Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law – serie
Visar alla böcker i serien Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law. Handla med fri frakt och snabb leverans.
103 produkter
103 produkter
Del 5 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
The Legal Protection of Databases
Häftad, Engelska, 2007
502 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
Mark Davison examines several legal models designed to protect databases, considering in particular the EU Directive, the history of its adoption and its transposition into national laws. He compares the Directive with a range of American legislative proposals, as well as the principles of misappropriation that underpin them. In addition, the book also contains a commentary on the appropriateness of the various models in the context of moves for an international agreement on the topic. This book will be of interest to academics and practitioners, including those involved with databases and other forms of new media.
Del 3 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
Copyright and Multimedia Products
A Comparative Analysis
Häftad, Engelska, 2007
613 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
Multimedia products have experienced tremendous market success. Yet too often they are given inadequate protection under existing national and international copyright schemes. Irini Stamatoudi provides a comprehensive, comparative treatment of multimedia works and copyright protection in this clear and concise volume. A detailed introduction outlines the nature of the multimedia work, as well as the scope of existing legislation; separate chapters consider collections and compilations, databases, audiovisual works and computer programs (video games are here treated as a 'test case'). Stamatoudi then analyses issues of qualification, regime of protection, and offers a model for a European legislative solution. Copyright and Multimedia Products will interest academics and students, as well as practitioners and copyright policy makers.
Del 4 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
The Commercial Appropriation of Personality
Häftad, Engelska, 2008
712 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
Commercial exploitation of attributes of an individual's personality, such as name, voice and likeness, forms a mainstay of modern advertising and marketing. Such indicia also represent an important aspect of an individual's dignity which is often offended by unauthorized commercial appropriation. This volume provides a framework for analysing the disparate aspects of the problem of commercial appropriation of personality and traces, in detail, the discrete patterns of development in the major common law systems. It also considers whether a coherent justification for a remedy may be identified from a range of competing theories. The considerable variation in substantive legal protection reflects more fundamental differences in the law's responsiveness to commercial practices and different attitudes towards the proper scope and limits of intangible property rights.
Del 1 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
The Making of Modern Intellectual Property Law
Häftad, Engelska, 2008
551 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
One of the common themes in recent public debate has been the law's inability to accommodate the new ways of creating, distributing and replicating intellectual products. In this book the authors argue that in order to understand many of the problems currently confronting the law, it is necessary to understand its past. This is its first detailed historical account. In this book the authors explore two related themes. First, they explain why intellectual property law came to take its now familiar shape with sub-categories of patents, copyright, designs and trade marks. Secondly, the authors set out to explain how it is that the law grants property status to intangibles. In doing so they explore the rise and fall of creativity as an organising concept in intellectual property law, the mimetic nature of intellectual property law and the important role that the registration process plays in shaping intangible property.
Del 8 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
The Internationalisation of Copyright Law
Books, Buccaneers and the Black Flag in the Nineteenth Century
Häftad, Engelska, 2009
613 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
Technological developments have shaped copyright law's development, and now the prospect of endless, effortless digital copying poses a significant challenge to modern copyright law. Many complain that copyright protection has burgeoned wildly, far beyond its original boundaries. Some have questioned whether copyright can survive the digital age. From a historical perspective, however, many of these 'new' challenges are simply fresh presentations of familiar dilemmas. This book explores the history of international copyright law, and looks at how this history is relevant today. It focuses on international copyright during the nineteenth century, as it affected Europe, the British colonies (particularly Canada), America, and the UK. As we consider the reform of modern copyright law, nineteenth-century experiences offer highly relevant empirical evidence. Copyright law has proved itself robust and flexible over several centuries. If directed with vision, Seville argues, it can negotiate cyberspace.
Del 6 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
Copyright Exceptions
The Digital Impact
Häftad, Engelska, 2009
576 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
This book was first published in 2005. Copyright 'exceptions' or 'users' rights' have become a highly controversial aspect of copyright law. Most recently, Member States of the European Union have been forced to amend their systems of exceptions so as to comply with the Information Society Directive. Taking the newly amended UK legislation as a case study, this book examines why copyright exceptions are necessary and the forces that have shaped the present legislative regime in the UK. It seeks to further our understanding of the exceptions by combining detailed doctrinal analysis with insights gained from a range of other sources. The principal argument of the book is that the UK's current system of 'permitted acts' is much too restrictive and hence is in urgent need of reform, but that paradoxically the Information Society Directive points the way towards a much more satisfactory approach.
Del 10 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
Trade Marks and Brands
An Interdisciplinary Critique
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
699 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
Developments in trade marks law have called into question a variety of basic features, as well as bolder extensions, of legal protection. Other disciplines can help us think about fundamental issues such as: what is a trade mark? What does it do? What should be the scope of its protection? This volume assembles essays examining trade marks and brands from a multiplicity of fields: from business history, marketing, linguistics, legal history, philosophy, sociology and geography. Each chapter pairs lawyers' and non-lawyers' perspectives, so that each commentator addresses and critiques his or her counterpart's analysis. The perspectives of non-legal fields are intended to enrich legal academics' and practitioners' reflections about trade marks, and to expose lawyers, judges and policy-makers to ideas, concepts and methods that could prove to be of particular importance in the development of positive law.
Del 15 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
Relocating the Law of Geographical Indications
Inbunden, Engelska, 2012
1 491 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
There is considerable variation in the nature, scope and institutional forms of legal protection for valuable geographical brands such as Champagne, Colombian coffee and Darjeeling tea. While regional products are increasingly important for producers, consumers and policy makers, the international legal regime under the TRIPS Agreement remains unclear. Adopting a historical approach, Dev Gangjee explores the rules regulating these valuable geographical designations within international intellectual property law. He traces the emergence of geographical indications as a distinct category while investigating the key distinguishing feature of the link between regional products and their places of origin. The research addresses long-standing puzzles, such as the multiplicity of regimes operating in this area; the recognition of the link between product and place and its current articulation in the TRIPS definition; the varying scope of protection; and the extent to which geographical indications ought to be treated as a category distinct from trade marks.
Del 13 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
Copyright and Piracy
An Interdisciplinary Critique
Inbunden, Engelska, 2010
1 702 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
An understanding of the changing nature of the law and practice of copyright infringement is a task too big for lawyers alone; it requires additional inputs from economists, historians, technologists, sociologists, cultural theorists and criminologists. Where is the boundary to be drawn between illegal imitation and legal inspiration? Would the answer be different for creators, artists and experts from different disciplines or fields? How have concepts of copyright infringement altered over time and how do such changes relate, if at all, to the cultural norms operating amongst creators in different fields? With such an approach, one might perhaps begin to address the vital and overarching question of whether strong copyright laws, rigorously enforced, impede rather than promote creativity. And what can be done to avoid any such adverse consequences, while maintaining the effectiveness of copyright as an incentive-mechanism for those who need it?
Del 12 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
The Protection of Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge in International Law of Intellectual Property
Inbunden, Engelska, 2009
1 491 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
The relationships between international intellectual property treaties, the United Nations international environmental treaties (first and foremost the Convention on Biological Diversity), the relevant customary norms and soft law form a complex network of obligations that sometimes conflict with each other. The first set of treaties creates private rights while the latter affirms the sovereignty rights of States over genetic resources and related knowledge and creates international regimes of exploitation of the same. Jonathan Curci proposes solutions to the conflicts between treaties through the concept of 'mutual supportiveness', including the construction of a national-access and benefit-sharing regime, mandatory contractual provisions in relevant international contracts, a defensive protection when genetic resource-related traditional knowledge is unjustly patented through the analysis of the concepts of 'ordre public and morality', 'certificate of origin' in the patent application and 'novelty-destroying prior art' and positive protection through existing and sui generis intellectual property rights and misappropriation regimes.
Del 9 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
Software and Patents in Europe
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
551 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
The computer program exclusion from Article 52 of the European Patent Convention (EPC) proved impossible to uphold as industry moved over to digital technology, and the Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Organisation (EPO) felt emboldened to circumvent the EPC in Vicom by creating the legal fiction of 'technical effect'. This 'engineer's solution' emphasised that protection should be available for a device, a situation which has led to software and business methods being protected throughout Europe when the form of application, rather than the substance, is acceptable. Since the Article 52 exclusion has effectively vanished, this text examines what makes examination of software invention difficult and what leads to such energetic opposition to protecting inventive activity in the software field. Leith advocates a more programming-centric approach, which recognises that software examination requires different strategies from that of other technical fields.
Del 1 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
The Making of Modern Intellectual Property Law
Inbunden, Engelska, 1999
1 405 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
One of the common themes in recent public debate has been the law's inability to accommodate the new ways of creating, distributing and replicating intellectual products. In this book the authors argue that in order to understand many of the problems currently confronting the law, it is necessary to understand its past. This is its first detailed historical account. In this book the authors explore two related themes. First, they explain why intellectual property law came to take its now familiar shape with sub-categories of patents, copyright, designs and trade marks. Secondly, the authors set out to explain how it is that the law grants property status to intangibles. In doing so they explore the rise and fall of creativity as an organising concept in intellectual property law, the mimetic nature of intellectual property law and the important role that the registration process plays in shaping intangible property.
Del 14 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
Fashioning Intellectual Property
Exhibition, Advertising and the Press, 1789-1918
Inbunden, Engelska, 2012
874 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
Vigorous public debate about intellectual property has a long history. In this assessment of the shifting relationships between the law and the economic, social and cultural sources of creativity and innovation during the long-nineteenth century, Megan Richardson and Julian Thomas examine the 'fashioning' of the law by focusing on emblematic cases, key legislative changes and broader debates. Along the way, the authors highlight how, in 'the age of journalism', the press shaped, and was shaped by, the idea of intellectual property as a protective crucible for improvements in knowledge and progress in the arts and sciences. The engagement in our own time between intellectual property and the creative industries remains volatile and unsettled. As the authors conclude, the fresh opportunities for artistic diversity, expression and communication offered by new media could see the place of intellectual property in the scheme of law being reinvented once again.
Del 4 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
The Commercial Appropriation of Personality
Inbunden, Engelska, 2002
1 491 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
Commercial exploitation of attributes of an individual's personality, such as name, voice and likeness, forms a mainstay of modern advertising and marketing. Such indicia also represent an important aspect of an individual's dignity which is often offended by unauthorized commercial appropriation. This volume provides a framework for analysing the disparate aspects of the problem of commercial appropriation of personality and traces, in detail, the discrete patterns of development in the major common law systems. It also considers whether a coherent justification for a remedy may be identified from a range of competing theories. The considerable variation in substantive legal protection reflects more fundamental differences in the law's responsiveness to commercial practices and different attitudes towards the proper scope and limits of intangible property rights.
Del 5 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
The Legal Protection of Databases
Inbunden, Engelska, 2003
1 516 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
Mark Davison examines several legal models designed to protect databases, considering in particular the EU Directive, the history of its adoption and its transposition into national laws. He compares the Directive with a range of American legislative proposals, as well as the principles of misappropriation that underpin them. In addition, the book also contains a commentary on the appropriateness of the various models in the context of moves for an international agreement on the topic. This book will be of interest to academics and practitioners, including those involved with databases and other forms of new media.
Del 3 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
Copyright and Multimedia Products
A Comparative Analysis
Inbunden, Engelska, 2001
1 590 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
Multimedia products have experienced tremendous market success. Yet too often they are given inadequate protection under existing national and international copyright schemes. Irini Stamatoudi provides a comprehensive, comparative treatment of multimedia works and copyright protection in this clear and concise volume. A detailed introduction outlines the nature of the multimedia work, as well as the scope of existing legislation; separate chapters consider collections and compilations, databases, audiovisual works and computer programs (video games are here treated as a 'test case'). Stamatoudi then analyses issues of qualification, regime of protection, and offers a model for a European legislative solution. Copyright and Multimedia Products will interest academics and students, as well as practitioners and copyright policy makers.
Del 7 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
Privacy, Property and Personality
Civil Law Perspectives on Commercial Appropriation
Inbunden, Engelska, 2005
1 355 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
The protection of privacy and personality is one of the most fascinating issues confronting any legal system. This book provides a detailed comparative analysis of the laws relating to commercial exploitation of personality in France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States. It examines the difficulties in reconciling privacy and personality with intellectual property rights in an individual's identity and in balancing such rights with the competing interests of freedom of expression and freedom of competition. This analysis will be useful for lawyers in legal systems which have yet to develop a sophisticated level of protection for interests in personality. Equally, lawyers in systems which provide a higher level of protection will benefit from the comparative insights into determining the nature and scope of intellectual property rights in personality, particularly questions relating to assignment, licensing, and post-mortem protection.
Del 6 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
Copyright Exceptions
The Digital Impact
Inbunden, Engelska, 2005
1 627 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
This book was first published in 2005. Copyright 'exceptions' or 'users' rights' have become a highly controversial aspect of copyright law. Most recently, Member States of the European Union have been forced to amend their systems of exceptions so as to comply with the Information Society Directive. Taking the newly amended UK legislation as a case study, this book examines why copyright exceptions are necessary and the forces that have shaped the present legislative regime in the UK. It seeks to further our understanding of the exceptions by combining detailed doctrinal analysis with insights gained from a range of other sources. The principal argument of the book is that the UK's current system of 'permitted acts' is much too restrictive and hence is in urgent need of reform, but that paradoxically the Information Society Directive points the way towards a much more satisfactory approach.
Del 8 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
The Internationalisation of Copyright Law
Books, Buccaneers and the Black Flag in the Nineteenth Century
Inbunden, Engelska, 2006
1 491 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
Technological developments have shaped copyright law's development, and now the prospect of endless, effortless digital copying poses a significant challenge to modern copyright law. Many complain that copyright protection has burgeoned wildly, far beyond its original boundaries. Some have questioned whether copyright can survive the digital age. From a historical perspective, however, many of these 'new' challenges are simply fresh presentations of familiar dilemmas. This book explores the history of international copyright law, and looks at how this history is relevant today. It focuses on international copyright during the nineteenth century, as it affected Europe, the British colonies (particularly Canada), America, and the UK. As we consider the reform of modern copyright law, nineteenth-century experiences offer highly relevant empirical evidence. Copyright law has proved itself robust and flexible over several centuries. If directed with vision, Seville argues, it can negotiate cyberspace.
Del 9 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
Software and Patents in Europe
Inbunden, Engelska, 2007
1 479 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
The computer program exclusion from Article 52 of the European Patent Convention (EPC) proved impossible to uphold as industry moved over to digital technology, and the Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Organisation (EPO) felt emboldened to circumvent the EPC in Vicom by creating the legal fiction of 'technical effect'. This 'engineer's solution' emphasised that protection should be available for a device, a situation which has led to software and business methods being protected throughout Europe when the form of application, rather than the substance, is acceptable. Since the Article 52 exclusion has effectively vanished, this text examines what makes examination of software invention difficult and what leads to such energetic opposition to protecting inventive activity in the software field. Leith advocates a more programming-centric approach, which recognises that software examination requires different strategies from that of other technical fields.
Del 10 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
Trade Marks and Brands
An Interdisciplinary Critique
Inbunden, Engelska, 2008
1 627 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
Developments in trade marks law have called into question a variety of basic features, as well as bolder extensions, of legal protection. Other disciplines can help us think about fundamental issues such as: what is a trade mark? What does it do? What should be the scope of its protection? This volume assembles essays examining trade marks and brands from a multiplicity of fields: from business history, marketing, linguistics, legal history, philosophy, sociology and geography. Each chapter pairs lawyers' and non-lawyers' perspectives, so that each commentator addresses and critiques his or her counterpart's analysis. The perspectives of non-legal fields are intended to enrich legal academics' and practitioners' reflections about trade marks, and to expose lawyers, judges and policy-makers to ideas, concepts and methods that could prove to be of particular importance in the development of positive law.
Del 10 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
Gene Patents and Collaborative Licensing Models
Patent Pools, Clearinghouses, Open Source Models and Liability Regimes
Inbunden, Engelska, 2009
1 702 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
Concerns have been expressed that gene patents might result in restricted access to research and health care. The exponential growth of patents claiming human DNA sequences might result in patent thickets, royalty stacking and, ultimately, a 'tragedy of the anti-commons' in genetics. The essays in this book explore models designed to render patented genetic inventions accessible for further use in research, diagnosis or treatment. The models include patent pools, clearing house mechanisms, open source structures and liability regimes. They are analysed by scholars and practitioners in genetics, law, economics and philosophy. The volume looks beyond theoretical and scholarly analysis by conducting empirical investigation of existing examples of collaborative licensing models. Those models are examined from a theoretical perspective and tested in a set of operational cases. This combined approach is unique in its kind and prompts well founded and realistic solutions to problems in the current gene patent landscape.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2025
1 306 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
Copyright is meant to promote access to knowledge and culture and reward creators. But around the world, publishers, record labels and other investors continue to hoover up the rights and rewards due to creators and leave masses of creativity locked away from the public. This book shows why this bargain is broken, and how reverting copyright to creators can help redress it - allowing them to revitalise old works, turbocharged by technological advances that are providing more opportunities to do so than ever before. With cutting-edge empirical and doctrinal analysis of dominant reversion models from the United States, the Commonwealth and the EU, the book provides policymakers and academics with best-practice principles for designing reversion mechanisms that can help copyright laws do a better job of supporting the public interest in access while helping artists get paid. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2025
1 368 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
This book focuses on music industry contracts and the contractual dynamics between composing and/or performing musicians and their primary partners in the digitised music industry, namely music publishers and record companies, taking account of the ubiquitous nature of music streaming. It focuses on the question of how the legal framework intervenes and should intervene in such contracts, both in theory and in practice. Its objective is to contribute to a level playing field that counteracts the imbalance in bargaining power between musicians and their corporate partners in a proportionate way. The book draws upon an analysis of copyright contract law at the European Union and national level, as well as relevant principles of general contract law, competition law and related applicable rules that curb business-to-business contract terms and trade practices characterised as unreasonable. The book studies the applicable legal framework in Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.This title is part of the Flip it Open Programme and may also be available Open Access. Check our website Cambridge Core for details.
Del 63 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
Intangible Intangibles
Patent Law's Engagement with Dematerialised Subject Matter
Häftad, Engelska, 2024
378 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
This book takes as its starting point recent debates over the dematerialisation of subject matter which have arisen because of changes in information technology, molecular biology, and related fields that produced a subject matter with no obvious material form or trace. Arguing against the idea that dematerialisation is a uniquely twenty-first century problem, this book looks at three situations where US patent law has already dealt with a dematerialised subject matter: nineteenth century chemical inventions, computer-related inventions in the 1970s, and biological subject matter across the twentieth century. In looking at what we can learn from these historical accounts about how the law responded to a dematerialised subject matter and the role that science and technology played in that process, this book provides a history of patentable subject matter in the United States. This title is available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Del 63 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
Intangible Intangibles
Patent Law's Engagement with Dematerialised Subject Matter
Inbunden, Engelska, 2024
1 182 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
This book takes as its starting point recent debates over the dematerialisation of subject matter which have arisen because of changes in information technology, molecular biology, and related fields that produced a subject matter with no obvious material form or trace. Arguing against the idea that dematerialisation is a uniquely twenty-first century problem, this book looks at three situations where US patent law has already dealt with a dematerialised subject matter: nineteenth century chemical inventions, computer-related inventions in the 1970s, and biological subject matter across the twentieth century. In looking at what we can learn from these historical accounts about how the law responded to a dematerialised subject matter and the role that science and technology played in that process, this book provides a history of patentable subject matter in the United States. This title is available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2026
1 306 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
This book retraces the emergence of conceptions of authorship in late-eighteenth-century Germany by studying the material form of Immanuel Kant's 1785 essay, 'On the Wrongfulness of Reprinting'. Drawing upon book history, media theory, and literary studies, Benjamin Goh analyses the essay's paratexts as indices of literary production in the German Enlightenment. Far from being an idealist proponent of intellectual property, Kant is shown to be a media theorist and practitioner, whose critical negotiation with the evolving print machinery in his time helps illuminate our present struggle with digital technology and the mounting pressures borne by copyright as a proprietary institution. Through its novel perspective on established debates surrounding authorship, this book critiques the proprietary conception of authorship in copyright law, and proposes an ethical alternative that responds to the production, circulation, and reading of literature. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2026
1 462 kr
Kommande
This book explores Russia's 100-year history of institutional experiments with legal forms, incentives, and organizational structures in search of an optimal system of knowledge production and diffusion. How was the Soviet Union able to industrialize in the absence of intellectual property, while Russia fails to re-industrialize despite adopting strong intellectual property rights that are presumed to be better suited to promoting innovation? What happened to Russia after it introduced the globalized rules of intellectual property? Informed by interviews with key players in the Russian innovation system and case studies in biopharmaceutical and information technology industries, the book exposes the informal side of the institution of intellectual property in Russia. The study reveals that the Russian case is not simply a story of institutional decline; it is also a story of how a new informal system is evolving in which new networks are steering Russia's approach to innovation.
Häftad, Engelska, 2026
534 kr
Kommande
This book explores Russia's 100-year history of institutional experiments with legal forms, incentives, and organizational structures in search of an optimal system of knowledge production and diffusion. How was the Soviet Union able to industrialize in the absence of intellectual property, while Russia fails to re-industrialize despite adopting strong intellectual property rights that are presumed to be better suited to promoting innovation? What happened to Russia after it introduced the globalized rules of intellectual property? Informed by interviews with key players in the Russian innovation system and case studies in biopharmaceutical and information technology industries, the book exposes the informal side of the institution of intellectual property in Russia. The study reveals that the Russian case is not simply a story of institutional decline; it is also a story of how a new informal system is evolving in which new networks are steering Russia's approach to innovation.
Del 19 - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law
Exclusions from Patentability
How Far Has the European Patent Office Eroded Boundaries?
Inbunden, Engelska, 2012
1 442 kr
Skickas inom 7-10 vardagar
Exclusions from Patentability reviews the history of the adoption of exclusions from patentability under the European Patent Convention since its first conception in 1949 through to its most recent revision. The analysis shows how other intellectual property treaties, such as UPOV, the Strasbourg Patent Convention, PCT, the EU Biotech Directive and TRIPS have affected the framing of the exclusions. Particular attention is given to those exclusions considered the most contentious (computer programmes, discoveries, medical treatments, life forms and agriculture) and those decisions which have been most influential in shaping the approaches by which the exclusions have been interpreted. The 'morality' exclusion and the interpretation of the exclusions are discussed critically and suggestions for coherent interpretation are made.