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In May of 1868, Elizabeth Bingham Young and her husband of only fivemonths, Egerton Ryerson Young, began a long journey from Hamilton,Ontario, to the Methodist mission of Rossville, at Norway House. Overthe next eight years, Elizabeth supported her husband's work atRossville and then at the newly founded mission of Berens River, on theeast shore of Lake Winnipeg. In these remote outposts, she gave birthto four children, one of whom died in infancy, acted as a nurse anddoctor, and applied both perseverance and determination to learningCree, while also coping with poverty and a chronic shortage ofsupplies, both in the mission and in the community it served. WhenElizabeth died, in 1935, she left behind various reminiscences, notablyan extended account of her experiences at Norway House and BerensRiver, evidently written in 1927. Her memoirs offer an exceedingly rareportrait of mission life as seen through the eyes of a woman. Elizabeth's first child and only surviving son, also namedEgerton Ryerson Young but known in his youth as "Eddie,"was born at Norway House in 1869. Cared for by a Cree woman almost frominfancy, Eddie spent his early childhood immersed in local Cree andOjibwe life, culture, and language, in many ways exemplifying theprocess of reverse acculturation often in evidence among the childrenof missionaries. He, too, left behind hitherto unpublishedreminiscences, one composed around 1935 and a second dictated shortlybefore his death. Like those of his mother, Eddie's memoriescapture the sensory and emotional texture of mission life, a life inwhich the Christian faith is implicit rather than prominently ondisplay, while also providing an intriguing counterpoint to hismother's recollections. Like all memoirs, these are refractedthrough the prism of time, and yet they remain startling in theirimmediacy. Together, the writings of mother and son—conjoinedhere with a selection of archival documents that supplement the mainnarratives, with the whole meticulously edited by Jennifer S. H.Brown—afford an all too uncommon opportunity to contemplatemission life from the ground up.

Fewer Canadians than ever are lacing up skates, swimming lengths atthe pool, practicing their curve ball, and experiencing the thrill ofcompetition. However, despite a decline in active participation,Canadians spend enormous amounts of time and money on sports, as fansand followers of sporting events and sports culture. Never has mediacoverage of sports been more exhaustive, and never has it been moredriven by commercial interests and the need to fuel consumerism, onwhich corporate profits depend. The power plays now occurring in thearena of sports are by no means solely a matter of money, however. Atissue as well in the media capture of sports are the values that informour daily lives, the physical and emotional health of the population,and the symbols so long central to a sense of Canadian identity.Writing from a variety of perspectives, the contributors to thiscollection set out to explore the impact of the media on our receptionof, and attitudes toward, sports—to unpack the meanings thatsports have for us as citizens and consumers. Well-known hockey writerRoy MacGregor delves into the influence of big media and big sports onthe practice of objective journalism; Richard Gruneau examines theworrisome relationship between sports participation and socioeconomicclass; blogger Derrick Newman investigates the impact of fantasyleagues on sports coverage; sociologist Harry Hiller looks at theiconic dimensions of the Vancouver Olympics. Other contributors shedlight on the way in which the media serve to transformsports—including, of course, hockey—into a vehicle for theexpression of identity and nationalism. Still others probe the functionof sports as spectacle: the escalation of violence, controversies overdrug use, and the media's coverage of tragic deaths. The goal isnot to score points but to prompt critical discussion of why sportsmatter in Canadian life and culture and how they contribute to theconstruction of Canadian identity.

"We Are Coming Home!" is the story of thehighly complex process of repatriation as described by those intimatelyinvolved in the work, notably the Piikuni, Siksika, and Kainai elderswho provided essential oversight and guidance. We also hear from theGlenbow Museum's president and CEO at the time and from anarchaeologist then employed at the Provincial Museum of Alberta whoprovides an insider's view of the drafting of FNSCORA. Theseaccounts are framed by Conaty's reflections on the impact ofmuseums on First Nations, on the history and culture of the Niitsitapi,or Blackfoot, and on the path forward. With Conaty's passing inAugust of 2013, this book is also a tribute to his enduringrelationships with the Blackfoot, to his rich and exemplary career, andto his commitment to innovation and mindful museum practice.

When citizens take collaborative action to meet the needs of theircommunity, they are participating in the social economy. Co-operatives,community-based social services, local non-profit organizations, andcharitable foundations are all examples of social economies thatemphasize mutual benefit rather than the accumulation of profit. Whilesuch groups often participate in market-based activities to achievetheir goals, they also pose an alternative to the capitalist marketeconomy. Contributors to Scaling Up investigated innovativesocial economies in British Columbia and Alberta and discovered thatachieving a social good through collective, grassroots enterpriseresulted in a sustainable way of satisfying human needs that was also,by extension, environmentally responsible. As these case studiesillustrate, organizations that are capable of harnessing the power of asocial economy generally demonstrate a commitment to three outcomes:greater social justice, financial self-sufficiency, and environmentalsustainability. Within the matrix of these three allied principles lienew strategic directions for the politics of sustainability.

Food nourishes the body, but our relationship with food extends farbeyond our need for survival. Food choices not only express ourpersonal tastes but also communicate a range of beliefs, values,affiliations and aspirations—sometimes to the exclusion ofothers. In the media sphere, the enormous amount of food-related adviceprovided by government agencies, advocacy groups, diet books, and so oncompete with efforts on the part of the food industry to sell theirproduct and to respond to a consumer-driven desire for convenience. Asa result, the topic of food has grown fraught, engendering sometimesacrimonious debates about what we should eat, and why.By examining topics such as the values embedded in food marketing,the locavore movement, food tourism, dinner parties, food bankdonations, the moral panic surrounding obesity, food crises, and fearsabout food safety, the contributors to this volume paint a rich, andsometimes unsettling portrait of how food is represented, regulated,and consumed in Canada. With chapters from leading scholars such as KenAlbala, Harvey Levenstein, Stephen Kline and Valerie Tarasuk, thevolume also includes contributions from "foodinsiders"—bestselling cookbook author and food editorElizabeth Baird and veteran restaurant reviewer John Gilchrist. Theresult is a timely and thought-provoking look at food as a system ofcommunication through which Canadians articulate cultural identity,personal values, and social distinction.

The contributors to Alberta Oil and the Decline of Democracycritically assess the political peculiarities of Alberta and the impactof the government's relationship to the oil industry on the livesof the province's most vulnerable citizens. They also examine thepublic policy environment and the entrenchment of neoliberal politicalideology in the province. In probing the relationship between oildependency and democracy in the context of an industrialized nation,Alberta Oil and the Decline of Democracy offers a crucial testof the "oil inhibits democracy" thesis that has hithertobeen advanced in relation to oil-producing countries in the GlobalSouth. If reliance on oil production appears to undermine democraticparticipation and governance in Alberta, then what does the Albertacase suggest for the future of democracy in industrialized nations suchas the United States and Australia, which are now in the process ofexploiting their own substantial shale oil reserves? The environmentalconsequences of oil production have, for example, been the subject ofmuch attention. Little is likely to change, however, if citizens ofoil-rich countries cannot effectively intervene to influence governmentpolicy.

Online discourse has created a new media environment forcontributions to public life, one that challenges the socialsignificance of the role of public intellectuals—intellectualswho, whether by choice or by circumstance, offer commentary on issuesof the day. The value of such commentary is rooted in the assumptionthat, by virtue of their training and experience, intellectuals possessknowledge—that they understand what constitutes knowledge withrespect to a particular topic, are able to distinguish it from mereopinion, and are in a position to define its relevance in differentcontexts. When intellectuals comment on matters of public concern, theyare accordingly presumed to speak truth, whether they are writing booksor op-ed columns or appearing as guests on radio and television newsprograms. At the same time, with increasing frequency, discourse onpublic life is taking place online—l an environment that ischaracterized by an abundance of speakers, discussion, and access. Buthas this democratization of knowledge, as some describe it brought withit a corresponding increase in truth?Casting doubt on the assertion that online discourse, with itsproliferation of voices, will somehow yield collective wisdom, SpeakingPower to Truth raises concerns that this wealth of digitally enabledcommentary is, in fact, too often bereft of the hallmarks ofintellectual discourse: an epistemological framework and the provisionof evidence to substantiate claims. Instead, the pursuit of truth findsitself in competition with the quest for public reputation, access toinfluence, and enhanced visibility. In exploring the implications ofthe digital transition, the contributors to Speaking Power to Truthprovide both empirical evidence of, and philosophical reflection on,the current and future role of the public intellectual in atechnologically mediated public sphere.

In the pages of this beautifully illustrated volume is the story of aneffort to build a bridge between museums and source communities inhopes of establishing stronger, more sustaining relationships betweenthe two and spurring change in prevailing museum policies. Theexperience of negotiating the tension between a museum'sinstitutional protocol described by both the authors and by Blackfootcontributors to the volume was transformative. Museums seek to preserveobjects for posterity. However, the emotional and spiritual power ofobjects does not vanish with the death of those who created them. ForBlackfoot people today, these shirts are a living presence, one thatevokes a sense of continuity and inspires pride in Blackfoot culturalheritage.

An extensive body of literature on Indigenous knowledge and ways ofknowing has been written since the 1980s. This research has for themost part been conducted by scholars operating within Westernepistemological frameworks that tend not only to deny the subjectivityof knowledge but also to privilege masculine authority. As a result,the information gathered predominantly reflects the types of knowledgetraditionally held by men, yielding a perspective that is at oncegendered and incomplete. Even those academics, communities, andgovernments interested in consulting with Indigenous peoples for thepurposes of planning, monitoring, and managing land use have largelyignored the knowledge traditionally produced, preserved, andtransmitted by Indigenous women. While this omission reflectspatriarchal assumptions, it may also be the result of the reductionisttendencies of researchers, who have attempted to organize Indigenousknowledge so as to align it with Western scientific categories, and ofpolicy makers, who have sought to deploy such knowledge in the serviceof external priorities. Such efforts to apply Indigenous knowledge havehad the effect of abstracting this knowledge from place as well as fromthe world view and community—and by extension the gender—towhich it is inextricably connected.Living on the Land examines how patriarchy, gender, andcolonialism have shaped the experiences of Indigenous women as bothknowers and producers of knowledge. From a variety of methodologicalperspectives, contributors to the volume explore the nature and scopeof Indigenous women's knowledge, its rootedness in relationshipsboth human and spiritual, and its inseparability from land andlandscape. From the reconstruction of cultural and ecological heritageby Naskapi women in Québec to the medical expertise of Métis women inwestern Canada to the mapping and securing of land rights in Nicaragua,Living on the Land focuses on the integral role of women as stewards ofthe land and governors of the community. Together, these contributionspoint to a distinctive set of challenges and possibilities forIndigenous women and their communities.

Ingelore Rothschild was twelve years old when she was whisked out of her home in 1936. It was her first step on a cross-continent journey to Japan, where she and her parents sought refuge from rising anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany. Each leg of the journey presents its own nightmare: passports are stolen, identities are uncovered, a mudslide tears through the Rothschild's home, and the atomic bombs are dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima. Ingelore's bright, observant nature and remarkable capacity for befriending those along her way fills her narrative with unique details about the people she meets and the places she travels to. The story of Ingelore and her prominent German Jewish family's escape is an invaluable account that contributes to Holocaust witness and memoir literature. Ingelore's survival story is a painful reminder that only European Jews with significant financial means were able to carefully orchestrate an escape from Nazi Germany.

The totalizing scope of the combined effects of computerization and the worldwide network are the subject of the essays in The Digital Nexus, a volume that responds to McLuhan's request for a "special study" of the tsunami-like transformation of the communication landscape. These critical excursions provide analysis of and insight into the way new media technologies change the workings of social engagement for personal expression, social interaction, and political engagement. The contributors investigate the terms and conditions under which our digital society is unfolding and provide compelling arguments for the need to develop an accurate grasp of the architecture of the Web and the challenges that ubiquitous connectivity undoubtedly delivers to both public and private life.

Three-dimensional (3D) immersive virtual worlds have been touted asbeing capable of facilitating highly interactive, engaging, multimodallearning experiences. Much of the evidence gathered to support theseclaims has been anecdotal but the potential that these environmentshold to solve traditional problems in online and technology-mediatededucation—primarily learner isolation and studentdisengagement—has resulted in considerable investments in virtualworld platforms like Second Life, OpenSimulator, and Open Wonderland byboth professors and institutions. To justify this ongoing and sustainedinvestment, institutions and proponents of simulated learningenvironments must assemble a robust body of evidence that illustratesthe most effective use of this powerful learning tool.In this authoritative collection, a team of international expertsoutline the emerging trends and developments in the use of 3D virtualworlds for teaching and learning. They explore aspects of learnerinteraction with virtual worlds, such as user wayfinding in SecondLife, communication modes and perceived presence, and accessibilityissues for elderly or disabled learners. They also examine advancedtechnologies that hold potential for the enhancement of learnerimmersion and discuss best practices in the design and implementationof virtual world-based learning interventions and tasks. By evaluatingand documenting different methods, approaches, and strategies, thecontributors to Learning in Virtual Worlds offer importantinformation and insight to both scholars and practitioners in thefield.

It has been four decades since the publication of Adrienne Rich's Of Woman Born but her analysis of maternity and the archetypal Mother remains a powerful critique. It was Rich who first defined the term "motherhood" as referent to a patriarchal institution that was oppressive to women. Rich proposed the use of the word "mothering": a word intended to be female-defined. It is between these two ideas, that of a patriarchal history and a feminist future, where Interrogating Motherhood begins. Ross explores the topic of mothering from the perspective of Western society and encourages students and readers to identify and critique the historical, social, and political contexts in which mothers are understood. Interrogating Motherhood describes the fluid and shifting nature of the practice of mothering and the complex realities that define contemporary women's lives.

Educational systems worldwide are facing an enormous shift as aresult of sociocultural, political, economic, and technologicalchanges. The technologies and practices that have developed over thelast decade have been heralded as opportunities to transform bothonline and traditional education systems. While proponents of these newideas often postulate that they have the potential to address theeducational problems facing both students and institutions and thatthey could provide an opportunity to rethink the ways that education isorganized and enacted, there is little evidence of emergingtechnologies and practices in use in online education. Becauseresearchers and practitioners interested in these possibilities oftenreside in various disciplines and academic departments the sharing anddissemination of their work across often rigid boundaries is aformidable task.Contributors to Emergence and Innovation in Digital Learninginclude individuals who are shaping the future of online learning withtheir innovative applications and investigations on the impact ofissues such as openness, analytics, MOOCs, and social media. Buildingon work first published in Emerging Technologies in DistanceEducation, the contributors to this collection harness thedispersed knowledge in online education to provide a one-stop localefor work on emergent approaches in the field. Their conclusions willinfluence the adoption and success of these approaches to education andwill enable researchers and practitioners to conceptualize, critique,and enhance their understanding of the foundations and applications ofnew technologies.

During the period between the two world wars, the Independent Labour Party was the main voice of radical socialism in Great Britain. Founded in 1893, the ILP had affiliated to the Labour Party in 1906, when that party formed, although relations between the two had often been marked by conflict. In the decade following World War I, as the Labour Party edged nearer to its 1929 electoral victory, the ILP found its own identity under siege. On one side stood those who wanted the ILP to subordinate itself to the increasingly cautious and conventional Labour Party. On the other side were those who felt that the ILP should throw its lot in with the newly formed Communist Party of Great Britain and affiliate with the Soviet Communist Party. In 1932, the ILP chose instead to disaffiliate from the Labour Party in order to pursue a "revolutionary policy"—a policy that ultimately led to much debate and disunity. At the time it broke with Labour, the ILP boasted a membership five times that of the CPGB, as well as a sizeable contingent of MPs. By the return of war in 1939, the party had all but dissolved.Despite its reversal of fortunes, during the 1930s—years that witnessed the ascendancy of both Stalin and Hitler—the ILP demonstrated an unswerving commitment to democratic socialist thinking. Drawing extensively on the ILP's Labour Leader and other contemporary left-wing newspapers, as well as on ILP publications and internal party documents, Bullock examines the debates and ideological battles of the ILP during the tumultuous interwar period. He argues that the ILP made a lasting contribution to British politics in general, and to the modern Labour Party in particular, by preserving the values of democratic socialism during the interwar period.

Until the late 1960s, the authorities on abortion were for the mostpart men—politicians, clergy, lawyers, physicians, all of whomhad an interest in regulating women's bodies. Even today, when wehear women speak publicly about abortion, the voices are usually thoseof the leaders of women's and abortion rights organizations,women who hold political office, and, on occasion, female physicians.We also hear quite frequently from spokeswomen for anti-abortiongroups. Rarely, however, do we hear the voices of ordinarywomen—women whose lives have been in some way touched byabortion. Their thoughts typically owe more to human circumstance thanto ideology, and without them, we run the risk of thinking and talkingabout the issue of abortion only in the abstract.Without Apology seeks to address this issue by gatheringthe voices of activists, feminists, and scholars as well as abortionproviders and clinic support staff alongside the stories of women whoseexperience with abortion is more personal. With the particular aim ofmoving beyond the polarizing rhetoric that has characterized the issueof abortion and reproductive justice for so long, WithoutApology is an engrossing and arresting account that will promoteboth reflection and discussion.

In a series of chronological vignettes, Arthur Bear Chief depicts the punishment, cruelty, abuse, and injustice that he endured at Old Sun Residential School and then later relived in the traumatic process of retelling his story at an examination for discovery in connection with a lawsuit brought against the federal government. Late in life, he returned to Gleichen, Alberta on the Siksika nation—to the home left to him by his mother—and it was there that he began to reconnect with Blackfoot language and culture. Although the terrific adversity Bear Chief faced in his childhood made an indelible mark on his life, his unyielding spirit is evident throughout his story.

In the mid-1960s as a young high school student John Brumley visited Lookout Cave for the first time and knew immediately that the site was exceptional. The cave, located in north central Montana, was initially discovered in 1920 but it wasn't until 1969 that a field crew from the University of Montana excavated a large portion of the remote site. The materials recovered in that excavation resulted in a substantial collection of more than one thousand items of normally perishable wood, feathers, and sinew. In the absence of moisture and direct sunlight, the interior of the cave created excellent conditions for preservation. This fully illustrated volume features these artifacts and sheds new light on Plains culture and the centuries old use of this well-hidden space.

This textbook provides workers and students with an introduction to effective injury prevention. It pays particular attention to how issues of precarious employment, gender, and ill-health can be better handled in Canadian occupational health and safety (OHS). Health and Safety in Canadian Workplaces offers an extensive overview of central OHS concepts and practices and provides practical suggestions for health and safety advocacy. It attempts to bring OHS into a twenty-first century context by discussing contemporary workplaces and the health effects of new work processes and structures while recognizing that safety has gendered and racialized dimensions. Foster and Barnetson contend that the practice of occupational health and safety can only be understood if we acknowledge that workers and employers have conflicting interests.

Soon after his death, Vincent van Gogh's reputation grew and developed through the remarkably symbiotic relationship evident between his paintings and letters. However, the sheer bulk and complexity of Van Gogh's complete surviving correspondence presents a formidable challenge to those who wish to read and analyze the whole text as a literary work.Reading Vincent van Gogh is at once an interpretive guide to Van Gogh's letters and a distillation of the key themes that reoccur throughout his collected letters – foremost among them the motifs of suffering, love, imagination, and the ineffable. In this indispensable, synoptic view of the letters, Patrick Grant makes the main lines of Vincent van Gogh's thinking accessible and displays the arresting vividness of the well-known artist's writing.

The field of embodiment theorizes bodies as knowledgeable in ways that include but are not solely cognitive. The contributors to this collection suggest developing embodied ways of teaching, learning, and knowing through embodied experiences such as yoga, mindfulness, illness, and trauma. Although the contributors challenge Western educational frameworks from within and beyond academic settings, they also acknowledge and draw attention to the incommensurability between decolonization and aspects of social justice projects in education. By addressing this tension ethically and deliberately, the contributors engage thoughtfully with decolonization and make a substantial, and sometimes unsettling, contribution to critical studies in education.

As a precocious young girl, Surekha knew very little about the details of her mother Amma's unusual past and that of Babu, her mysterious and sometimes absent father. The tense, uncertain family life created by her parents' distant and fractious marriage and their separate ambitions informs her every action and emotion. Then one evening, in a moment of uncharacteristic transparency and vulnerability, Amma tells Surekha and her older sister Didi of the family tragedy that changed the course of her life. Finally, the daughters begin to understand the source of their mother's deep commitment to the Indian nationalist movement and her seemingly unending willingness to sacrifice in the name of that pursuit.In this re-memory based on the published and unpublished work of Amma and Surekha, Meenal Shrivastava, Surekha's daughter, uncovers the history of the female foot soldiers of Gandhi's national movement in the early twentieth century. As Meenal weaves these written accounts together with archival research and family history, she gives voice and honour to the hundreds of thousands of largely forgotten or unacknowledged women who, threatened with imprisonment for treason and sedition, relentlessly and selflessly gave toward the revolution.

Mowafa's family fled Palestine in 1948 and arrived in Canada in the 1970s. His childhood was spent in Edmonton, Alberta, where he grew up as a visible minority and a muslim whose family had a deeply fractured history. In the year 2000, Mowafa visited his family's homeland of Palestine. It was the beginning of the Second Intifada and Mowafa witnessed first-hand the effects of prolonged conflict and occupation. It was those observations and that experience that inspired him not only to tell his story but to realize many of the intergenerational and colonial traumas that he shares with the Indigenous people of Turtle Island. His moving memoir compares and contrasts the lives of immigrants with the lives of those who live on occupied land and the struggles that define them both.

The interest in and demand for online terminal degress across disciplines by professionals wishing to conduct research and fulfill doctoral degree requirements at a distance is only increasing. But what these programs look like, how they are implemented, and how they might be evaluated are the questions that challenge administrators and pedagogues alike. This book presents a model for a doctoral program that bridges theory, research, and practice and is offered completely or largely online. In their described program model, Kumar and Dawson enable researching professionals to build an online communtiy of inquiry, engage in critical discourse within and across disciplines, learn from and with experts and peers, and generate new knowledge.Their program design is grounded in the theoretical and research foundations of online, adult, and doctoral education, curriculum design and community-building, implementation and evaluation. The authors, who draw on their experience of implementing a similar program at the University of Florida, not only share data collected from students and faculty members but also reflect on lessons learned working on the program in diverse educational contexts. An important guide for program leaders who wish to develop and sustain an online professional doctorate, An Online Doctorate for Researching Professionals will also be a valuable resource for higher education professionals seeking to include e-learning components in existing on-campus doctoral programs.

Carew presents a lively and clear account of what has largely been an unknown dimension of the Cold War. In impressive detail, Carew maps the international programs of the American Federation of Labour–Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL–CIO) during the Cold War and its relations with labour organizations abroad, in addition to providing a summary of the labour situation of a dozen or more countries including Finland, France, Italy, Germany, Japan, Greece, and India. American Labour's Cold War Abroad reveals how the Cold War compelled trade unionists to reflect on the role of unions in a free society. Yet there was to be no meeting of minds on this, and at the end of the 1960s the AFL–CIO broke with the mainstream of the international labour movement to pursue its own crusade against communism.

When the community-university research project Alberta Climate Dialogue was first convened in 2010, it drew together scholars, practitioners, citizens, civil society members, and government officials. Over the next five years, the project engaged in public deliberation of the issue of climate change in the Alberta context. The result was a wealth of opportunity to investigate deliberative civic engagement and its application to wicked problems. In its description of the project and the insights gained, this volume is essential reading for those wishing to move a difficult conversation forward.

Previously, artificial neural networks have been used to capture only the informal properties of music. However, cognitive scientist Michael Dawson found that by training artificial neural networks to make basic judgments concerning tonal music, such as identifying the tonic of a scale or the quality of a musical chord, the networks revealed formal musical properties that differ dramatically from those typically presented in music theory. For example, where Western music theory identifies twelve distinct notes or pitch-classes, trained artificial neural networks treat notes as if they belong to only three of four different pitch-classes, a wildly different interpretation of the components of tonal music.Intended to introduce readers to the use of artificial neural networks in the study of music, this volume contains numerous case studies and research findings that address problems related to identifying scales, keys, classifying musical chords, and learning jazz chord progressions. A detailed analysis of networks is provided for each case study which together demonstrate that focusing on the internal structure of trained networks could yield important contributions to the field of music cognition.

Assessment has provided educational institutions with information about student learning outcomes and the quality of education for many decades. But has it informed practice and been fully incorporated into the learning cycle? Conrad and Openo argue that the potential inherent in many of the new learning environments being explored by educators and students has not been fully realized. In this investigation of a variety of assessment methods and learning approaches, the authors aim to discover the tools that engage learners and authentically evaluate education. They insist that moving to new learning environments, specifically those online and at a distance, afford opportunities for educators to adopt only the best practices of traditional face-to-face assessment while exploring evaluation tools made available by a digital learning environment in the hopes of arriving at methods that capture the widest set of learner skills and attributes.

Just north of the Arctic Circle is the settlement of Vorkuta, a notorious camp in the Gulag internment system that witnessed three pivotal moments in Russian history. In the 1930s, a desperate hunger strike by socialist prisoners, victims of Joseph Stalin's repressive regime, resulted in mass executions. In 1953, a strike by forced labourers sounded the death knell for the Stalinist forced labour system. And finally, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, a series of strikes by new, independent miners' unions were central to overturning the Stalinist system.Paul Kellogg uses the story of Vorkuta as a frame with which to re-assess the Russian Revolution. In particular, he turns to the contributions of Iulii Martov, a contemporary of Lenin, and his analysis of the central role played in the revolution by a temporary class of peasants-in-uniform. Kellogg explores the persistence and creativity of workers' resistance in even the darkest hours of authoritarian repression and offers new perspectives on the failure of democratic governance after the Russian Revolution.