Death, Loss, Memory and Mourning in the Long Nineteenth Century, 1780-1914

Mark Sandy is Professor of English Literature at Durham University, with research interests in Romantic poetics of loss, grief, memory, and mourning.Douglas Davies is Professor of Theology at Durham University, with interests in death, mourning, and crematoria. Geoffrey Scarre is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Durham University, with research interests in death, ethics, and posterity.Matthew McCullough is a Doctoral Researcher in Musicology at Durham University, and Research Associate of the Centre for Death and Life Studies, with research interests in music as a form of memorialisation.Rick Whitefield is a Junior Research Fellow at St John’s College, Durham University in Theology and Research Associate of the Centre for Death and Life Studies with interests in anthropology, memory, and mourning.

• Volume I. Literary, Cultural and Material Responses to Death, Loss, Memory and MourningAcknowledgements List of IllustrationsGeneral Editor Note Preface Introduction Part 1. Encountering Death1. Mary Ward, 'An Invitation to Death', in Original Poetry (Bath: Hazard and Binns, 1807), pp. 67-692. Elizabeth Lenox-Conyngham, ‘Death the Mediator’, ‘What is Death?’ and ‘The Memory of Grief’ Hella, and Other Poems (London: Edward Churton, 1836), 102-105; 120-22; 126-129.3. Alfred Lord Tennyson, 'In Memoriam' (Stanzas VII-XIX), 18504. Lucy Ann Thorne, ‘Lines written on the death of a friend' in Poems (Leeds: H.W. Walker, 1864), pp. 29-30.5. Margaret Veley, 'A Dream of Life and Death' in A Marriage of Shadows and Other Poems (London: Smith, Elder, & Co., 1888), 98-102.6. M.A. Merry, ‘To My Dead Wife’, ‘In Memorium’ and ‘Post Somnum’, in Poems (London: Publisher unknown, c.1890), p. 6, 12, 25.7. Mathilda Fry, ‘Thy Name has Passed’ and ‘The Last Sleep’, in Historic Poems and Other Poems (London: Barclay and Fry, 1890), pp. 117-118; 135-137.8. Arabella Shore, ‘In Memorium’ and ‘Sonnets to Two of the Dead’, in Elegies and Memorials (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, & Co., 1890), pp. 38-43, 50-51.Part 2. Child Fatality and Loss9. Anon, ‘Parental Comfort, in Parental Sorrow, addressed principally to Christian Parents mourning the Death of Infant Children’ in The Wesleyan-Methodist Magazine, 5 (1842), p. 83.10. Anon, ‘To Mourning Friends: On the Death of an Only Child, Written by a Boy Nine Year Old’ in The Rural Repository Devoted to Polite Literature, vol.14, 16 (1838), p.128.11. John Clare, ‘Graves of Infants’ (1844)12. Ralph Waldo Emerson, ‘Threnody’ (1842)13. Thomas De Quincey, ‘The Affliction of Childhood’ in Suspiria De Profundis (1845)14. Anon, Memoir of Thomas W. Hughes, Who Died at the Age of Seven (Religious Tract Society, c.1830), pp. 20-31.15. E. B. Crawford, ‘Lines on the Death of an Infant’ in Sons & Daughters (North Shields: George Walker, 1850), p. 207.16. Anon, ‘Widow MacFarlane’s Lamentation for Her Son’ in Broadside Ballad (Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c.1853), p. 96.17. Eliza Benson, ‘Lines Written in Consolation of a Friend On Death of Her Daughter’ in Lays of Memory Sacred and Social by a Mother and her Son (London: Hurston and Blackett, 1856), pp. 118-119.18. Charlotte Mary Griffiths, ‘The Dying Blind Girl’ in Gone with the Storm and Minor Poems (London: Cassell, Petter, and Galpin, c.1874), pp. 81-84.19. Roden Noel, ‘At His Grave’ and ‘A Little Child’s Monument: Lament’, A Little Child’s Monument (London, Kegan Paul & Co., 1881), pp. ix-xi; 1-2.20. C.H. Sorely, ‘All the Hills and Vales Along’21. Rupert Brooke, ‘Sonnet IV The Dead’ (1914)Part 3. Memory, Mourning, and Pets22. Lord Byron, ‘Inscription on a Monument of a Newfoundland Dog’ (1808)23. E. B. Crawford, ‘A Poem Written on the Funeral of Prince Albert’s Greyhound, Eos’ in Broadside Ballad (Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, 1844).24. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, ‘Flush or Faunus’ (1854)25. E Davidson, ‘Farewell to Flossy’ in The Death of King Theodore and Other Poems (Newcastle: E. J. Blake; Alnwick: H., et al., 1874), pp. 74-75.26. W. Archer, ‘On the Death of the Speaking Canary Bird’ in The Mirror, July 1839, p. 227. 27. Anon, ‘Elegy on a Canary’ in Quiver, July 1863, p. 272.28. Matthew Arnold, ‘Poor Matthias!’, MacMillan’s Magazine, no. 278, vol. xlvii, 1882, pp. 81-85Part 4 . Mourning Public Figures29. William Beatty, Authentic Narrative of the Death of Lord Nelson (London: Cadell and Davis, London, 1808), pp. 49-53.30. Robert Southey, The Life of Nelson (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1861 [1813]), pp. 374-377.31. Anna Laetitia Barbauld, ‘On the Death of the Princess Charlotte’ (181732. Robert Southey, ‘Funeral Song, For the Death of Princess Charlotte’ (1817) in The Poetical Works of Robert Southey: Complete in One Volume (London: Longmans, 1847), pp. 465-466.33. Lord Byron ‘Canto IV’ in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (1818)34. Charles Rann Kennedy, 'Poem on the Death of Charlotte Princess of Wales' (1817) in Poems, Original and Translated (London: William Walker, 1857), pp. 219-233.35. Alfred Lord Tennyson, Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington (London: Edward Moxon, 1852), pp. 1-16.36. Thomas Braithwaite, Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington, (London: W. Pickering, 1852), pp. 5-15.37. Walter R. Cassels, 'Sonnets On the Death of the Duke of Wellington' in Poems (London: Smith, Elder, and Co., 1856), pp. 129-132.38. William Stone, ‘Elegy to the Memory of the Immortal Wellington’, (1852) in A Panegyric in Honour of the Duke of Wellington, ed. Walter B. May (Taunton: Frederick May Printing, 1854), pp. 39-50.39. Thomas Hughes, ‘Finis’ in Tom Brown’s School Days (1857) reprinted by Macmillan & Co., London, 1882), pp. 352-360.40. Walt Whitman, ‘When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d’ (1865)41. Caroline A. Mason, ‘President Lincoln’s Grave’ in The Lost Ring and Other Poems (New York: Houghton Mifflin, c.1891), pp. 186-187.42. Emily Leith, ‘General Gordon’ in Thoughts and Remembrance: Verses, (Glasgow: David Bryce and Sons, 1885), pp. 61-62.Part 5. Music, Memorial, and Memory43. ‘The Music at Nelson’s Funeral in St. Paul’s Cathedral’ in The Musical Times, 46, 752 (1905).44. Ernest Newman, ‘Brahms’s German Requiem’ in The Musical Times, 52, 817 (1911), pp. 157-159.45. Anon, ‘St James’s Hall Popular Concerts’ programme (1859), including the ‘Death Notice of Dr Louis Spohr’, p. 5.46. Anon, ‘More Press Eulogies on the Late William Steinway’ in Freund’s Musical Weekly, Vol. 16, no. 11 (1897), pp. 1-2.47. Anon, ‘By Order of the Queen…’ in a Grand Irish Festivals Programme (1900), p. 2.48. Anon, ‘In Memoriam. Queen Victoria’ in The Musical Times Feb. 1st, 1902, p. 95.49. Anon, ‘Memorial services relating to King Edward VII’, The Musical Times, Vol.51, No.808, (1910).50. Memorial to the Musicians of the Titanic Disaster, 14 April 1912, Liverpool Philharmonic Hall.51. Anon, ‘Lifeboats would have saved more’ and 'Nearer my God to thee', The Washington Herald, 20 April, 1912.52. Memorial to Samuel Coleridge-Taylor (d.1912), Brandon Hill Cemetery, Wallington, Borough of Sutton, London.Part 6. Mausolea and Architectural Memorials53. The Argyll Mausoleum (1795-6). 54. The Rockingham Mausoleum (1785).55. The Cotton Mausoleum/Waterloo Tower (1819).56. The Cunningham Mausoleum (1797).57 The Bowes Mausoleum (built, c.1760; consecrated in 1812).58. The Buckinghamshire Mausoleum (1794).59. The Bourgeois and Desenfans Mausoleum (1807-14).Volume II. Religious, Spiritual and Ecclesiastical Responses to Death, Loss, Memory and MourningAcknowledgements List of IllustrationsGeneral Editor Note Preface Introduction Part 1. Doctrines: Theological Words Against Death1. Charles Drelincourt, The Christian Defence Against the Fears of Death, (Liverpool: Nuttall, Fisher, and Co, 1810 [1651]), pp. 42-49.2. John Angell James, The Antidote of Death, (London: Hamilton Adams, 1856), pp. 3-12, 17-26.3. Henry Mitchinson, The Death of the Righteous, (London: Simpkin Marshall, 1859), pp.3-14.4. John Asgill, An Argument to Prove that Death is not Obligatory on Christians, (London: Ennis Bros, 1875), pp. 62-66; 125-126.5. Stewart Salmond, ‘The Doctrine of Final Destinies’, The Christian Doctrine of Immortality, (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1901), pp. 353; 389-394.6. Edward Cure, Sudden Death: Is It to be Deprecated? (London: Rivington, 1883), pp. 3-15.7. William Knox, A Clerical Symposium on what are the Foundations of the Belief in the Immortality of Man, (James Nisbet and Co., 1885), pp. 30-62.8. Thomas Erskine, The Brazen Serpent; or, Life Coming Through Death, (Edinburgh: Waugh & Innes, 1879), pp. 84-95, 126-137.9. James Fleming, Recognition in Eternity, (London: Skeffington, 1899), pp. 3-12.Part 2. Devotions: Coping with Death, Transforming Grief10. Richard Whately, A View of the Scripture Revelations concerning a Future State laid before his Parishioners by a Country Pastor, (London: Parker & Sons, 1882), pp. 88-93.11. Francis Paget, ‘The Lord’s Prayer: A Manual for the Mourner’ in The Living and the Dead: A Course of Practical Sermons on the Burial Service, (Cambridge: John Thomas Walters, 1845), pp. 193-207.12. Richard Price, On the Reasons for Expecting that Virtuous Men Shall Meet after Death in a State of Happiness, (London: Unknown, 1798), pp. 3-13, 21-27.13. William Dealtry, The Character and Happiness of them that Die in the Lord, (London: Hatchard & Son, 1822), pp. 20-47.14. James Montgomery, A Poor Wayfaring Man of Grief, (Philadelphia: J. Ditson & Co, 1883), pp. 3-5.15. Jeremy Taylor, Rule and Exercises of Holy Dying, (Longmans, Green, and Co, 1850 [1650]), pp. 9-34, 35-50, 68-78. 16. Anon, A Token for Mourners, with a Selection of Scripture Promises, Relative to the Troubles of Life, (Glasgow: Booksellers, 1855), pp. 18-23.17. John Keble, ‘The Burial of the Dead’ in The Christian Year, (London: Dent & Co, 1900 [1827]), pp. 273-274.18. Anon, The Christian's Consolation in the Hour of Domestic Distress, (London: F and C Rivington, 1793), pp. iii-iv; 30-43.19. William Alexander, ‘The Mystery of Sickness’ in The Great Question and Other Sermons, (London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., 1885), pp. 30-44.20. Samuel Johnson, ‘His Wife’s Death’, in Elton Trueblood (Ed.), Doctor Johnson’s Prayers, (London: SCM Press, 1947 [1782]), pp. 79-85.Part 3. Duties in Common and Private Contexts 21. Thomas Scott, The Duty and Advantage of Remembering Deceased Ministers, (London: J. Seely, 1808), pp. 1-35.22. James Fleming, The Forsaken Hero, (London: Larner and Knight, 1885), pp. 3-12.23. Noah Miles, ‘A Sermon on the Death of George Washington, late President, and Commander in Chief of the Armies of the United States of America’ (Amherst, MA: S. Preston, 1800), pp. 5-16.24. Charles Vaughan, The Mourning of the Land and the Mourning of its Families, (Cambridge: Macmillan, 1861), pp. 5-17.25. John Miller, Things After Death: Three Chapters on the Intermediate State, (London: J. Rivington, 1848), pp. 41-64.26. Henry Liddon, Life in Death: A Sermon at the Funeral of the Lord Bishop of Salisbury (Salisbury: Brown & Co., 1869), pp. 3-15.27. Francis Paget, ‘Faith, Patience, Thankfulness: The Graces of Bereavement’ in The Living and the Dead: A Course of Practical Sermons on the Burial Service, (Cambridge: John T. Walters, 1845), pp. 41-58.28. James MacGregor, The State of the Christian Dead, (Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1897), pp. 3-22.29. Nicholas Chevalier‘Service of Thanksgiving for the Recovery of Edward, Prince of Wales, from Sickness and Mortal Danger’ (1872)Part 4. Dramatic Discourses30. John Macgowan, Death, a Vision; or, the Solemn Departure of Saints and Sinners, Represented under the Similitude of a Dream, (London, W. Baynes, 1796), pp. 46-56.31. Eli Forbes, Sorrow Balanced with Joy: A Sermon at the Funeral of the Rev. Benjamin Tappan, (London: T. Cushing, 1790), pp. 5-15.32. Benjamin Mardon, The Evanescence of Human Glory (London: Smallfield, 1837), pp. 5-29.33. John G. Hewlett, The Sunset of Youth, (London: Ward, 1847), pp. 7-35.34. Anon, Life Beyond the Grave, as Described by a Spirit, through a Writing Medium, (London: E.W. Allen, 1876), pp. 40-49.35. E.B. Crawford, A Dialogue Between Death and the Sinner, (Dublin: Unknown, 1870), p.1.36. Elizabeth Rowe, Friendship in Death: Letters from the Dead to the Living, (W. Nicholson, 1808), pp. 1-4; 9-12; 25-30.37. H.O.F, The Hour of Death and the Invisible World, (London: James Nisbet & Co, 1882), pp. 1-13, 31-41.38. George MacDonald, Letters from Hell, (London: Richard Bentley & Son, 1885), pp. 1-14.39. Robert Rogers, ‘What Kind of Place is Heaven?’ in Views of the New Heaven: Lectures on the Inhabitants, Phenomena, and Order of the World to Come, (London: James Speirs, 1902), pp. 47-68, 128-14940. Thomas Rowlandson, The English Dance of Death, (London: Ackermann, 1816), pp. 290-295.IndexVolume III. Historical, Social-Political and Public Responses to Death, Loss and MourningAcknowledgements List of IllustrationsGeneral Editor Note Preface Introduction Part 1. Historical Epitaphs 1. John Miller, ‘Hints on Epitaphs for Country Churchyards’ in Things After Death, (London: Francis & John Rivington, 1848), pp. 85-98.2. Thomas Pettigrew, The Chronicles of the Tombs: A Select Collection of Epitaphs (London: Bell & Sons, 1886), pp. 440, 472, 500Part 2. Historical Events3. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, (1790; London: Apollo Press, 1814), pp. 70-80.4. James Mackintosh, Vindiciae Gallicae: In Defence of the French Revolution, (London: G.G. J. and J. Robinson, 1792), pp. i-xiii.5. Percy Bysshe Shelley, ‘England in 1819’6. Charlotte Stoker, ‘Experiences of the Cholera in Ireland 1832’7. John Ruskin, ‘The Storm-Cloud of the Nineteenth Century: Lecture 1’ in The Complete Works of John Ruskin, eds. Edward Cook and Alexander Wedderburn, (London: George Allen, 1908), pp 15-41.8. Memorial of the Boer War (1899-1902) at St Cuthbert’s Church, Darlington, accompanied by two Northern Echo articles on the unveiling of the statue (5 August, 1905). 9. Henry Scott Holland, ‘The King of Terrors’ (1910) in Facts of the Faith: Being a Collection of Sermons Not Hitherto Published in Book Form, ed. Christopher Cheshire (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1919), pp. 125-134.10. Thomas Hardy, ‘Men who March Away’ (1914)11. ‘Images and Words on the Eve of the First World War’(a) Ralph Kite, Letter Home(b) Anon, Photograph of Ralph Kite (1895-1916) in Uniform and as Undergraduate(c) Anon, Photograph of Lieutenant Benjamin Handley Geary, V.C (1910)(d) Anon, Article on Lieutenant Geary’s Victory Cross award, The London Gazette, 15 October, 1915, p. 10154Part 3. Historical Responses to Re-organising the Dead, Cremation, and Burial12. Joseph Smith, ‘The King Follett Discourse’ (7 April 1844), published in ‘Conference Minutes’ Times and Seasons, Vol 5 (15 August 1844), pp. 612–617.13. The Declaration of the Cremation Society of Great Britain (1874). Quoted in ‘The History of Cremation in the United Kingdom.’ The Cremation Society.14. Christopher Wordsworth, On the Burning of the Body and on Burial: A Sermon Preached at Westminster Abbey (Lincoln: Williamson, Rivingtons, & Co., 1874), pp. 3-16.15. Henry Thompson, Cremation: The Treatment of the Body after Death, (London: Henry S. King & Co., 1874), pp. 21-31.16. Francis Seymour Haden, Earth to Earth: A Plea for A Change of System in Our Burial of the Dead, (London: Macmillan & Co., 1875), pp. 5-22.17. Hugh Reginald Haweis, ‘By Fire’, in Ashes to Ashes: A Cremation Prelude, (London: Daldy, Isbister & Co., 1875), pp. 76-90.18. William Easie, ‘Present State of the Cremation Question’, in Cremation of the Dead: Its History and Bearing upon Public Health (London: Smith, Elder, & Co., 1875), pp. 68-88.19. The Trial Judgement of Dr William Price held at Cardiff Assizes. Text is taken from The Queen v. Price (February 7, 1884), 12 Q.B.D., pp. 247–256.Part 4. Historical Notices and Customs20. A selection of Wesleyan Mission Notices (1835-1838), pp. 157-159; 327; 367-368; 584.21. G.O. Cry, ‘The Irish Funeral’, The Dublin Penny Journal, Vol.1, No.31 (1833), pp. 241-243.22. Anon, ‘A Funeral and its Pleasures’, Merthyr Telegraph, (February 24, 1864).23. Anon, ‘Funeral Sermons’, Herts Guardian, (13 April, 1867).24. Anon, ‘Extraordinary Funeral of a Magistrate’, The Globe, (15 April, 1876).25. Elizabeth Marbury, ‘Death, Funerals, and Mourning’, in Manners: A Handbook of Social Customs (Chicago: Westminster Publishing Company,1888), pp. 30-36.26. Anon, ‘The Season’s Fashions in Mourning Attire’ advertisement, The Album, (26 August, 1895), p. ii.27. James E. Vaux, ‘Funeral Customs’, in Church Folklore: A Record of some Post-Reformation Usages in the English Church (London: Griffith Farran & Co., 1894), pp. 119-172.28. Victorian Hair Basket, woven from hair of several generations of one family.Part 5. Reckoning the Death of Historical Figures29. James Churchill, The Nation in Tears: A sermon occasioned by the deeply lamented death of Her Royal Highness the Princess Charlotte Augusta (London: Cox, 1817), pp. 1-34.30. Anon, ‘The Death of Napoleon’ in The British Medical Journal, 2, no. 2713 (1912), pp. 1761–1763.31. Chandos Leigh, ‘On Napoleon Bonaparte’, in Poems: Now First Collected (London: Edward Moxon, 1839), pp. 261-264.32. Monument of Grace Darling, St Aidan’s Church, Bamburgh, Northumberland.33. Anon, Elizabeth Fry, obituary, The Illustrated London News, (25 October, 1845), p. 267.34. Anon, ‘The Duke’s Funeral’, The Illustrated London News, Vol. 21, No. 591 (20 November, 1852), pp. 426-427.35. Duke of Wellington’s Funeral Souvenir, The Illustrated London News, 6 November, 1852.36. An 1852 daguerreotype of Ada Lovelace playing the piano by Henry Wyndham Phillips.37. Extracts from Queen Victoria’s Journals (January-February 1862) reflecting on the death of Prince Albert.38. Arthur Penrhyn Stanely, ‘Lord Palmerston’ (1865) in Westminster Sermons: Sermons on Special Occasions Preached in Westminster Abbey, (New York: Charles Scribner & Sons., 1882), pp. 138-148.39. Anon, ‘A Pugilist’s Funeral’, The Queenslander, (3 February, 1866), p.10.40. Richard Holt Hutton, ‘An Essay on the Death of Charles Darwin’ in Criticisms on Contemporary Thought and Thinkers (London: Macmillan & Co., 1894), pp. 145-152.41. John Brown, ‘Thackeray’s Death’ in John Leech and Other Papers (Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1882), pp. 179-196.42. Anon, ‘Funeral of Carpenter Moses Mohawk’ in Yorkshire Gazette, (24 August, 1889).43. Anon, Harriet Beecher Stowe, obituary, Los Angeles Herald, (2 July, 1896).44. Memorial Concert Programme to mark the death of Queen Victoria, Queen’s Hall, 26th January, 1901.45. Anon, ‘Sir Henry Irving: The Last Scene’, Daily Mirror, 15 October 1905, p.3., accompanied by a Daily Mirror cartoon.46. Robert Tressell, ‘The Gouls’, in The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists (New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1914), pp. 344-356.IndexVolume IV: Intellectual and ‘Disciplinary’ Responses to Death, Loss, Memory and Mourning Acknowledgements List of IllustrationsGeneral Editor Note Preface Introduction Part 1. Representing Death and Thinking Through Mortality1. William Dodd, Reflections on Death, (London: Carnan and Newberry, 1777), pp. 9-17, 57-59.2. Anon, Cogitations Upon Death; or, The Mirror of Man's Misery, (Stirling: William Macnie, 1820), pp. 2-15.3. W.H.R. Rivers, ‘The Primitive Conception of Death’, Hibbert Journal, 10 (1911), pp. 393-407.4. Anon, Messenger of Mortality; or, Life and Death Contrasted, (London: Toy and Marble Publishing, 1832), p. 1.5. Eliza Dupe, ‘The Antidote of Death’, in Happiness; or, the Secret Spring of Bliss and Antidote of Death, (Oxford: W. Baxter, 1860), pp. 88-107.6. John Stuart Mill, ‘Immortality’ in Three Essays on Religion, (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1894), pp. 196-211.7. William James, Human Immortality: Two Supposed Objections to the Doctrine, (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, and Co.,1897), pp. 23-55.8. Roden Noel, ‘Materialisation and Theosophist Theories’ in A Philosophy of Immortality, (London: W.H. Harrison, 1885), pp. 58-68.9. William Lecky, ‘The End’ in The Map of Life, (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1899), pp. 319-328.10. Louis Figuier, The Day After Death; or, Our Future Life According to Science, (MacMillan & Co., 1904), pp. 174-192.11. Robert Hertz, ‘A Contribution to the Study of the Collective Representation of Death’ in Rodney and Claudia Needham (Eds.) Death and the Right Hand, (London: Routledge, 1960 [1907]), pp. 76-86.12. William Brown, ‘The Recovery of Faith in Immortality’ in The Christian Hope: A Study in the Doctrine of Immortality, (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1912), pp.145-164.13. James Frazer, ‘Myths of the Origin of Death’ in The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead, (Vol I), (London: MacMillan & Co., 1913), pp. 59-87.Part 2. Ending Life Gently: Facing Loss, Embracing Grief14. Samuel D. Williams, ‘Euthanasia’ in Essays by the Members of the Birmingham Speculative Club, (London and Edinburgh: Williams & Norgate, 1873), pp. 1-11, 15-16, 28.15. William Munk, Euthanasia; or, Medical Treatment in Aid of an Easy Death. (London: Longmans & Co, 1885), pp. 3-10, 72-77, 105.16. Roden Noel, ‘Arguments for Human Immortality’ in A Philosophy of Immortality, (London: W.H. Harrison, 1885), pp. 148-171.17. Charles Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, (London: John Murray, 1888), pp. 176-195. 18. Richard Davey, A History of Mourning, (London: Jays of Regent Street, 1889), pp.95-96, 104.19. Anon, ‘The Aloofness of Grief’, Congregationalist, 74 (1896), pp. 506.20. Pieter Henrik Kritzinger and Ramsay McDonald, ‘Dark Days’, In the Shadow of Death, (London: William Clowes & Sons, 1904), pp. 5-20.21. Charles Letts, Emma; or, the Dying Penitent, (London: W. Glendinning, 1799), pp. 31-40.22. Newman Smyth, The Place of Death in Evolution, (New York: Scribner & Sons, 1898), pp.1-43.Part 3. Constructing Memory, Mourning, and Posthumous Identities23. Joseph Jacobs, ‘The Dying of Death’, Current Literature, 26 (1899), p.348.24. William Godwin, ‘Posthumous Fame’ in The Enquirer: Essays on Education, Manners, and Literature. (London: G.G. and J. Robinson, 1797), pp. 288-289, 292-293. 25. William Godwin, Essay on Sepulchres; or, a Proposal for Erecting Some Memorial of the Illustrious Dead of All Ages on the Spot where their Remains Have Been Interred, (London: W. Miller, 1809), pp. 1-5, 16-30, 111-114.26. James Relly, ‘Reflections on Death’, Universalist Magazine, 49 (1820), p.194.27. Thomas De Quincey, ‘The last days of Immanuel Kant’, Blackwood’s London Magazine, 155 (1827), pp. 159-166.28. Thomas Carlyle, ‘Death of Goethe’, New Monthly Magazine, 138 (1832), pp. 374-84. 29. Jeremy Bentham , Auto-icon; or, Farther Uses of the Dead to the Living, (Unpublished, c.1842), pp. 2-7, 12-13, 16-17.30. George W. Foote, Infidel Death-Beds, (London: The Pioneer Press, 1888), pp. 3-9, 13-14, 21-22, 26-27, 31-32, 46-47, 50-53, 54-56, 65-66, 83-84, 84-86, 90-91.31. Maurice Maeterlinck, Death, (London: Methuen, 1912), pp. 17-18, 29-32, 37-38, 60-84.Part 4. Embodying the Shadows: Life Beyond the Grave32. Ebeneezer Sibly, A Key to Physic and the Occult Sciences, (London: Champante & Whitrow, 1795), pp. 122-126,185-195, 404-408. 33. Henry Sidgwick, ‘Presidential Address’ in Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 3 (1888), pp. 35-45.34. Andrew Lang, ‘The Comparative Study of Ghost Stories’, Nineteenth Century, 17 (1885), pp. 24.35. Andrew Lang, ‘Ghost Stories Up To Date’, Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, 155 (1894), pp. 47-58. 36. Edgar Sheppard, ‘The Palace Ghost’ in Memorials of St James’s Palace (London: Longmans Green & Co., 1894), pp. 335-339.37. Annie Besant, ‘Death—and After?’, Manuals of the Theosophical Publishing Society, 3 (1906), pp 5-22.38. William Brown, ‘Early Conceptions of the Future Life’ and ‘The Rise of the Doctrine of Immortality in India and Greece’ in The Christian Hope: A Study in the Doctrine of Immortality, (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1912), pp. 23-34, 35-50.39. George A. Gordon, ‘The Verdict of the Infinite’ in Immortality and the New Theodicy, (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, and Co., 1897), pp. 105-130.Index