technology. The int- face designer receives information about the content. The result of this phase is the production of UI schemes (e. g. , written sentences, visual schemes on paper) for defining classes of interactive experiences (e. g. , class Guided tour). Conceptual schemes are produced both for the final users and the authors. The meta-author has a deep knowledge of the c- tent domain and didactic skills too. He/she communicates with the final user too, in order to focus on didactic aspects of interaction. 2.
E-bok
PDF, Engelska, 20122 110 kr
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This volume contains the papers presented at the International Workshop on Tools for Working with Guidelines, (TFWWG 2000), held in Biarritz, France, in October 2000. It is the final outcome of the International Special Interest Group on Tools for Working with Guidelines.Human-computer interaction guidelines have been recognized as a uniquely relevant source for improving the usability of user interfaces for interactive systems. The range of interactive techniques exploited by these interactive systems is rapidly expanding to include multimodal user interfaces, virtual reality systems, highly interactive web-based applications, and three-dimensional user interfaces. Therefore, the scope of guidelines'' sources is rapidly expanding as well, and so are the tools that should support users who employ guidelines to ensure some form of usability.Tools For Working With Guidelines (TFWWG) covers not only software tools that designers, developers, and human factors experts can use to manage multiple types of guidelines, but also looks at techniques addressing organizational, sociological, and technological issues.
E-bok
PDF, Engelska, 20111 459 kr
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In 2001 AFIHM and the British HCI Group combined their annual conferences, bringing together the best features of each organisation''s separate conference series, and providing a special opportunity for the French- and English-speaking HCI communities to interact.This volume contains the full papers presented at IHM-HCI 2001, the 15th annual conference of the British HCI group, a specialist group of the British Computer Society and the 14th annual conference of the Association Francophone d''interaction Homme-Machine, an independent association for any French-speaking person who is interested in Human-Computer Interaction.Human-Computer Interaction is a discipline well-suited to such a multi-linguistic and multi-cultural conference since it brings together researchers and practitioners from a variety of disciplines with very different ways of thinking and working. As a community we are already used to tackling the challenges of working across such boundaries, dealing with the problems and taking advantage of the richness of the resulting insights: interaction without frontiers.The papers presented in this volume cover all the main areas of HCI research, but also focus on considering the challenges of new applications addressing the following themes:- Enriching HCI by crossing national, linguistic and cultural boundaries;- Achieving greater co-operation between disciplines to deliver usable, useful and exciting design solutions;- Benefiting from experience gained in other application areas;- Transcending interaction constraints through the use of novel technologies;- Supporting mobile users.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2009
1 668 kr
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Activity theory is a way of describing and characterizing the structure of human - tivity of all kinds. First introduced by Russian psychologists Rubinshtein, Leontiev, and Vigotsky in the early part of the last century, activity theory has more recently gained increasing attention among interaction designers and others in the hum- computer interaction and usability communities (see, for example, Gay and H- brooke, 2004). Interest was given a signi?cant boost when Donald Norman suggested activity-theory and activity-centered design as antidotes to some of the putative ills of “human-centered design” (Norman, 2005). Norman, who has been credited with coining the phrase “user-centered design,” suggested that too much attention focused on human users may be harmful, that to design better tools designers need to focus not so much on users as on the activities in which users are engaged and the tasks they seek to perform within those activities. Although many researchers and practitioners claim to have used or been in?uenced by activity theory in their work (see, for example, Nardi, 1996), it is often dif?cult to trace precisely where or how the results have actually been shaped by activity theory. Inmanycases, evendetailedcasestudiesreportresultsthatseemonlydistantlyrelated, if at all, to the use of activity theory. Contributing to the lack of precise and traceable impact is that activity theory, - spite its name, is not truly a formal and proper theory.
E-bok
PDF, Engelska, 20092 036 kr
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Activity theory is a way of describing and characterizing the structure of human - tivity of all kinds. First introduced by Russian psychologists Rubinshtein, Leontiev, and Vigotsky in the early part of the last century, activity theory has more recently gained increasing attention among interaction designers and others in the hum- computer interaction and usability communities (see, for example, Gay and H- brooke, 2004). Interest was given a signi?cant boost when Donald Norman suggested activity-theory and activity-centered design as antidotes to some of the putative ills of “human-centered design” (Norman, 2005). Norman, who has been credited with coining the phrase “user-centered design,” suggested that too much attention focused on human users may be harmful, that to design better tools designers need to focus not so much on users as on the activities in which users are engaged and the tasks they seek to perform within those activities. Although many researchers and practitioners claim to have used or been in?uenced by activity theory in their work (see, for example, Nardi, 1996), it is often dif?cult to trace precisely where or how the results have actually been shaped by activity theory. Inmanycases, evendetailedcasestudiesreportresultsthatseemonlydistantlyrelated, if at all, to the use of activity theory. Contributing to the lack of precise and traceable impact is that activity theory, - spite its name, is not truly a formal and proper theory.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2009
2 222 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
Computer-Aided Design of User Interfaces VI gathers the latest experience of experts, research teams and leading organisations involved in computer-aided design of user interactive applications. This area investigates how it is desirable and possible to support, to facilitate and to speed up the development life cycle of any interactive system: requirements engineering, early-stage design, detailed design, deelopment, deployment, evaluation, and maintenance. In particular, it stresses how the design activity could be better understood for different types of advanced interactive ubiquitous computing, and multi-device environments.
E-bok
PDF, Engelska, 20102 822 kr
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Computer-Aided Design of User Interfaces VI gathers the latest experience of experts, research teams and leading organisations involved in computer-aided design of user interactive applications. This area investigates how it is desirable and possible to support, to facilitate and to speed up the development life cycle of any interactive system: requirements engineering, early-stage design, detailed design, deelopment, deployment, evaluation, and maintenance. In particular, it stresses how the design activity could be better understood for different types of advanced interactive ubiquitous computing, and multi-device environments.
Häftad, Engelska, 2010
1 668 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
Activity theory is a way of describing and characterizing the structure of human - tivity of all kinds. First introduced by Russian psychologists Rubinshtein, Leontiev, and Vigotsky in the early part of the last century, activity theory has more recently gained increasing attention among interaction designers and others in the hum- computer interaction and usability communities (see, for example, Gay and H- brooke, 2004). Interest was given a signi?cant boost when Donald Norman suggested activity-theory and activity-centered design as antidotes to some of the putative ills of “human-centered design” (Norman, 2005). Norman, who has been credited with coining the phrase “user-centered design,” suggested that too much attention focused on human users may be harmful, that to design better tools designers need to focus not so much on users as on the activities in which users are engaged and the tasks they seek to perform within those activities. Although many researchers and practitioners claim to have used or been in?uenced by activity theory in their work (see, for example, Nardi, 1996), it is often dif?cult to trace precisely where or how the results have actually been shaped by activity theory. Inmanycases, evendetailedcasestudiesreportresultsthatseemonlydistantlyrelated, if at all, to the use of activity theory. Contributing to the lack of precise and traceable impact is that activity theory, - spite its name, is not truly a formal and proper theory.
Häftad, Engelska, 2010
2 222 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
Computer-Aided Design of User Interfaces VI gathers the latest experience of experts, research teams and leading organisations involved in computer-aided design of user interactive applications. This area investigates how it is desirable and possible to support, to facilitate and to speed up the development life cycle of any interactive system: requirements engineering, early-stage design, detailed design, deelopment, deployment, evaluation, and maintenance. In particular, it stresses how the design activity could be better understood for different types of advanced interactive ubiquitous computing, and multi-device environments.
Häftad, Engelska, 2000
1 668 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This volume contains the papers presented at the International Workshop on Tools for Working with Guidelines, (TFWWG 2000), held in Biarritz, France, in October 2000. It is the final outcome of the International Special Interest Group on Tools for Working with Guidelines.Human-computer interaction guidelines have been recognized as a uniquely relevant source for improving the usability of user interfaces for interactive systems. The range of interactive techniques exploited by these interactive systems is rapidly expanding to include multimodal user interfaces, virtual reality systems, highly interactive web-based applications, and three-dimensional user interfaces. Therefore, the scope of guidelines' sources is rapidly expanding as well, and so are the tools that should support users who employ guidelines to ensure some form of usability.Tools For Working With Guidelines (TFWWG) covers not only software tools that designers, developers, and human factors experts can use to manage multiple types of guidelines, but also looks at techniques addressing organizational, sociological, and technological issues.
Del 1882 - Communications in Computer and Information Science
Computer-Human Interaction Research and Applications
5th International Conference, CHIRA 2021, Virtual Event, October 28–29, 2021, and 6th International Conference, CHIRA 2022, Valletta, Malta, October 27–28, 2022, Revised Selected Papers
Häftad, Engelska, 2023
727 kr
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This post-conference book constitutes selected papers of the Fifth International Conference on Computer-Human Interaction Research and Applications, CHIRA 2021, held virtually due to COVID 19, and Sixth International Conference on Computer-Human Interaction Research and Applications, CHIRA 2022, held in Valletta, Malta, in October 2022.The 8 full papers presented in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 48 submissions for CHIRA 2021 and 37 submissions for CHIRA 2022. The papers selected to be included in this book contribute to the understanding of relevant trends of current research on computer-human interaction, including user-centered interaction design patterns, user experience design, multimedia and multimodal Interaction, interaction design modelling, haptic and tangible devices, accessible and adaptive interaction, user behaviour analysis, user experience evaluation, modelling human factors, mobile computer-human interaction, machine learning, information retrieval, human-centered AI and design and evaluation.
896 kr
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This post-conference book constitutes selected papers of the Fifth International Conference on Computer-Human Interaction Research and Applications, CHIRA 2021, held virtually due to COVID 19, and Sixth International Conference on Computer-Human Interaction Research and Applications, CHIRA 2022, held in Valletta, Malta, in October 2022.The 8 full papers presented in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 48 submissions for CHIRA 2021 and 37 submissions for CHIRA 2022. The papers selected to be included in this book contribute to the understanding of relevant trends of current research on computer-human interaction, including user-centered interaction design patterns, user experience design, multimedia and multimodal Interaction, interaction design modelling, haptic and tangible devices, accessible and adaptive interaction, user behaviour analysis, user experience evaluation, modelling human factors, mobile computer-human interaction, machine learning, information retrieval, human-centered AI and design and evaluation.
Häftad, Engelska, 1996
561 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
Making systems easier to use implies an ever increasing complexity in managing communication between users and applications. Indeed an increasing part of the application code is devoted to the user interface portion. In order to manage this complexity, it is important to have tools, notations, and methodologies which support the designer’s work during the refinement process from specification to implementation. Selected revised papers from the Eurographics workshop in Namur review the state of the art in this area, comparing the different existing approaches to this field in order to identify the principle requirements and the most suitable notations, and indicate the meaningful results which can be obtained from them.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2017
1 115 kr
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This book takes a unique HCI approach to the concept of Software Product Line (SPL) and discusses the peculiarities of human-computer interaction not usually addressed in more traditional approaches.SPL is based on industrial practices for defining a range of software products. SPL design identifies commonalities and differences between the various software versions, modelling and managing the software variability. Recent research has focused on reconciling the different viewpoints of SPL and HCI, and in particular emphasizing the specific variability of HCI and the management of complex SPL models that could benefit from HCI in terms of representation, manipulation and visualization.This edited volume includes research that addresses the SPL for HCI and HCI for SPL. In putting together these two research streams, the groundwork is laid for future research into this important area. Both the HCI and the software engineering communities will find this book an invaluableresource.
E-bok
Engelska, 20171 459 kr
Läs direkt efter köp
This book takes a unique HCI approach to the concept of Software Product Line (SPL) and discusses the peculiarities of human-computer interaction not usually addressed in more traditional approaches.
SPL is based on industrial practices for defining a range of software products. SPL design identifies commonalities and differences between the various software versions, modelling and managing the software variability. Recent research has focused on reconciling the different viewpoints of SPL and HCI, and in particular emphasizing the specific variability of HCI and the management of complex SPL models that could benefit from HCI in terms of representation, manipulation and visualization.
This edited volume includes research that addresses the SPL for HCI and HCI for SPL. In putting together these two research streams, the groundwork is laid for future research into this important area. Both the HCI and the software engineering communities will find this book an invaluableresource.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2023
8 387 kr
Kommande
This handbook extends the scope and vision of human-computer interaction. Technology continues to provide new and more sophisticated devices for the input and output of information. It also provides services that expand and enrich computer-mediated communication, providing analytical tools and visualizations that allow data mining of big date, It provides artificial intelligence support for humans across a wide spectrum of activities.New, innovative and comprehensive human-computer applications have spread across new systems, institutions and populations. Educational systems are being reinvented, healthcare systems are rapidly developing; navigational, vehicular, and traffic control systems are becoming highly sophisticated and interactive. Gaming and entertainment systems are being transformed.Human-computer interaction is shown as a discipline in its own right as well as how it overlaps with many other domains in computer science, social science and engineering. This handbook covers all the pertinent topics whilst maintaining an overall perspective regarding the value of humans over technology, furthering and advancing the value of life, the rights of humanity, and human experience.
14 304 kr
Kommande
This handbook extends the scope and vision of human-computer interaction. Technology continues to provide new and more sophisticated devices for the input and output of information. It also provides services that expand and enrich computer-mediated communication, providing analytical tools and visualizations that allow data mining of big date, It provides artificial intelligence support for humans across a wide spectrum of activities.New, innovative and comprehensive human-computer applications have spread across new systems, institutions and populations. Educational systems are being reinvented, healthcare systems are rapidly developing; navigational, vehicular, and traffic control systems are becoming highly sophisticated and interactive. Gaming and entertainment systems are being transformed.Human-computer interaction is shown as a discipline in its own right as well as how it overlaps with many other domains in computer science, social science and engineering. This handbook covers all the pertinent topics whilst maintaining an overall perspective regarding the value of humans over technology, furthering and advancing the value of life, the rights of humanity, and human experience.
Häftad, Engelska, 2018
1 115 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book takes a unique HCI approach to the concept of Software Product Line (SPL) and discusses the peculiarities of human-computer interaction not usually addressed in more traditional approaches.SPL is based on industrial practices for defining a range of software products. SPL design identifies commonalities and differences between the various software versions, modelling and managing the software variability. Recent research has focused on reconciling the different viewpoints of SPL and HCI, and in particular emphasizing the specific variability of HCI and the management of complex SPL models that could benefit from HCI in terms of representation, manipulation and visualization.This edited volume includes research that addresses the SPL for HCI and HCI for SPL. In putting together these two research streams, the groundwork is laid for future research into this important area. Both the HCI and the software engineering communities will find this book an invaluableresource.
Häftad, Engelska, 2002
561 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on the Design, Specification, and Verification of Interactive Systems, DSV-IS 2002, held in Rostock, Germany in June 2002.The 19 revised full papers presented have gone through two rounds of reviewing, selection, and improvement. All aspects of the design, specification, and verification of interactive systems from the human-computer interaction point of view are addressed. Particular emphasis is given to models and their role in supporting the design and development of interactive systems and user interfaces for ubiquitous computing.
E-bok
PDF, Engelska, 2003734 kr
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This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on the Design, Specification, and Verification of Interactive Systems, DSV-IS 2002, held in Rostock, Germany in June 2002.
The 19 revised full papers presented have gone through two rounds of reviewing, selection, and improvement. All aspects of the design, specification, and verification of interactive systems from the human-computer interaction point of view are addressed. Particular emphasis is given to models and their role in supporting the design and development of interactive systems and user interfaces for ubiquitous computing.
Häftad, Engelska, 2010
545 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
th HESSD 2009 was the 7 IFIP WG 13.5 Working Conference in the series on Human Error, Safety and Systems Development which looks at integration of usability, human factors and human–computer interaction within system - th velopment. This edition was jointly organized with the 8 TAMODIA event on Tasks, Models and Diagrams for User Interface Development. There is an obvious synergy between the two previously separated events, as a rigorous, - gineering approach to user interface development can help in the prevention of human error and the maintenance of safety in critical interactive systems. Following the tradition of HESSD events, the papers in these proceedings address the problem of developing systems that support human interaction with complex, safety-critical applications. The last 30 years have seen a signi?cant reduction in the accident rates across many di?erent industries. Given these achievements, why do we need further research in this area? Recent accidents in a range of industries have increased concern over the design, management and control of safety-critical systems. Therefore, any system that involves human lives in its functioning is subject to safety-criticalaspects. Contributions such as the one by Holloway and Johnson (2004) report that over 80% of accidents in aeronautics are attributed to human error.
E-bok
PDF, Engelska, 2010712 kr
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th HESSD 2009 was the 7 IFIP WG 13.5 Working Conference in the series on Human Error, Safety and Systems Development which looks at integration of usability, human factors and human–computer interaction within system - th velopment. This edition was jointly organized with the 8 TAMODIA event on Tasks, Models and Diagrams for User Interface Development. There is an obvious synergy between the two previously separated events, as a rigorous, - gineering approach to user interface development can help in the prevention of human error and the maintenance of safety in critical interactive systems. Following the tradition of HESSD events, the papers in these proceedings address the problem of developing systems that support human interaction with complex, safety-critical applications. The last 30 years have seen a signi?cant reduction in the accident rates across many di?erent industries. Given these achievements, why do we need further research in this area? Recent accidents in a range of industries have increased concern over the design, management and control of safety-critical systems. Therefore, any system that involves human lives in its functioning is subject to safety-criticalaspects. Contributions such as the one by Holloway and Johnson (2004) report that over 80% of accidents in aeronautics are attributed to human error.
Häftad, Engelska, 2010
561 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design, TAMODIA 2009, held in Brussels, Belgium, in September 2009. The 12 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions for inclusion in the book. The workshop features current research and gives some indication of the new directions in which task analysis theories, methods, techniques and tools are progressing. The papers are organized in topical sections on business process, design process, model driven approach, task modeling, and task models and UML.
E-bok
PDF, Engelska, 2010734 kr
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This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design, TAMODIA 2009, held in Brussels, Belgium, in September 2009. The 12 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions for inclusion in the book. The workshop features current research and gives some indication of the new directions in which task analysis theories, methods, techniques and tools are progressing. The papers are organized in topical sections on business process, design process, model driven approach, task modeling, and task models and UML.
E-bok
PDF, Engelska, 2012734 kr
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Making systems easier to use implies an ever increasing complexity in managing communication between users and applications. Indeed an increasing part of the application code is devoted to the user interface portion. In order to manage this complexity, it is important to have tools, notations, and methodologies which support the designer’s work during the refinement process from specification to implementation. Selected revised papers from the Eurographics workshop in Namur review the state of the art in this area, comparing the different existing approaches to this field in order to identify the principle requirements and the most suitable notations, and indicate the meaningful results which can be obtained from them.
Häftad, Engelska, 2010
2 222 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
Computer-Aided Design of User Interfaces IV gathers the latest research of experts, research teams and leading organisations involved in computer-aided design of user interactive applications supported by software, with specific attention for platform-independent user interfaces and context-sensitive or aware applications. This includes: innovative model-based and agent-based approaches, code-generators, model editors, task animators, translators, checkers, advice-giving systems and systems for graphical and multimodal user interfaces. It also addresses User Interface Description Languages.This books attempts to emphasize the software tool support for designing user interfaces and their underlying languages and methods, beyond traditional development environments offered by the market. It will be of interest to software development practitioners and researchers whose work involves human-computer interaction, design of user interfaces, frameworks for computer-aided design, formal and semi-formal methods, web services and multimedia systems, interactive applications, and graphical user and multi-user interfaces.
E-bok
PDF, Engelska, 20121 459 kr
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Advances in electronics, communications, and the fast growth of the Internet have made the use of a wide variety of computing devices an every day occurrence. These computing devices have different interaction styles, input/output techniques, modalities, characteristics, and contexts of use. Furthermore, users expect to access their data and run the same application from any of these devices. Two of the problems we encountered in our own work [2] in building VIs for different platforms were the different layout features and screen sizes associated with each platform and device. Dan Ol sen [13], Peter Johnson [9], and Stephen Brewster, et al. [4] all talk about problems in interaction due to the diversity of interactive platforms, devices, network services and applications. They also talk about the problems associ ated with the small screen size of hand-held devices. In comparison to desk top computers, hand-held devices will always suffer from a lack of screen real estate, so new metaphors of interaction have to be devised for such de vices. It is difficult to develop a multi-platform user interface (VI) without duplicating development effort. Developers now face the daunting task to build UIs that must work across multiple devices. There have been some ap proaches towards solving this problem of multi-platform VI development in cluding XWeb [14]. Building "plastic interfaces" [5,20] is one such method in which the VIs are designed to "withstand variations of context of use while preserving usability".