Information Science and Knowledge Management – serie

This book brings together three great motifs of the network society: the search for and use of information by individuals and groups; the creation and application of knowledge in organizations; and the fundamental transformation of these activities as they take place on the World Wide Web and corporate intranets. As research endeavors, these streams overlap and share conceptual constructs, perspectives, and methods of analysis. Although these overlaps and shared concerns are sometimes apparent in published research, there have been few attempts to connect these ideas explicitly and identify cross-disciplinary themes. This book is an attempt to fill this void. Audience: The book's primary audience is faculty and students in masters and doctoral programs in information science, information systems, and management schools. Consultants and organizations designing and implementing intranets and portals will find the book useful in providing research-based insights into how information search and knowledge sharing may be enhanced.

With a goal of improving retrieval in bibliographic environments, this volume takes stock of what we know about relationships in the overall bibliographic domain, with particular emphasis on relationships between subjects, relationships among bibliographic entities, and relationships between subject content and user needs. The volume presents the current state of the art in examining the expression of relationships in some of the best thesauri and classification schemes in use throughout the world. It also looks to the future by providing guidance for relational tasks now taking on greater significance, as retrieval systems increasingly operate in automated modes and as retrieval systems cross linguistic, cultural, and disciplinary boundaries. By bringing together in one place the perspectives of some of the most prominent persons working in this arena, this volume should be of interest to a wide range of researchers and practitioners.

Work on relationships takes place in many communities, including data modelling, knowledge representation, natural language processing, linguistics, and information retrieval. Unfortunately, continued disciplinary splintering and specialization keeps any one person from being familiar with the full expanse of that work. By including contributions from experts in a variety of disciplines and backgrounds, this volume demonstrates both the parallels that inform work on relationships across a number of fields and the singular emphases that have yet to be fully embraced. The volume is organized into three parts: the first explores types of relationships; the second delves into the role of relationships in knowledge representation and reasoning; and the third presents applications that make central use of relationships.

In this volume organizational learning theory is used to analyse various practices of managing and facilitating knowledge sharing within companies. Experiences with three types of knowledge sharing, namely knowledge acquisition, knowledge reuse and knowledge creation, at ten large companies are discussed and analysed. This critical analysis leads to the identification of traps and obstacles when managing knowledge sharing, when supporting knowledge sharing with IT tools and when organizations try to learn from knowledge sharing practices. The identification of these risks is followed by a discussion of how organizations can avoid them. This work should be of interest to researchers and practitioners working in organization science and business administration. Also, consultants and organizations at large should find the book useful as it provides insights into how other organizations manage and facilitate knowledge sharing and how potential failures can be prevented.

Adopting an informational perspective towards knowledge work, this book investigates how enterprise portals can promote knowledge creation, distribution, and use. Moving beyond the design and delivery of portals as mere information retrieval tools, an enterprise portal is viewed as a shared information work space that can facilitate communication and collaboration among organizational workers, as well as support the browsing, searching, and retrieval of information content. Adopting an information vantage point, the book uniquely explores the human issues surrounding enterprise portal adoption and use, as well as the utilization of intelligent agents to ameliorate the use of portals for knowledge-based tasks. The result is a novel, rich and comprehensive discussion on the factors affecting the design and utilization of enterprise portals for knowledge work, suitable for both graduate-level students and organizational workers alike.

This book brings together results from the Web search studies we conducted from 1997 through 2004. The aim of our studies has been twofold: to examine how the public at large searches the Web and to highlight trends in public Web searching. The eight-year period from 1997 to 2004 saw the beginnings and maturity of public Web searching. Commercial Web search engines have come and gone, or endured, through the fall of the dot.com companies. We saw the rise and, in some cases, the demise of several high profile, publicly available Web search engines. The study of the Web search is an exciting and important area of interdisciplinary research. Our book provides a valuable insight into the growth and development of human interaction with Web search engines. In this book, our focus is on the human aspect of the interaction between user and Web search engine. We do not investigate the Web search engines themselves or their constantly changing interfaces, algorithms and features. We focus on exploring the cognitive and user aspects of public Web searching in the aggregate. We use a variety of quantitative and qualitative methods within the overall methodology known as transaction log analysis.

Classification is the essential first step in science. The study of science, as well as the practice of science, will thus benefit from a detailed classification of different types of science. In this book, science - defined broadly to include the social sciences and humanities - is first unpacked into its constituent elements: the phenomena studied, the data used, the theories employed, the methods applied, and the practices of scientists. These five elements are then classified in turn. Notably, the classifications of both theory types and methods allow the key strengths and weaknesses of different theories and methods to be readily discerned and compared. Connections across classifications are explored: should certain theories or phenomena be investigated only with certain methods? What is the proper function and form of scientific paradigms? Are certain common errors and biases in scientific practice associated with particular phenomena, data, theories, or methods? The classifications point to several ways of improving both specialized and interdisciplinary research and teaching, and especially of enhancing communication across communities of scholars. The classifications also support a superior system of document classification that would allow searches by theory and method used as well as causal links investigated.

New Directions in Human Information Behavior, co-edited by Drs. Amanda Spink and Charles Cole provides an understanding of the new directions, leading edge theories and models in human information behavior. Information behavior is conceptualized as complex human information related processes that are embedded within an individual’s everyday social and life processes.The book presents chapters by an interdisciplinary range of scholars who show new  directions that often challenge the established views and paradigms of information behavior studies. Beginning with an evolutionary framework, the book examines information behaviors over various epochs of human existence from the Palaeolithic Era and within pre-literate societies, to contemporary behaviors by 21st century humans. Drawing upon social and psychological science theories the book presents a more integrated and holistic approach to the understanding of information behaviors that include multitasking and non-linear longitudinal processes, individuals’ information ground, information practices and information sharing, digital behaviors and human information organizing behaviors. The final chapter of the book integrates these new approaches and presents an overview of the key trends, theories and models for further research.This book is directly relevant to information scientists, librarians, social and evolutionary psychologists. Undergraduate and graduate students, academics and information professionals interested in human information behavior will find this book of particular benefit.

This book deals with the evaluation of scholarly research performance, and focuses on the contribution of scholarly work to the advancement of scholarly knowledge. It provides a wide range of important facts, and corrects a number of common misunderstandings about citation analysis. It introduces basic notions and distinctions, and deals both with theoretical and technical aspects, and with its applicability in various policy contexts. This book is also critical and underlines the limits of citation analysis in research evaluation. In order to be used properly as a research evaluation tool, it is essential that all participants have insight into the nature of citation analysis, how its indicators are constructed and calculated, what the various theoretical positions state about what they measure, and what are their potentialities and limitations, particularly in relation to peer review. This book aims at providing such insight.

“The more narrowly we examine language, the sharper becomes the con?ict - tween it and our requirement. (For the crystalline purity of logic was, of course, not a result of investigation; it was a requirement. ) The con?ict becomes intolerable; the requirement is now in danger of becoming empty. —We have got onto slippery ice where there is no friction and so in a certain sense the conditions are ideal, but also, just because of that, we are unable to walk. We want to walk; so we need 1 friction. Back to the rough ground!” —Ludwig Wittgenstein This manuscript consists of four related parts: a brief overview of Wittgenstein’s p- losophy of language and its relevance to information systems; a detailed explanation of Wittgenstein’s late philosophy of language and mind; an extended discussion of the re- vance of his philosophy to understanding some of the problems inherent in information systems, especially those systems which rely on retrieval based on some representation of the intellectual content of that information. And, fourthly, a series of detailed footnotes which cite the sources of the numerous quotations and provide some discussion of the related issues that the text inspires. The ?rst three of these parts can each be read by itself with some pro?t, although they are related and do form a conceptual whole.

1. The birth of the electronic journal In the autumn of 1987 Michael Ehringhaus and Bird Stasz of Syracuse U- versity launched New horizons in adult education, probably the very rst ref- 1 ereed scienti c journal to be published in electronic form ( g. 1. 1). The rst issue was sent over the Adult Education Network (AEDNET). The journal still 2 exists today. In March 1991 Ted Jennings of the University at Albany (State 3 University of New York) launched EJournal, described as an ‘electronic jo- nal concerned with the implications of electronic networks and texts’ ( g. 1. 2), coining the now popular term e-journal. The Online journal of current cli- cal trials, published from September 1991, has been described as the rst peer 45 reviewed electronic journal in medicine. How signi cant is the phenomenon of the scienti c electronic journaltoday, more than a decade and a half after its introduction? Over this period inf- mation and communication technologies (ICT) have been an important factor in the development of scienti c communication. Applications such as c- munication over digital networks (converging towards a single network – the Internet), the use of computerized systems for creating, storing and retrieving 1 The scienti c journal is also referred to as ‘scholarly’ or ‘research’ journal. We use the former term in this study. 2 Although no longer distributed over AEDNET but through the World Wide Web. The rst issue is now ? available at http://www. nova. edu/ aed/horizons/vol1n1.

When Don Swanson hypothesized a connection between Raynaud's phenomenon anddietary?shoil,the?eldofliterature-baseddiscovery(LBD)wasborn. During thesubsequenttwodecadesasteadystreamofresearchershavepublishedarticles aboutLBDandthe?eldhasmadesteadyprogressinlayingfoundationsandc- ating an identity. It is curiously signi?cant that LBD is not "owned" by any p- ticulardiscipline,forexample, knowledge discoveryortextmining. Rather,LBD researchersoriginatefromarangeof?eldsincludinginformationscience,infor- tionretrieval,logic,andthebiomedicalsciences. Thisre?ectsthefactLBDisan inherentlymulti-disciplinaryenterprisewherecollaborationsbetweentheinfor- tionandbiomedicalsciencesarereadilyencountered. Thismulti-disciplinaryaspect ofLBDhasmadeitharderforthe?eldtoplanta?ag,sotospeak. Thepresentv- umecanbeseenasanattempttoredressthis. Itpresentschaptersprovidingabroad brushstrokeofLBDbyleadingresearchersprovidinganoverviewofthestateofthe art,themodelsandtheoriesused,experimentalstudies,lessonslearnt,application areas,andfuturechallenges. Inshort,itattemptstoconveyalearnedimpressionof whereandhowLBDisbeingdeployed. DonSwansonhaskindlyagreedtoprovide theintroductorychapter.Itisthehopeandintentionthatthisvolumewillplanta ?aginthegroundandinspirenewresearcherstotheLBDchallenge. PeterBruza July2007 MarcWeeber v Contents Preface...v Contributors...ix Part I General Outlook and Possibilities Literature-Based Discovery? The Very Idea ...3 D. R. Swanson The Place of Literature-Based Discovery in Contemporary Scienti?c Practice ...13 NeilR. SmalheiserandVetleI. Torvik The Tip of the Iceberg: The Quest for Innovation at the Base of the Pyramid...23 M. D. GordonandN. F. Awad The 'Open Discovery' Challenge...39 JonathanD. Wren Where is the Discovery in Literature-Based Discovery?...57 R. N. Kostoff Part II Methodology and Applications Analyzing LBD Methods using a General Framework...75 A. K. Sehgal,X. Y. Qiu,andP. Srinivasan Evaluation of Literature-Based Discovery Systems...101 M. Yetisgen-YildizandW. Pratt vii viii Contents Factor Analytic Approach to Transitive Text Mining using Medline Descriptors...115 J. StegmannandG. Grohmann Literature-Based Knowledge Discovery using Natural Language Processing ...133 D. Hristovski,C. Friedman,T. C. Rind?esch,andB. Peterlin Information Retrieval in Literature-Based Discovery...153 W.Hersh Biomedical Application of Knowledge Discovery ...173 A. Koike Index...193 Contributors NeveenFaragAwad SchoolofBusiness,WayneStateUniversity,USA CarolFriedman DepartmentofBiomedicalInformatics,ColumbiaUniversity,622West168St, NewYork,NY10032,USA MichaelD. Gordon RossSchoolofBusiness,UniversityofMichigan,USA mdgordon@umich. edu GuenterGrohmann Charite-Institute ' ofMedicalInformatics,12203Berlin,Germany guenter. grohmann@charite. de WilliamHersh DepartmentofMedicalInformaticsandClinicalEpidemiology, SchoolofMedicine,OregonHealthandScienceUniversity, 3181SWSamJacksonParkRd. ,Portland,OR97239,USA hersh@ohsu. edu DimitarHristovski InstituteofBiomedicalInformatics,MedicalFaculty,UniversityofLjubljana, Vrazovtrg2/2,1104Ljubljana,Slovenia dimitar. hristovski@mf. uni-lj. si AsakoKoike CentralResearchLaboratory,HitachiLtd.

Rethinking Knowledge Management: From Knowledge Objects to Knowledge Processes readdresses fundamental issues in knowledge management, leading to a new area of study: knowledge processes. These integrate research across a variety of fields, thus reasserting the fundamental insights of knowledge management in organizations and societies. Knowledge processes go far beyond traditional information acquisition and processing by stressing the importance and creative potential of human expression, communication, and learning for successful economic planning and meaningful personal and social existence.McInerney’s and Day’s superb authors from various disciplines offer new and exciting views on knowledge acquisition, generation, sharing and management in a post-industrial environment. Their contributions discuss problems of knowledge acquisition, handling, and learning from a variety of perspectives. Rather than the traditional notion of stores of knowledge that we hold in our mind, the view presented in this book is that of a constantly changing notion of what we know, of feelings related to that knowledge, and of a more holistic understanding of the act of knowing.

The inspiration for this book emerged from the editors’ participation in a panel d- cussion on Web search engines at an annual meeting of the Association of Internet Researchers. This multidisciplinary panel of Web search researches revealed the diversity of scholars interested in Web searching, coupled with a broad range of questions, attitudes, and approaches. It became clear that more “cross-fertilization” was necessary between the disciplines to ensure Web search engines (the entities) and Web searching (the user behavior) received the thorough scholarly attention they deserved. This book is a result of that realization, and an important first step in achieving new levels of awareness and collaboration across disciplines. The book represents a core theme within the intellectual pursuits of the editors. The first editor (Spink) is an information scientist who has worked with, taught and has researched the informational dimensions of Web searching since 1997. The second editor (Zimmer) is a scholar of culture and communication who focuses on the political and ethical dimensions of new media and information technologies, and whose dissertation research focused on the value-related consequences of the quest for the “perfect” search engine.

1.1 Introduction Each year corporations spend millions of dollars training and educating their - ployees. On average, these corporations spend approximately one thousand dollars 1 per employee each year. As businesses struggle to stay on the cutting-edge and to keep their employees educated and up-to-speed with professional trends as well as ever-changing information needs, it is easy to see why corporations are investing more time and money than ever in their efforts to support their employees’ prof- sional development. During the Industrial Age, companies strove to control natural resources. The more resources they controlled, the greater their competitive edge in the mark- place. Senge (1993) refers to this kind of organization as resource-based. In the Information Age, companies must create, disseminate, and effectively use kno- edge within their organization in order to maintain their market share. Senge - scribes this kind of organization as knowledge-based. Given that knowledge-based organizations willcontinuetobeadrivingforcebehindtheeconomy, itisimperative that corporations support the knowledge and information needs of their workers.

When Don Swanson hypothesized a connection between Raynaud's phenomenon anddietary?shoil,the?eldofliterature-baseddiscovery(LBD)wasborn. During thesubsequenttwodecadesasteadystreamofresearchershavepublishedarticles aboutLBDandthe?eldhasmadesteadyprogressinlayingfoundationsandc- ating an identity. It is curiously signi?cant that LBD is not "owned" by any p- ticulardiscipline,forexample, knowledge discoveryortextmining. Rather,LBD researchersoriginatefromarangeof?eldsincludinginformationscience,infor- tionretrieval,logic,andthebiomedicalsciences. Thisre?ectsthefactLBDisan inherentlymulti-disciplinaryenterprisewherecollaborationsbetweentheinfor- tionandbiomedicalsciencesarereadilyencountered. Thismulti-disciplinaryaspect ofLBDhasmadeitharderforthe?eldtoplanta?ag,sotospeak. Thepresentv- umecanbeseenasanattempttoredressthis. Itpresentschaptersprovidingabroad brushstrokeofLBDbyleadingresearchersprovidinganoverviewofthestateofthe art,themodelsandtheoriesused,experimentalstudies,lessonslearnt,application areas,andfuturechallenges. Inshort,itattemptstoconveyalearnedimpressionof whereandhowLBDisbeingdeployed. DonSwansonhaskindlyagreedtoprovide theintroductorychapter.Itisthehopeandintentionthatthisvolumewillplanta ?aginthegroundandinspirenewresearcherstotheLBDchallenge. PeterBruza July2007 MarcWeeber v Contents Preface...v Contributors...ix Part I General Outlook and Possibilities Literature-Based Discovery? The Very Idea ...3 D. R. Swanson The Place of Literature-Based Discovery in Contemporary Scienti?c Practice ...13 NeilR. SmalheiserandVetleI. Torvik The Tip of the Iceberg: The Quest for Innovation at the Base of the Pyramid...23 M. D. GordonandN. F. Awad The 'Open Discovery' Challenge...39 JonathanD. Wren Where is the Discovery in Literature-Based Discovery?...57 R. N. Kostoff Part II Methodology and Applications Analyzing LBD Methods using a General Framework...75 A. K. Sehgal,X. Y. Qiu,andP. Srinivasan Evaluation of Literature-Based Discovery Systems...101 M. Yetisgen-YildizandW. Pratt vii viii Contents Factor Analytic Approach to Transitive Text Mining using Medline Descriptors...115 J. StegmannandG. Grohmann Literature-Based Knowledge Discovery using Natural Language Processing ...133 D. Hristovski,C. Friedman,T. C. Rind?esch,andB. Peterlin Information Retrieval in Literature-Based Discovery...153 W.Hersh Biomedical Application of Knowledge Discovery ...173 A. Koike Index...193 Contributors NeveenFaragAwad SchoolofBusiness,WayneStateUniversity,USA CarolFriedman DepartmentofBiomedicalInformatics,ColumbiaUniversity,622West168St, NewYork,NY10032,USA MichaelD. Gordon RossSchoolofBusiness,UniversityofMichigan,USA mdgordon@umich. edu GuenterGrohmann Charite-Institute ' ofMedicalInformatics,12203Berlin,Germany guenter. grohmann@charite. de WilliamHersh DepartmentofMedicalInformaticsandClinicalEpidemiology, SchoolofMedicine,OregonHealthandScienceUniversity, 3181SWSamJacksonParkRd. ,Portland,OR97239,USA hersh@ohsu. edu DimitarHristovski InstituteofBiomedicalInformatics,MedicalFaculty,UniversityofLjubljana, Vrazovtrg2/2,1104Ljubljana,Slovenia dimitar. hristovski@mf. uni-lj. si AsakoKoike CentralResearchLaboratory,HitachiLtd.

Rethinking Knowledge Management: From Knowledge Objects to Knowledge Processes readdresses fundamental issues in knowledge management, leading to a new area of study: knowledge processes. These integrate research across a variety of fields, thus reasserting the fundamental insights of knowledge management in organizations and societies. Knowledge processes go far beyond traditional information acquisition and processing by stressing the importance and creative potential of human expression, communication, and learning for successful economic planning and meaningful personal and social existence.McInerney’s and Day’s superb authors from various disciplines offer new and exciting views on knowledge acquisition, generation, sharing and management in a post-industrial environment. Their contributions discuss problems of knowledge acquisition, handling, and learning from a variety of perspectives. Rather than the traditional notion of stores of knowledge that we hold in our mind, the view presented in this book is that of a constantly changing notion of what we know, of feelings related to that knowledge, and of a more holistic understanding of the act of knowing.

The inspiration for this book emerged from the editors’ participation in a panel d- cussion on Web search engines at an annual meeting of the Association of Internet Researchers. This multidisciplinary panel of Web search researches revealed the diversity of scholars interested in Web searching, coupled with a broad range of questions, attitudes, and approaches. It became clear that more “cross-fertilization” was necessary between the disciplines to ensure Web search engines (the entities) and Web searching (the user behavior) received the thorough scholarly attention they deserved. This book is a result of that realization, and an important first step in achieving new levels of awareness and collaboration across disciplines. The book represents a core theme within the intellectual pursuits of the editors. The first editor (Spink) is an information scientist who has worked with, taught and has researched the informational dimensions of Web searching since 1997. The second editor (Zimmer) is a scholar of culture and communication who focuses on the political and ethical dimensions of new media and information technologies, and whose dissertation research focused on the value-related consequences of the quest for the “perfect” search engine.

1.1 Introduction Each year corporations spend millions of dollars training and educating their - ployees. On average, these corporations spend approximately one thousand dollars 1 per employee each year. As businesses struggle to stay on the cutting-edge and to keep their employees educated and up-to-speed with professional trends as well as ever-changing information needs, it is easy to see why corporations are investing more time and money than ever in their efforts to support their employees’ prof- sional development. During the Industrial Age, companies strove to control natural resources. The more resources they controlled, the greater their competitive edge in the mark- place. Senge (1993) refers to this kind of organization as resource-based. In the Information Age, companies must create, disseminate, and effectively use kno- edge within their organization in order to maintain their market share. Senge - scribes this kind of organization as knowledge-based. Given that knowledge-based organizations willcontinuetobeadrivingforcebehindtheeconomy, itisimperative that corporations support the knowledge and information needs of their workers.

Information behavior has emerged as an important aspect of human life. This book provides a new understanding of information behavior by incorporating related findings, theories and models from social sciences, psychology and cognition.

Information behavior has emerged as an important aspect of human life, however our knowledge and understanding of it is incomplete and underdeveloped scientifically. Research on the topic is largely contemporary in focus and has generally not incorporated results from other disciplines.In this monograph Spink provides a new understanding of information behavior by incorporating related findings, theories and models from social sciences, psychology and cognition. In her presentation, she argues that information behavior is an important instinctive sociocognitive ability that can only be fully understood with a highly interdisciplinary approach. The leitmotivs of her examination are three important research questions: First, what is the evolutionary, biological and developmental nature of information behavior? Second, what is the role of instinct versus environment in shaping information behavior? And, third, how have information behavior capabilities evolved and developed over time?Written for researchers in information science as well as social and cognitive sciences, Spink’s controversial text lays the foundation for a new interdisciplinary theoretical perspective on information behavior that will not only provide a more holistic framework for this field but will also impact those sciences, and thus also open up many new research directions.

This book brings together three great motifs of the network society: the search for and use of information by individuals and groups; the creation and application of knowledge in organizations; and the fundamental transformation of these activities as they take place on the World Wide Web and corporate intranets. As research endeavors, these streams overlap and share conceptual constructs, perspectives, and methods of analysis. Although these overlaps and shared concerns are sometimes apparent in published research, there have been few attempts to connect these ideas explicitly and identify cross-disciplinary themes. This book is an attempt to fill this void. Audience: The book's primary audience is faculty and students in masters and doctoral programs in information science, information systems, and management schools. Consultants and organizations designing and implementing intranets and portals will find the book useful in providing research-based insights into how information search and knowledge sharing may be enhanced.

With a goal of improving retrieval in bibliographic environments, this volume takes stock of what we know about relationships in the overall bibliographic domain, with particular emphasis on relationships between subjects, relationships among bibliographic entities, and relationships between subject content and user needs. The volume presents the current state of the art in examining the expression of relationships in some of the best thesauri and classification schemes in use throughout the world. It also looks to the future by providing guidance for relational tasks now taking on greater significance, as retrieval systems increasingly operate in automated modes and as retrieval systems cross linguistic, cultural, and disciplinary boundaries.By bringing together in one place the perspectives of some of the most prominent persons working in this arena, this volume should be of interest to researchers from library and information science, as well as computer science (artificial intelligence, knowledge representation, information retrieval, natural language processing), and to many practitioners, including: developers of thesauri and classification schemes; developers of Web search engines and search directories; indexers and subject cataloguers; and professional searchers.

Work on relationships takes place in many communities, including data modeling, knowledge representation, natural language processing, linguistics, and information retrieval. Unfortunately, continued disciplinary splintering and specialization keeps any one person from being familiar with the full expanse of that work. By including contributions from experts (Cruse; Fellbaum; Evens; Green; Guarino and Welty; Hetzler; Hovy; Jouis; Khoo and Myaeng; Khoo, Chan and Niu; McCray and Bodenreider; Pribbenow) in a variety of disciplines and backgrounds, this volume demonstrates both the parallels that inform work on relationships across a number of fields and the singular emphases that have yet to be fully embraced. The volume is organized into three parts: The first explores types of relationships; the second delves into the role of relationships in knowledge representation and reasoning; the third presents applications that make central use of relationships.

In this volume organizational learning theory is used to analyse various practices of managing and facilitating knowledge sharing within companies. Experiences with three types of knowledge sharing, namely knowledge acquisition, knowledge reuse, and knowledge creation, at ten large companies are discussed and analyzed. This critical analysis leads to the identification of traps and obstacles when managing knowledge sharing, when supporting knowledge sharing with IT tools, and when organizations try to learn from knowledge sharing practices. The identification of these risks is followed by a discussion of how organizations can avoid them.This work will be of interest to researchers and practitioners working in organization science and business administration. Also, consultants and organizations at large will find the book useful as it will provide them with insights into how other organizations manage and facilitate knowledge sharing and how potential failures can be prevented.

Adopting an informational perspective towards knowledge work, this book investigates how enterprise portals can promote knowledge creation, distribution, and use. Moving beyond the design and delivery of portals as mere information retrieval tools, an enterprise portal is viewed as a shared information work space that can facilitate communication and collaboration among organizational workers, as well as support the browsing, searching, and retrieval of information content. Adopting an information vantage point, the book uniquely explores the human issues surrounding enterprise portal adoption and use, as well as the utilization of intelligent agents to ameliorate the use of portals for knowledge-based tasks. The result is a novel, rich and comprehensive discussion on the factors affecting the design and utilization of enterprise portals for knowledge work, suitable for both graduate-level students and organizational workers alike.

Web Search: Public Searching of the Web, co-authored by Drs. Amanda Spink and Bernard J. Jansen, is one of the first manuscripts that address the human - system interaction of Web searching in a thorough and complete manner. The authors provide an examination of Web searching from multiple levels of analysis, from theoretical overview to detailed study of term usage, and integrate these different levels of analysis into a coherent picture of how people locate information on the Web using search engines. Drawing primarily on their own research and work in the field, the authors present the temporal changes in, the growth of, and the stability of how people interact with Web search engines. Drs. Spink and Jansen present results from an analysis of multiple search engine data sets over a six year period, giving a firsthand account of the emergence of Web searching. They also compare and contrast their findings to the results of other researchers in the field, providing a valuable bibliographic resource. This research is directly relevant to those interested in providing information or services on the Web, along with those who research and study the Web as an information resource.Graduate students, academic and corporate researchers, search engine designers, information architects, and search engine optimizers will find the book of particular benefit.

Classification is the essential first step in science. The study of science, as well as the practice of science, will thus benefit from a detailed classification of different types of science. In this book, science - defined broadly to include the social sciences and humanities - is first unpacked into its constituent elements: the phenomena studied, the data used, the theories employed, the methods applied, and the practices of scientists. These five elements are then classified in turn. Notably, the classifications of both theory types and methods allow the key strengths and weaknesses of different theories and methods to be readily discerned and compared. Connections across classifications are explored: should certain theories or phenomena be investigated only with certain methods? What is the proper function and form of scientific paradigms? Are certain common errors and biases in scientific practice associated with particular phenomena, data, theories, or methods? The classifications point to several ways of improving both specialized and interdisciplinary research and teaching, and especially of enhancing communication across communities of scholars. The classifications also support a superior system of document classification that would allow searches by theory and method used as well as causal links investigated.

New Directions in Human Information Behavior, co-edited by Drs. Amanda Spink and Charles Cole provides an understanding of the new directions, leading edge theories and models in human information behavior. Information behavior is conceptualized as complex human information related processes that are embedded within an individual’s everyday social and life processes.The book presents chapters by an interdisciplinary range of scholars who show new  directions that often challenge the established views and paradigms of information behavior studies. Beginning with an evolutionary framework, the book examines information behaviors over various epochs of human existence from the Palaeolithic Era and within pre-literate societies, to contemporary behaviors by 21st century humans. Drawing upon social and psychological science theories the book presents a more integrated and holistic approach to the understanding of information behaviors that include multitasking and non-linear longitudinal processes, individuals’ information ground, information practices and information sharing, digital behaviors and human information organizing behaviors. The final chapter of the book integrates these new approaches and presents an overview of the key trends, theories and models for further research.This book is directly relevant to information scientists, librarians, social and evolutionary psychologists. Undergraduate and graduate students, academics and information professionals interested in human information behavior will find this book of particular benefit.