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It takes them by the hand and guides them through the whole patient encounter—from an efficient neurological history according to neuroanatomical key features and the bedside examination to differential diagnosis, diagnostic procedures and lastly, the treatment.

'With a single announcement from a herald, all the cities of Greece and Asia had been set free; only an intrepid soul could formulate such an ambitious project, only phenomenal valour and fortune bring it to fruition. (Livy, 33. 33) Thus Livy describes the reaction to the Roman commander T.Q. Flamininus' proclamation of the freedom of Greece at the Isthmian games near Corinth in 196 BC. Half a century later Greece was annexed as a province of the Romans who burned the ancient city of Corinth to the ground. Books 31 to 40 of Livy's history chart Rome's emergence as an imperial nation and the Romans tempestuous involvement with Greece, Macedonia and the near East in the opening decades of the second century BC; they are our most important source for Graeco-Roman relations in that century. Livy's dramatic narrative includes the Roman campaigns in Spain and against the Gallic tribes of Northern Italy; the flight of Hannibal from Carthage and his death in the East; the debate on the Oppian law; and the Bacchanalian Episode. This is the only unabridged English translation of Books 31 to 40.The complete Livy in English, available in five volumes from Oxford World's Classics. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.

Detailed guide on how humans and AI systems work in tandem, focused on the successful deployment and use of applications Advances in Human-AI Collaboration offers a comprehensive exploration of AI technologies and applications in the field of Industrial and Systems Engineering. The book incorporates knowledge about AI technology, methodologies, and tools for enabling human-AI collaboration at work, covers the effective design and use of systems and operations utilizing human-AI collaboration to benefit productivity, quality, and customer satisfaction, and provides readers with the skills necessary to effectively implement and consider human-AI collaboration across a variety of settings. This book delivers insights on a wide range of topics including similarities and differences of human and artificial intelligence, effort in creating algorithms versus meeting user needs and enabling improved decision support, sentiment analysis and language models, AI tutors and their design, engagement, and theory building, situation awareness of AI models in relation to human performance, and fact-checking beyond machine learning and predictive accuracy. Written by a team of highly qualified academics with significant experience in the field, Advances in Human-AI Collaboration includes information on: Autonomous vehicles and delivery systems, covering sensors and perception as well as adoption rate and safety projectionsChat-based customer service, covering theory-based interventions to enhance public services and examples of intentional human-technology interactionShip safety, covering increased automation and machine vision to enable collision avoidanceStrategies for moving beyond passive writing assistance and writing-related best practicesVulnerabilities in technology-centered design including biased and distorted data, with examples of real-world accidentsAdvances in Human-AI Collaboration is an essential read for industry practitioners and corporate researchers concerned with using AI in integrated system design and operation. The book also provides essential knowledge for academics researching AI and integrated systems.

När Lisa en sen vinterkväll möter en främling väcks ett hopp om en väg bort från den mörka ensamhet som hållit henne fången. Sedan hon förlorade sin man i en olycka har hon levt utan närhet. Kenta verkar kunna fylla det tomrummet, men kvällen slutar i katastrof.

Det är knappt att de klarar sig med livet i behåll. Lisa hamnar svårt skadad på sjukhus, fylld av smärta och hat. Också Kenta vaknar upp i dåligt skick, med minnesluckor och tvivel, skadad av en ny farlig drog. Ingen av dem kan ana att deras vägar oundvikligen kommer att korsas igen.

"Vårköld" är en spänningsroman om samvetslösa människor ute efter snabba pengar, myndigheter som famlar i blindo och om dem som drabbas av fruktan, skuld och begär. I centrum står en fasansfull drog, i vars spår våld och död följer. Efter hand står det klart att de som ligger bakom drogen är mäktigare och mer obehagliga än någon kunnat ana.

This book offers a fresh insight into the conquests of Alexander the Great by attempting to view the events of 336-323 BCE from the vantage point of the defeated. The extent and form of the resistance of the populations he confronted varied according to their previous relationships with either the Macedonian invaders or their own Achaemenid rulers. The internal political situations of many states--particularly the Greek cities of Asia Minor--were also a factor. In the vast Persian Empire that stretched from the Aegean to the Indus, some states surrendered voluntarily and others offered fierce resistance. Not all regions were subdued through military actions. Indeed, as the author argues, the excessive use of force on Alexander's part was often ineffective and counterproductive. In the Path of Conquest examines the reasons for these varied responses, giving more emphasis to the defeated and less to the conqueror and his Macedonian army. In the process, it debunks many long-held views concerning Alexander's motives, including the idea that his aim was to march to the eastern limits of the world. It also provides a fresh reevaluation of Darius III's successes and failures as a commander. Such a study involves rigorous analysis of the ancient sources, and their testimony is presented throughout the book in the form of newly translated passages. A unique portrait of a well-known age, In the Path of Conquest will significantly alter our understanding of Alexander's career.

This book offers a fresh insight into the conquests of Alexander the Great by attempting to view the events of 336-323 BCE from the vantage point of the defeated. The extent and form of the resistance of the populations he confronted varied according to their previous relationships with either the Macedonian invaders or their own Achaemenid rulers. The internal political situations of many states--particularly the Greek cities of Asia Minor--were also a factor. In the vast Persian Empire that stretched from the Aegean to the Indus, some states surrendered voluntarily and others offered fierce resistance. Not all regions were subdued through military actions. Indeed, as the author argues, the excessive use of force on Alexander's part was often ineffective and counterproductive. In the Path of Conquest examines the reasons for these varied responses, giving more emphasis to the defeated and less to the conqueror and his Macedonian army. In the process, it debunks many long-held views concerning Alexander's motives, including the idea that his aim was to march to the eastern limits of the world. It also provides a fresh reevaluation of Darius III's successes and failures as a commander. Such a study involves rigorous analysis of the ancient sources, and their testimony is presented throughout the book in the form of newly translated passages. A unique portrait of a well-known age, In the Path of Conquest will significantly alter our understanding of Alexander's career.

Part of the Oxford Neurology Library series, this second edition of Alzheimer's Disease is a succinct and practical introduction to the diagnosis, evaluation and management of Alzheimer's disease. This practical pocketbook contains 14 fully updated chapters on key topics such as pathophysiology, epidemiology, pharmacological treatments, and psychological symptoms. The introduction of new chapters on atypical presentations, end-of-life issues, and case vignettes ensure the reader is fully equipped with the latest understanding of the possible causes of the disease, methods of diagnosis, and management techniques. Content is presented in a concise and easy to read format designed for quick reference, with helpful key points listed at the start of each chapter.

For many centuries, mankind has tried to learn about his health. Initially, during the pre-technological period, he could only rely on his senses. Then there were simple tools to help the senses. The breakthrough turned out to be the discovery of X-rays, which gave insight into the human body. Contemporary medical diagnostics are increasingly supported by information technology, which for example offers a very thorough analysis of the tissue image or the pathology differentiation. It also offers possibilities for very early preventive diagnosis. Under the influence of information technology, 'traditional' diagnostic techniques and new ones are changing. More and more often the same methods can be used for both medical and technical diagnostics. In addition, methodologies are developed that are inspired by the functioning of living organisms.Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics II is the second volume in a series showing the latest advances in information technologies directly or indirectly applied to medical diagnostics. Unlike the previous book, this volume does not contain closed chapters, but rather extended versions of presentations made during two conferences: XLVIII International Scientific and Practical Conference ‘Application of Lasers in Medicine and Biology’ (Kharkov, Ukraine) and the International Scientific Internet conference ‘Computer graphics and image processing’ (Vinnitsa, Ukriane), both held in May 2018.Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics II links technological issues to medical and biological issues, and will be valuable to academics and professionals interested in medical diagnostics and IT.

Every day we interact with thousands of consumer products. We not only expect them to perform their functions safely, reliably, and efficiently, but also to do it so seamlessly that we don’t even think about it. However, with the many factors involved in consumer product design, from the application of human factors and ergonomics principles to reducing risks of malfunction and the total life cycle cost, well, the process just seems to get more complex. Edited by well-known and well-respected experts, the two-volumes of Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics in Consumer Product Design simplify this process.The second volume, Human Factors and Ergonomics in Consumer Product Design: Uses and Applications, discusses challenges and opportunities in the design for product safety and focuses on the critical aspects of human-centered design for usability. The book contains 14 carefully selected case studies that demonstrate application of a variety of innovative approaches that incorporate Human Factor and Ergonomics (HF/E) principles, standards, and best practices of user-centered design, cognitive psychology, participatory macro-ergonomics, and mathematical modeling. These case studies also identify many unique aspects of new product development projects, which have adopted a user-centered design paradigm as a way to attend to user requirements.The case studies illustrate how incorporating HF/E principles and knowledge in the design of consumer products can improve levels of user satisfaction, efficiency of use, increase comfort, and assure safety under normal use as well as foreseeable misuse of the product. The book provides a comprehensive source of information regarding new methods, techniques, and software applications for consumer product design.

A collection of works authored by leading scientists from the US and Russia, Human-Computer Interaction and Operators’ Performance: Optimizing Work Design with Activity Theory describes applied and systemic-structural activity theory as it is used to study human-computer interaction, aviation, design, and training. Important from a theoretical and practical perspective, the book describes new analytical and experimental methods in the study of human work.The book facilitates the exchange of ideas between scientists working in ergonomics, human factors, human-computer interaction, industrial/organizational psychology, economics, management training, and other related areas. Drawing on their theoretical perspectives, the authors provide a comparative analysis of the various schools working in activity theory and a new approach to the study of human work derived from applied and systemic-structural activity theory. They cover special topics such as functional analysis of attention and classification of professions developed utilizing applied activity theory methods. In addition the book presents comparative analysis of work activity theory and applications.Representing the next significant step in the development of applied and systemic-structural activity theory, the book offers a balanced picture of theoretical and applied issues in the study of human work from general, applied, and systemic-structural activity theory points of view. It provides state-of-the art information and emphasizes its application to the study of human work while interacting with advanced technology.

This volume is concerned with the human factors, ergonomics, and safety issues related to the design of products, processes, and systems, as well as operation and management of business enterprises in both manufacturing and service sectors of contemporary industry. The book is organized into ten sections that focus on the following subject matters: I: Enterprise Management II: Human Factors in Manufacturing III: Processes and Services IV: Design of Work Systems V. Working Environment VI. Product and System Safety VII. Safety Design Issues VIII. Safety Management IX. Hazard Communication X. Occupational Risk PreventionThis book will be of special value to researchers and practitioners involved in the design of products, processes, systems, and services, which are marketed and utilized by a variety of organizations around the world. Seven other titles in the Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics Series are:Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics in Healthcare Advances in Applied Digital Human Modeling Advances in Cross-Cultural Decision Making Advances in Cognitive Ergonomics Advances in Occupational, Social and Organizational Ergonomics Advances in Ergonomics Modeling & Usability Evaluation Advances in Neuroergonomics and Human Factors of Special Populations

Written by leaders in their respective fields, Ergonomics and Psychology discusses recent advancements in psychology and addresses their applications in practice through ergonomics. The book describes the basic ideas that underpin the most successfully applied approaches in ergonomics, psychology, training, education, and more. It explores the mutual influences of cognitive, ecological, and activity theory approaches and demonstrates the effectiveness of these approaches in ergonomics and industrial/organizational psychology.

A comprehensive review of international and national standards and guidelines, this handbook consists of 32 chapters divided into nine sections that cover standardization efforts, anthropometry and working postures, designing manual material, human-computer interaction, occupational health and safety, legal protection, military human factor standards, and sources for human factors and ergonomics standards. The book delineates the role standards and guidelines play in facilitating the design and optimal working conditions in regards to occupational safety and health as well as system performance in the context of technological advances and opportunities for economic development worldwide.

Occupational Ergonomics: Engineering and Administrative Controls focuses on prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders with an emphasis on engineering and administrative controls. Section I provides knowledge about risk factors for upper and lower extremities at work, while Section II concentrates on risk factors for work-related low back disorders. Section III discusses fundamentals of surveillance of musculoskeletal disorders, requirements for surveillance database systems, OSHA Record keeping system, and surveillance methods based on the assessment of body discomfort. Section IV focuses on medical management of work-related musculoskeletal disorders, including programs for post-injury management, testing of physical ability for employment decisions, assessment of worker strength and other functional capacities, and applications of ergonomics knowledge in rehabilitation.

Occupational Ergonomics: Principles of Work Design focuses on the fundamentals in ergonomics design and evaluation. Divided into two parts, Part I covers the background for the discipline and profession of ergonomics and offers an international perspective on ergonomics. Part II describes the foundations of ergonomics knowledge, including fundamentals of ergonomics, fundamentals of work analysis, and cognitive issues. The authors discuss ergonomics of system design and outline the principles of certification in professional ergonomics. Methods for evaluation of physical workload due to posture (RULA and OWAS), as well as computer-aided human models and other software-based tools for ergonomic analysis and design are reviewed.

This book explores the fascinating phenomenon of place event marketing in the Asia Pacific region. It examines procedures in the promotion and branding of places that use events to shape their identities. It considers how events are used in forming a branded image of a place and disseminate information about it. This innovative book offers theoretical insights of the opportunities and challenges related to place event marketing. With contributions from leading thinkers in the field, chapters also draw on empirical examples to showcase a variety of events across the Asia Pacific, such as MICE, sporting events, festivals, and religious and cultural celebrations. The book explores the importance of such events for the socio-economic development of urban regions. Today, the Asia Pacific is one of the world's fastest developing regions and its rising economic power is accompanied by the growing importance of the tourism and event sector. The book is a unique study relating to a very exceptional region of the world. The role of events in tourism development and the rise of the region’s soft power is presented through carefully selected examples of cities from different countries. The book concludes with commentary on the future directions for research in this area. Written in an accessible style, this book will be of great interest to students, scholars, and practitioners working in events studies, urban studies, tourism, place branding and promotion, business and management studies, geography, sociology, and sport and leisure studies.

This book presents multidimensional socio-economic transformations taking place in the post-socialist cities located in selected countries of the Central European region.The analysis includes case studies from the Eastern part of Germany (Chemnitz, Leipzig), Poland (Łódź, Kielce, Katowice conurbation, and peripheral urban centres from Eastern Poland), Slovakia (Bratislava, Nitra), the Czech Republic (Olomouc, Brno), and from Hungary (Pécs). The analysed urban areas have undergone far-reaching political and socio-economic changes in the last 30 years. These changes began with the collapse of communism and the centrally planned economy system in the region of Central Europe. The beginning of this period, often referred to as post-socialist transformation, dates back to 1989. The consequence of the aforementioned political processes was the multifaceted socio-economic and demographic changes that significantly affected urban areas in Central Europe. This book presents an attempt to summarize the main long-term processes of changes taking place in these urban areas and to identify contemporary and future trends in their socio-economic development.The book will be valuable to undergraduate and postgraduate students in human geography, urban studies, economy, and city marketing, especially with an interest in Central Europe.

This book explores theoretical concepts of strategic promotion and place branding in cities. It outlines the issues associated with strategic management of urban territories and highlights various types of development strategies that seek to encourage socio-economic development, growth and city branding, particularly within the tourism industry. It examines the rules and methods for analysing the current branding of a city and how new branding and promotion strategies are created. Through a range of international examples the book considers the missions, aims and implementation of branding strategies and the importance of monitoring and controlling procedures. The first part of the book provides theoretical context, followed by a detailed exploration of the promotional and branding strategy prepared for the city of Tomaszów Mazowiecki in Poland.This book provides the reader with theoretical and practical insights on city branding and will appeal to scholars and students in urban studies, geography, tourism, management and economics.

The science of biomedical measurements is experiencing a period of rapid development. Biomedical measuring systems are becoming increasingly accurate on the one hand and complex on the other. In order to make progress in this field, metrological problems must be solved using a systemic and formal approach. To this end, it is necessary to define the components of the system and the rules for their interaction, which allows the creation of a mathematical model. In this way, any technology or object can be presented in the form of a structure on which the necessary estimates can be formulated and synthesis, including metrological one, can be made. The authors have observed that despite the significance of the problem, few scientific centres deal with this issue in a generalised manner. Hence the idea of bringing together the achievements of the centres from Russia, Poland and Kazakhstan in one joint publication.The first and second volumes of Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics found readers not only in Poland, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan but also Spain, Russia and the Czech Republic. Following the readers’ suggestions, in the third volume of ITMD we returned to the formula of closed chapters known from volume one. Due to its limited volume, the book deals with the aforementioned issues in only selected areas of biomedical engineering.The book will be of interest not only for academics and engineers but also for professionals involved in biomedical engineering, seeking solutions for the problems that cannot be solved using "traditional" technologies or trying to improve existing measurement systems.

The engineering profession is at a critical juncture that requires reforming engineering education. The supply of engineers is declining whereas the nature of the demand is changing. Formulating a response to these challenges demands the adoption of new and innovative tools and methods for promoting the expansion of the community while supporting these evolving requirements. Initiatives to entice and retain students are being employed to support growth objectives. Modern technologies are reshaping reform efforts. This book discusses the state of affairs in the field of engineering education and presents practical steps for addressing the challenges in order to march toward a brighter future.Features Covers the latest state of engineering education in the North America, Europe, Middle East, North Africa, and Far East AsiaDiscusses advances in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics and community engagementOutlines applications of digital technologies to enhance learningProvides advances in remote and online instructions for engineering educationPresents discussions on innovation, leadership, and ethics

Completely revised and updated, taking the scientific rigor to a whole new level, the second edition of the Occupational Ergonomics Handbook is now available in two volumes. This new organization demonstrates the enormous amount of advances that have occurred in the field since the publication of the first edition. The editors have brought together researchers from a wide range of disciplines with pioneering practitioners in industry to cover a diverse list of ergonomics topics. The second edition not only provides more information but makes it more accessible. Each individual volume narrows the focus while broadening the coverage, supplying immediate access to important information. One of the most comprehensive sources for ergonomic knowledge available, providing both sound theory and practical examples, this book is a valuable resource for anyone in the field.Interventions, Controls, and Applications in Occupational Ergonomics begins with descriptions of the elements of the ergonomics processes, including success factors for implementation of industrial ergonomics programs. It includes coverage of injury surveillance database systems and corporate health management for the design and evaluation of health in industrial organizations, ergonomics processes from the small and large industry perspectives, and human digital modeling, as well as facilities planning and organizational design and macro-ergonomics. Additional chapters present methods and techniques for engineering control, including tried and true strategies and pitfalls to avoid, and discuss the theory and practice of ergonomics interventions in the workplace.Using this information as a cornerstone, the book addresses the issues of medical management of work-related musculoskeletal disorders, systems approach to rehabilitation, wrist splints, and application of the clinical lumbar motion monitor. It provides an overview of best practices for ergonomics intervention with respect to the des

Completely revised and updated, taking the scientific rigor to a whole new level, the second edition of the Occupational Ergonomics Handbook is now available in two volumes. This new organization demonstrates the enormous amount of advances that have occurred in the field since the publication of the first edition. The second edition not only provides more information but makes it more accessible. Each volume narrows the focus while broadening the coverage, supplying immediate access to important information. One of the most comprehensive sources for ergonomic knowledge available, written by leading experts, providing both sound theory and practical examples, this book is a valuable resource for anyone in the field.Fundamental and Assessment Tools for Occupational Ergonomics merges the frontiers of ergonomics, workplace design, and management issues. The editors have brought together researchers from disciplines such as biomechanics, anthropometry, and cognitive science with pioneering practitioners in industry. They discuss tools of the trade, upper extremity analysis, backs, interventions, management issues, design for ergonomics, principles of product design, band-aid approaches, processing, distribution centers, and service systems. The handbook is a compendium of information authored by top-flight investigators who represent the cutting edge of opinion, research, and interest in the field.

This substantially revised and updated second edition of The Marshals of Alexander’s Empire (1992) examines Alexander’s most important officers, who commanded army units and were involved in military and political deliberations. Chapters on these men have been expanded, giving greater attention to personalities, bias in the sources, and the social as well as military setting, including more on familial connections and regional origins in an attempt to create a better understanding of factions. The major confrontations, military and political, are treated in greater detail within the biographies, and a discussion of the organization and command structure of the Makedonian army has been added.

Using ergonomics in forensics can help prevent the recurrence of system failures through engineering or administrative controls. It can also raise the level of concern among professionals and the public regarding product, workplace, and service safety due to perceived exposure to liability. Even with such a potentially important and broad impact, forensic human factors is a subject that is neither taught nor systematically practiced. There is little documentation to help develop a knowledge of the field in a systematic way, nor is there a large pool of qualified practitioners.The Handbook of Human Factors in Litigation provides a comprehensive reference that provides the tools necessary for the preparation, analysis, and presentation of forensic evidence. Compiled by experienced, internationally respected authors, this handbook represents the state-of-the-art in the application of ergonomics to forensic investigation. It contains information on the litigation process, forensic approaches and methods, important scientific data in the major application areas, and valuable case studies.For legal and forensic practitioners, this handbook will serve as an indispensable reference and as the foundation for further development of formal study in the field. For product and workplace designers and managers, it is a useful tool in the management of exposure to liability.

The age of Alexander and his conquest of the Persian or Achaemenid Empire, which had existed for over two centuries, represents a watershed in the history of the world. This book offers fascinating insight into the achievements of one of the greatest generals ever known. Alexander's conquests are of profound significance. By perfecting the new weapons and tactics developed by his father and combining them with the use of specialist units and advancements in siege warfare, Alexander enabled the Macedonian kingdom to move beyond the restrictions of city-state armies and on to the stage of world conquest.

What you need to know to engineer the global service economy. As customers and service providers create new value through globally interconnected service enterprises, service engineers are finding new opportunities to innovate, design, and manage the service operations and processes of the new service-based economy. Introduction to Service Engineering provides the tools and information a service engineer needs to fulfill this critical new role. The book introduces engineers as well as students to the fundamentals of the theory and practice of service engineering, covering the characteristics of service enterprises, service design and operations, customer service and service quality, web-based services, and innovations in service systems. Readers explore such key aspects of service engineering as: The role of service science in developing a smarter planetService enterprises, including: enterprise value creation, architecture of service organizations, service enterprise modeling, and the application of methods of systems engineering to servicesService design, including collaborative e-service systems and the new service development processService operations and management, including service call centersService quality, from design operations to customer relationsWeb-based services and technology in the global e-organizationInnovation in service systems from service engineering to integrative solutions, service-oriented architecture solutions, and technology transfer streamsWith chapters written by fifty-seven specialists and edited by bestselling authors Gavriel Salvendy and Waldemar Karwowski, Introduction to Service Engineering uses numerous examples, problems, and real-world case studies to help readers master the knowledge and the skills required to succeed in service engineering.

A Comprehensive Monograph on Dioxirane Oxidations The oxidation of organic compounds is one of the most important methods for the introduction and manipulation of functional groups. Among the most modern of these transformations is the use of the fascinating family of oxidants known as dioxiranes. A dioxirane can, by transferring one of its oxygen atoms to organic substrates, effect a remarkable array of oxidative processes such as epoxidation, C-H insertion, and heteroatom (N, S, P, I) oxidation. In addition to their versatility, dioxiranes can be generated catalytically under mild conditions and produce no toxic waste stream as part of the oxidation process. Moreover, some of the most exciting recent developments involve the enantioselective introduction of oxygen atoms via chiral dioxiranes. This book represents the first single volume dedicated to the comprehensive coverage of the myriad of oxidations of organic compounds performed by dioxiranes. The contents of this book are extracted from comprehensive reviews of the topics contained in the Organic Reactions series and cover the oxidation of alkenes and the oxidation of all other organic substrates. In addition, updated lists of references for each of the chapters are provided, bringing the literature coverage up to June 2008.The authors of these chapters are among the pioneers of dioxirane chemistry and draw on extensive firsthand knowledge of the subject. As with all Organic Reactions content, the presentation emphasizes the preparative aspects of the reactions and pays particular attention throughout to substrate scope, limitations, structural and electronic influences, and stereochemical aspects. For the student or experienced practitioner, both general guidelines for carrying out the reactions as well as detailed experimental procedures are provided. Most importantly, all known examples of dioxirane oxidations have been compiled in easy-to-scan tables covering over 500 pages.Oxidation of Organic Compounds by Dioxiranes is an indispensable working resource for organic and medicinal chemists as well as anyone wishing to own the definitive treatise on this fascinating and useful class of oxidants.