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Time and space are two of the most basic dimensions of human life. They envelop all human beings from birth to death. As such, they provide the context for human existence. At the same time, however, time and space also serve as major influencing factors in mankind's actions. Hence, a vast literature has developed on time and space as separate dimensions, and recently on time-space as joint dimensions. Interestingly enough, the social connotations of time and space have mostly been studied with the individual human being in mind. The more societal significance of time and space, whether separately or jointly, have been relatively neglected. It is the purpose of this volume to help fill this lacuna through discussions on some of the many junctions of time, space, and society at large. The discussion will naturally involve concepts and findings from more than just one discipline -- notably, geography, sociology, social history and political science. It is, thus, obvious that the topic may be highlighted from several perspectives. Given my own education and work, the approach will lean more to the geographical perspective. Geography has a special merit as an integrating framework for the study of time, space, and society. It is a discipline that has space at the center of its raison d'etre and, as such, has always striven for integration, holism and comprehensiveness.
Recreational Uses of Coastal Areas
A Research Project of the Commission on the Coastal Environment, International Geographical Union
Inbunden, Engelska, 1989
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Human clustering in coastal areas The coastal zone has gained a solid reputation as a place vocated for recreational activities and this is generally related to the presence of the sea. The relationship, however, does not appear univocal or simple: the sea can be perceived as a hostile element by humans and the more general question of whether the presence of the shore is in itself a favourable, repulsive, or irrelevant factor to settlement is a debatable point, at least for pre-industrial societies. Back in the early part of the 19th century, Friedrich Hegel regarded oceans and rivers as unifying elements rather than dividing ones, thus implying a trend towards the concentration of human settlements along them. 'The sea', he wrote, 'stimulates 1 courage and conquest, as well as profit and plunder', although he realized that this did not equally apply to all maritime peoples. In Hegel's view, different approaches to the sea were mainly the results of cultural factors and, in fact, he recognized that some people living in coastal areas perceive the sea as a dangerous and alien place and the shore as aftnis terrae.
Taming the Yellow River: Silt and Floods
Proceedings of a Bilateral Seminar on Problems in the Lower Reaches of the Yellow River, China
Inbunden, Engelska, 1989
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About four years ago Dr. Gilbert White visited China and sowed the seeds of this project through conversations with Drs. Huang and Gong of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Mr. Long of the Yellow River Conservancy Commission. After some additional rounds of communications by letter, the plan for a workshop evolved and Drs. Wolman and Brush visited with Dr. Sabadell of the Nat_ional Science Foundation to begin the initial planning. In March 1987 Dr. Brush visited China and the details were worked out for the October 1987 workshop. At the outset it was recognized that the 10 American scientists and engineers ltad very Ii ttle knowledge of the Yellow River and none had ever seen it. Therefore, it became important that field trips be scheduled before the workshop to better set the stage for fruitful discussions. It was also acknowledged that the American participants could not present papers about the Yellow River per se so their offerings reflected their general knowledge of rivers using other rivers as examples. On the other hand the Chinese participants were all well into the difficult problems of harnessing the Yellow River and made their presentations accordingly. Despite these differences the subject matter was the unifying thread and cross communication was excellent.
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In August 1989, a Summer Institute was held at the Academie van Bouwkunst, the seventeenth century home of Amsterdam's School of Architecture, Town Planning and Landscape. The meeting brought together experts in Geographical Information Systems from throughout the world to address an international audience of planners. The contents of this book reflect many of the themes that were presented and discussed at the conference. The Summer Institute, let alone this volume, would not have been possible without the support of the International Association for the Development and Management of Existing and New Towns (INTNAIVN), the International Society of City and Regional Planners (ISoCaRP), The National Physical Planning Agency of the Netherlands (RPD) and the Berlage Studio. We wish to acknowledge the assistance provided by these organisations and by the various sponsors: The Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment, the Municipality of Amsterdam, Logisterion b.v., ESRI, UNISYS, MABON b.v., SPSS, PRIME Computer Inc., PANDATA. The provision of hardware facilities by the various computer companies allowed immensely valuable 'hands on' experience to be gained by all the participants.
Land Use Changes in Europe
Processes of Change, Environmental Transformations and Future Patterns
Inbunden, Engelska, 1991
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oil is the lifeblood of the World's economy. To conceive of a world without traffic jams and airliners is unthinkable, and while not so obvious, oil lies behind every supermarket shelf, fuelling the tractor that ploughs the field and the delivery van that brings the consumer his food.
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Randstad Holland is the urbanized western part of the Netherlands. It contains the four largest cities of the country: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht. The name Randstad (rim city) refers to the distinctive shape of the conurbation, a horseshoe of cities around an open agricultural and recreational area, known as the Green Heart. This book analyzes the restructuring of the region. The volume summarizes the research of the Urban Networks Research Program. The discussion is focused on four themes: housing, labour market and employment, infrastructure and transportation, and the provision of public services. The Randstad is internationally known as the playground of urban and regional planners. Their debates on present policy issues are extensively reviewed in the book. This work should be of interest to teachers and students of urban change and planning, and policy makers and planners in The Netherlands and abroad.
Oceanic and Anthropogenic Controls of Life in the Pacific Ocean
Proceedings of the 2nd Pacific Symposium on Marine Sciences, Nadhodka, Russia, August 11–19, 1988
Inbunden, Engelska, 1992
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This volume presents a collection of multidisciplinary papers written by scientists from the various countries of the Pacific rim. The major topics covered are the origins of life in the marine environment, the changing distribution of biological parameters, hydrophysical and hydrochemical processes, and the exploitation of ocean resources and the ensuing consequences. The material is divided into five parts. An introduction gives an overview of the research activities of the IOC and related organizations. The following four parts of the book comprise a number of survey papers which deal with specific aspects of marine science in the Pacific Ocean. This book should be of use to researchers and decision makers interested in marine and environmental science with an emphasis on the Pacific Ocean.
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This book gives a comprehensive overview in the English language of Belgian planning and urban development. As such it satisfies a void in the planning literature about developments in an increasingly important country of northwest Europe. Belgium and its capital, Brussels, are the administrative heart of the emerging European Community. The physical impact of this administrative centrality will be enormous - especially for Brussels. The planning response to these new functions by the Belgian government and people is given attention in this text. The book also describes the unique cultural and political circumstances of Belgium, a nation which combines both Latin and Germanic cultural strains. The impact of linguistic divisions on the content of planning legislation and the content of planning is another major theme of the book. The special issues of urban development in Brussels and Antwerp, the nation's two largest cities, are discussed as well as the planning issues of smaller cities, including Brugge with its vast historic patrimony, Liege and Louvain-la-Neuve, a new academic town for the French-speaking segment of the population.
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The title of this book is suggested as a notion which characterizes the nature of social relations in general and the relationships between Israelis and Palestinians in particular. According to it, Israelis and Palestinians, as societies and as individuals, are not definable independently of each other. In a kind of implicate relation, one is enfolded within the other, to the extent that Palestinian national identity can be seen as a Zionist creation. Implicate relations further implies that societies are socio-spatial entities which come into being and acquire their collective self-consciousness and self-identity through a process of spatial dialects. As illustrated throughout the discussions in the book, spatial dialects was the process through which European Jews were driven into an identity crisis once their (spatial) ghetto walls disintegrated and they thus became conscious of their nationalist-political identity. And it is this process through which, several decades later, the Arabs in Israel were forced into an identity crisis and became conscious of their Palestinian national identity once the Zionists had defined the boundaries of their future Jewish state.It is also a process through which Israelis and Palestinians became engaged in implicate relations. This is illustrated in the book by reference to historical events which have led to the emergence of Israelis and Palestinians as a socio-spatial entities, and by means of empirical analyses of Palestinian labour in Israel, Jewish settlement in the occupied territories, and cognitive maps of Israelis and Palestinians. These empirical analyses are based on data collected in three large-scale field surveys among Palestinian workers and job hunters in Israel, and among Israeli settlers in the occupied territories.
CIS Energy and Minerals Development
Prospects, Problems and Opportunities for International Cooperation
Inbunden, Engelska, 1993
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The former Soviet Union possessed some of the world's largest reserves of energy and mineral resources. With the dissolution of the country in 1991, the former Soviet republics are now exercising complete control over their mining industries. The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) consists of several new nations, well-endowed in hydrocarbons, metals, and industrial materials, and efforts are now underway to boost development activities and attract foreign investment. Commonwealth members today are implementing policies to regulate energy and mineral development and enhance economic growth. This text provides a comprehensive overview of the energy and minerals industries of the CIS and other former Soviet republics outside the Commonwealth. Prospects for international co-operation and trade in hydrocarbons, metals, and nonmetals are examined, as are opportunities for joint ventures and technology transfers in mining. Economic relations between the CIS and several Asian nations are also analyzed.Contributors to the book from throughout the Commonwealth, Asia, Europe, and North America have a wide variety of backgrounds in the energy and mineral fields, including government, academia, and industry.
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While coastal tourism has been treated from many perspectives, this book offers the first substantial examination of the environmental basis of coastal tourism. The first part of the book examines some of the basic aspects and various methodologies of the coastal environment for tourism. Drawing from a wide range of case studies, the second part of the book discusses various tourism-environment relationships of different coastal environments. The examples include atolls and enclave tourism, island tourism and tourism development at various stages, barrier coasts and tourism development at different stages, and complex coastal environments and more mature tourism development. The writers have adopted one or a combination of approaches: empirical, methodological or conceptual. The volume should stimulate awareness and further research on the coastal environment for tourism.
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The complex relations between territory and the social sciences are explained by investigators from different disciplines: geography, economy, sociology and history among them. The current ferment in the social sciences has assigned an increasingly important role to the concept of space. In this text, internationally respected authors demonstrate the renewed vigour of the concept of space within the social sciences in general, and within the historical social sciences in particular. Consciously situating human geography among these latter, the contributions advocate an integrated vision of societies, taken through the lenses of an interdisciplinary human science. Geography and history, originally united in the pursuit of understanding the concrete forms and developments of societies, are once again brought under the unifying umbrella of a spatialized human science.Human geography in particular, which has been asserting itself as a social science since the 1970s, must be rejuvenated, not only by listening to all the messages that can stimulate its theoretical construction, but also by establishing close relations with all discourses which speak of a society as a whole, made up of differently conditioned historical parts.
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This book is about an art in which the Netherlands excels: strategic planning. Foreign observers will need little convincing of the merits of Dutch planning. They will want to know whether routine explanations (small country, industrious, disciplined people hardened by the perennial fight against the sea) hold any water, and they will want to know where to look for the bag of tricks of Dutch planners. Dutch readers need to be convinced first that planning in the Netherlands is indeed effective before contemplating how this has come about. Our message for both is that, to the extent that Dutch planners do live in what others are inclined to see as a planners' paradise, it is a paradise carefully constructed and maintained by the planners themselves. This smacks of Bernard Shaw describing a profession as a conspiracy against laity. However, all knowledge and all technologies are 'socially constructed', meaning that they are the products of people or groups pursuing often conflicting aims and coming to arrangements about what is to pass as 'true' and 'good'. So this takes away the odium of Dutch planners having their own agenda. Positioning ourselves We are in the business of interpreting Dutch planning, and at the same time committed to improving it. This makes us part of the situation which we describe. This situation is characterized by the existence of two divergent traditions, urban design and the social-science discipline called 'planologie'.
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Neural nets offer a new strategy for spatial analysis, and their application holds enormous potential for the geographic sciences. However, the number of studies that have utilized these techniques is limited. This lack of interest can be attributed, in part, to lack of exposure, to the use of extensive and often confusing jargon, and to the misapprehension that, without an underlying statistical model, the explanatory power of the neural net is very low. This text attacks all three issues, demonstrating a wide variety of neural net applications in geography in a simple manner, with minimal jargon. The volume presents an introduction to neural nets that describes some of the basic concepts, as well as providing a more mathematical treatise for those wanting further details on neural net architecture. The bulk of the text, however, is devoted to descriptions of neural net applications in such broad-ranging fields as census analysis, predicting the spread of AIDS, describing synoptic controls on mountain snowfall, examining the relationships between atmospheric circulation and tropical rainfall, and the remote sensing of polar cloud and sea ice characteristics.The text illustrates neural nets employed in modes analogous to multiple regression analysis, cluster analysis, and maximum likelihood classification. Not only are the neural nets shown to be equal or superior to these more conventional methods, particularly where the relationships have a strong nonlinear component, but they are also shown to contain significant explanatory power. Several chapters demonstrate that the nets themselves can be decomposed to illuminate causative linkages between different events in both the physical and human environments.
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In The Asian City the Asian urbanisation processes, nature and characteristics of the 1990s have been analyzed by countries, by comparing different countries and in an international context. The authors are urban specialists from four continents. This volume has been divided into six parts: Part I Urbanisation in an international context; Part II Comparative urban setting; Part III Urbanisation characteristics by country; Part IV Urban planning; Part V The urban poor, and Part VI Perspectives on urbanization. This work allows the reader to understand Asian urban forms, their evolution, the nature of urbanisation, its impact on economic growth in cities, the living and working conditions of the poor, and urban planning and problems.
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This text examines the spatial structures and behaviour of large business organizations. Corporations are key operational units of economies. Each corporation has several locations, and connections to suppliers and customers who also operate in geographical space. The effectiveness of corporate spatial organizations is important for their well-being, and for the health of the national and local economies in which they operate. This volume discusses where and why firms locate units or production, sales and control and how these interact with each other, with suppliers and with customers. The discussion is founded on commercial geography, business economics and location theory, but there are some unique characteristics. One is the blending of manufacturing and retailing in one treatise. Another is the extensive use of real-company case studies, which illustrate both basic concepts and the inadequacies of existing models. Corporate managers can relate to the experiences of actual companies.
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This work aims to offer insights on processes associated with the construction of cognitive maps - that is to say, with the construction of internal representations of very large spatial entities such as towns, cities, neighbourhoods, landscapes, metropolitan areas, environments and the like. Because of their size, such entities can never be seen in their entirety, and consequently one constructs their internal representation by means of visual, as well as non-visual, modes of sensation and information - text, auditory, haptic and olfactory means for example - or by inference. Intersensory co-ordination and information transfer thus play a crucial role in the construction of cognitive maps. Because it involves a multiplicity of sensational and informational modes, the issue of cognitive maps does not fall into any single traditional cognitive field, but rather into, and often in between, several of them. Thus, although one is dealing here with processes associated with almost every aspect of our daily life, the subject has received relatively marginal scientific attention. The book is directed at researchers and students of cognitive mapping and environmental cognition.In particular it focuses on the cognitive processes by which one form of information, say haptic, is being transformed into another, say a visual image, and by which multiple forms of information participate in constructing cognitive maps.
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Northern Ireland's problems are rooted in physical and historical geography - small resource base, peripheral location, violent conquest, repression and ruthless marginalization of the native population by the Protestant settlers. The text argues that Britain would be serving her own interest by easing reunification of Ireland, albeit gradually and cautiously. The work is aimed at European Community administrators and planners, diplomats, politicians, students in political science, economics, history and geography.
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This text introduces the ten-nation region of Southeast Asia, taking into consideration its diversity, differential development, socio-economic and political changes. Countries included are Indonesia, Myanmar, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei. Physical, political, cultural, economplanological aspects are covered.
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The arid frontier has been a challenge for humanity from time immemorial. Drylands cover more than one-third of the global land surface, distributed over Africa, Asia, Australia, America and Southern Europe. Disasters may develop as a result of complex interactions between drought, desertification and society. Because of this, proactive planning and interactive management, including disaster-coping strategies, are essential in dealing with arid-frontier development. This text presents a conceptual framework with case studies in dryland development and management. The option of a rational and ethical discourse for development that is beneficial for both the environment and society is emphasized, avoiding extreme environmentalism and human destructionism, combating both desertification and human livelihood insecurity. Such development should be based on proper ethics, legislation, policy, proactive planning and interactive management. Scholars address these issues, focusing on the principal interactions between people and dryland environments in terms of drought, food, land, water, renewable energy and housing.This volume should be of value to all those interested in dryland development and management, including: professionals and policy-makers in governmental, international and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), as well as researchers, lecturers and students in geography, environmental management, regional studies, development anthropology, hazard and disaster management, agriculture and pastoralism, land and water use, African studies, and renewable energy resources.
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This volume integrates population biology theory and practice with management of fragmented ecosystems. Reviews on the current state of the art in connection with fragmentation research (population biology and genetics) are presented. The focus is put on the most important results of a large German project, which emphasizes the application of metapopulation and minimum viable population theory in Central European cultural landscapes. This is supplemented by case studies from Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand. The book is aimed at scientists in ecology and nature conservation as well as graduate students and people working in conservation practice.
Climates and Societies - A Climatological Perspective
A Contribution on Global Change and Related Problems Prepared by the Commission on Climatology of the International Geographical Union
Inbunden, Engelska, 1997
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This book addresses many of the issues raised in the debate on global change, providing a new point of view on climate which is being integrated into the space and time organization of societies. The volume contains three main parts: climatic changes and fluctuations; climates on a regional scale, including problems from tropical through temperate zones to polar regions; and man-climate relationships on a local scale. Global change is caused mainly by climatic variation and change and activities of human societies. This book aims to describe these facts from the various space scales - global, regional and local - and also different time scales - post-glacial, historical and recent periods. Since climate affects all kinds of human activities such as agriculture, forestry, architecture, civil engineering, transportation, tourism and health. This book aims to contribute to the work of researchers, planners and policy makers in a wide variety of fields. For example, as indicated by the IPCC 1995 Report, adjustment of human societies is considered to be one of the most important features in the 21st century.
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This interdisciplinary volume explores the evaluation of theory-practice and growth-conservation interactions in planning. Between 1986 and 1996 traditional evaluation methods have disregarded various aspects in decision-making, such as uncertain value conflicts, ecological imperative use of non-expert knowledge, and citizen participation. This volume presents an incentive to examine the evaluation methods used by means of a number of case studies.
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The potential impact of global warming on water resources is of major national and international concern. This book draws together research work aimed at providing global and regional syntheses of the likely hydrological effects of climate change over the coming century. The chapters range from assessments at continental and sub-continental scale, to the development of new methodological approaches for down-scaling climatic predictions, analyses of recent trends in hydrometric data, and reviews of ongoing research on regional hydrological impacts. Although it is still early days for climatic impact prediction, the book demonstrates considerable unaniminity in its general conclusions.
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This volume approaches geography as a cognitive science, focusing on the processes used for learning and decision-making. The author argues that geographers need a theoretical understanding of how people process spatial information. How people store and use information they have acquired about environments is considered in a variety of geographic contexts. Cognitive theories and connectionist models are related to geographic problems to explain how spatial information is processed. The nature of cognitive maps, the processes used to encode them, and their systematic distortions are reviewed. A perception theory that explains the temporary tracking of environmental objects is considered as well as a theory that explains how verbal and visual information can be combined to create mental models of geographic environments in long-term memory. Other theories are considered that explain visual search processes used to find symbols or boundaries on maps. The processes used to learn spatial categories and prototypes, to create abstract knowledge in basic-level categories, and to judge the similarity of objects are also addressed.
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Tensions in parts of the Danube River Basin, the former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and elsewhere demonstrate the need for international agreements which should help stabilize and improve economies, governments, and environmental management within the countries in transition and across national borders. An instrument of peace, a convention which establishes a commission to oversee natural resource protection among all basin countries, is about to be adopted and implemented. This book covers in detail the readiness of the countries to participate and the programmes funded by international agencies, and suggests ways to stimulate the slow and uneven government and investor response to conflicts. It reviews the approach and successes and failures of current programmes funded by the European Commission, the Global Environment Facility, and US AID, and suggests ways to improve such assistance for maximum effect within the countries themselves.The book has equal value to two sets of audiences: specialists in many disciplines, scientists and technicians, and their colleagues in public and private sector policy-making who deal full-time with transboundary natural resource problems at a practical level in the Danube region or in regions elsewhere; and those concerned about the future economic and political stability of the east European and CIS countries and their ability to meet EU environmental and other criteria, including investors in public and private projects.
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Presenting research and a multidisciplinary analysis of the spatial aspects of migration, this text considers the spatial results of two diametrically opposed policies: planning from above to settle the North African and Asian newcomers in the 1950s, and planning by market forces for immigrants from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s. The text also analyzes internal migration within Israel, which is an outcome of the regional disparities produced by immigration. Moreover, it compares the empirical findings in Israel with international trends, and its analysis may serve as a foundation for setting spatial immigration policy.
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Presenting an international comparison of segregation patterns of immigrants and policy reactions at local and state level, this book sets out to give an insight into the European experience with ethnic segregation in metropolitan areas. European cities have generally become multi-ethnic metropolises, consisting of a mix of ethnic categories, but a homogeneous European picture does not exist. Patterns of ethnic segregation and policy reactions differ from city to city. The metropolises compared in this study are Amsterdam, Brussels, Dusseldorf, Frankfurt, London, Manchester, Paris and Stockholm, and the Canadian city of Toronto. The book is intended for researchers and students in the fields of geographical, ethnic and policy studies, as well as for civil servants and policy-makers working in large metropolises and national governments.
Human Activities and the Tropical Rainforest
Past, Present and Possible Future
Inbunden, Engelska, 1997
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Arising initially from a conference, the papers published here have been integrated into book form to provide information on human activities and the tropical rainforest in the past and present, and on the possible future of the rainforest. This text stresses the continuity of change over time and its possible outcome for the people of the forest as well as for the forest itself. Because of the approach taken, this book should appeal across traditional disciplinary boundaries. Indeed a prime aim has been to suggest that rainforest, because of its complexity and the complexity of people - rainforest relationships throughout time, deserves study from a broad perspective. It poses more questions than answers about the rainforest and it is hoped that it will encourage readers to think about the rainforest in a wider way than hitherto. This book is aimed at geographers (physical and human), social anthropologists, archaeologists, pedologists, foresters and tropical botanists and should be of value to graduates of various disciplines setting out to research the rainforest.