IPEM-IOP Series in Physics and Engineering in Medicine and Biology – serie

X-ray diagnostic or interventional examinations are needed during pregnancy to provide information for significant medical problems and emergency situations. When this occurs, it is important to follow the right steps to minimize conceptus radiation dose. Occasionally, pregnant patients are also exposed accidentally to X-rays. These patients need different dose management in comparison with those exposed intentionally. Furthermore, proper dose management is needed for pregnant staff working with X-rays. Additionally, the dose management of paediatric patients undergoing radiology procedures requires special attention because children are especially vulnerable to X-rays. They have longer life expectancy to develop radiogenic health effects and they receive a higher radiation dose than necessary if the acquisition protocol is not adjusted to their small body size.

This book reflects the broad advances that have been made in the field of medical dosimetry and medical radiation protection, and it provides information about the practical use of new information in radiation dose management of pregnant patients, pregnant staff and paediatric patients in diagnostic and interventional radiology. It is suitable for students, lecturers, researchers and practitioners interested in the fields of medical dosimetry, medical radiation protection and diagnostic and interventional radiology.

Anthropomorphic Phantoms in Image Quality and Patient Dose Optimization: A EUTEMPE Network book is invaluable for medical physicists and biomedical engineers, and it is unique in its form and content. The book focuses on the practical applications of anthropomorphic phantoms for research and educational purposes, and includes tutorials and self-training examples.

Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has become standard of care for most cancer sites that are managed by radiation therapy. This book documents the evolution of this technology over 35 years to the current level of volumetric arc modulated therapy (VMAT). It covers every aspect of this radiation treatment technology, including the fundamentals of IMRT/VMAT, basic principles and advanced processes for implementation. The physics of IMRT is followed by the clinical application in major disease sites such as central nervous system, head and neck, breast, lung, prostate and cervix. It also provides updated references on each component of IMRT/VMAT. This book is written by leading experts in the field with extensive clinical experience in the practice and implementation of this technology.

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Leadership and Challenges in Medical Physics: A Strategic and Robust Approach aims to help present aspiring future medical physics leaders with effective, strategic and robust leadership skills in a world dominated by austerity economics, inter-professional competition and sometimes unchecked commoditization.

Chapters are dedicated to healthy leadership and leadership styles, organizational politics, organizational psychology and negotiating skills. A compendium of SWOT themes provides leaders with a ready resource of possible ideas to trigger initial SWOT brainstorming and discussions when developing strategic plans with their own group or team. In addition, the script is peppered with reflection/discussion points or case studies to promote a systematic and well-thought out approach to strategic planning.

Principles of Biophotonics, volume two describes detection and statistical representation of optical fields. Beginning by placing the visible spectrum in the context of the electromagnetic frequency range, this presentation stresses how thin of a sliver is normally called the optical spectrum. To be able to describe properties of light with technical accuracy, the most common radiometric quantities are introduced, and conversion to photon-based quantities is explicitly presented. For completeness, an analogy to the photometric quantities is also made. Additionally, this volume covers the three fundamental mechanisms for generating light: blackbody radiation, fluorescence and laser emission, as well as emphasizing the specific properties of each type of radiation, especially in terms of the optical power spectrum. Each chapter contains a set of practice problems and additional references, and this book aims to build the foundation for further study in subsequent volumes.

Flow Dynamics and Tissue Engineering of Blood Vessels explores the physical phenomena of vessel compliance and its influence on blood flow dynamics, as well as the modification of flow structures in the presence of diseases within the vessel wall or diseased blood content. This volume also illustrates the progress of tissue engineering for the intervention of re-engineered blood vessels. Blood vessel organoid models, their controlling aspects, and blood vessels based on microfluidic platforms are illustrated following on from the understanding of flow physics of blood on a similar platform.

The purpose of this book is to provide an overview of regenerative medicine and fluid mechanics principles for the management of clinically diseased blood vessels. Authors discuss tissue engineering aspects and computational fluid mechanical principles, and how they can be used to understand the state of blood vessels in diseased conditions.

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Science and medicine have long been close partners, and this is particularly true in radiology where the availability of imaging techniques is central to diagnosis. An understanding of the science underlying an imaging process enables the development of new or improved techniques, comprehension of the imaging limitations and even the creation of a research portfolio. This volume is intended as an education resource to help study and pass the necessary exams in physics required for medical specialists. Accounting for changes in examinations and curricula, this new edition includes more than 50 new questions across all topics, and a new chapter on functional and molecular imaging.

The area of machine learning, especially deep learning, has exploded in recent years, producing advances in everything from speech recognition and gaming to drug discovery. Tomographic imaging is another major area that is being transformed by machine learning, and its potential to revolutionise medical imaging is significant.

Written by active researchers in the field, Machine Learning for Tomographic Imaging presents a unified overview of deep-learning-based tomographic imaging. Key concepts, including classic reconstruction ideas and human vision inspired insights, are introduced as a foundation for a thorough examination of artificial neural networks and deep tomographic reconstruction. X-ray CT and MRI reconstruction methods are covered in detail, and other medical imaging applications are discussed.

An engaging and accessible style makes this book an ideal introduction for those in applied disciplines, as well as those in more theoretical fields who wish to learn about application contexts. Hands-on projects are also suggested, and links to open source software, working datasets, and network models are included.

Healthcare delivery is progressing into a format wherein analysis of a combination of disease data and patient data using predictive analytics provides additional information for physicians and healthcare providers to make more accurate detection, diagnosis, and treatment decisions. This is a unique book offering a novel course on Predictive Analytics in Healthcare. In this book, the focus in chapters is placed on reviewing and analysing the current and future applications of analytics in several health care disciplines, which can, later on, contribute to technical implementation. This book aims to provide comprehensive information to guide physicians, medical students, hospital administrators, biomedical engineering students, data scientists, and the industry in the proper identification of analytics applications in healthcare.

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Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in men and women worldwide. Early diagnosis of lung cancer can significantly increase the chances of a patient's survival, yet early detection has historically been difficult. As a result, there has been a great deal of progress in the development of accurate and fast diagnostic tools in recent years. Lung Cancer and Imaging provides an introduction to the methods currently used in lung cancer diagnosis and the promising new techniques that are emerging. Areas covered include the major trends and challenges in lung cancer detection and diagnosis, classification of cancer types, lung feature extraction in joint PET/CT images, and algorithms in the area of low dosage CT lung cancer images.

This is a practical guide to the implementation of 3D/4D ultrasound imaging in radiography. Among its features are the coverage of the technology utilised for ultrasound-guided radiotherapy, clinical need and the advantages of using ultrasound. It is a useful tool for users that incorporates implementation, potential errors, uncertainties and training. This is a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art technologies, which also looks at the future direction of this exciting field.

Researchers, students, hospital physicists and radiographers will all find this book of use as it guides them through current clinical situation and examines the full potential of ultrasound in radiotherapy.

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Artificial intelligence has been utilized to automate and improve various aspects of medical science. For radiotherapy treatment planning, many algorithms have been developed to better support planners. The book provides applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in radiation therapy according to the clinical radiotherapy workflow. An introductory section explains the necessity of AI regarding accuracy and efficiency in clinical settings followed by a basic learning method and introduction of potential applications in radiotherapy. Some chapters also include typical source codes which the reader may use in their original neural network. 

This book would be an excellent text for more experienced practitioners and researchers and members of medical physics communities, such as AAPM, ASTRO, and ESTRO. Students and graduate students who are focusing on medical physics would also benefit from this text.

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Spectroscopic techniques have potential applications in many different fields. This book presents a general overview of different spectroscopic techniques and explores how they might be used for dentistry applications. With a general introduction to different techniques, the book discusses a wide range of spectroscopy techniques, with individual chapters focusing on specific techniques important to dentistry applications. Such techniques include Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Raman Spectroscopy, Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The book also covers molecular spectroscopic techniques such as UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Near-infrared Spectroscopy and Mid-infrared Spectroscopy. This book is suitable for Professionals and researchers in academia and Industry, as well as advanced students involved with EPR Spectroscopy and dentistry.

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Applying the general deterministic approach of systems computational biology, the monograph considers questions related to the biomechanics of the human urinary bladder in conjunction with the peripheral and central nervous systems. The step-by-step development of mathematical models of separate structural elements and their assembly into a unique self-regulatory system offers, for the first time, a holistic overview and allows the investigation of the dynamics of the lower urinary tract system at its hierarchical levels. This book provides a coherent description and explanation for intertwined intracellular pathways in terms of spatiotemporal, whole body, tractable representations which are supported by numerous computational simulations. Key Features

This volume presents the applications of Nanotechnology to different fields of dentistry. Recognized dental specialities such as orthodontics, endodontics and prosthodontics have been covered in addition to general dentistry applications of nanotechnology. The book, in a comprehensive fashion, delves into such technologies as drug nanocarriers, nanomaterials, implants and other nanoparticle applications related to dentistry, and shows how these, in turn, will enhance therapeutic effects against dental bacteria and erosion. This book not only presents the current trends in dental therapies but also presents the current research trends and potential applications. A bottom-up approach has been mostly adopted to suit the need of a wide audience including novice researchers and post graduate students.

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This Book will address the advances of next-generation medical imaging techniques coupled with nanomedicine, for image guidance, for the tumor detection, tumor tissue characterization, monitoring of drug targeting, pre and post therapy monitoring of solid tumors. Furthermore, the book outlines the latest advances in detail by the ground of currently used cancer therapies and nanomedicine synergy, for patient-specific therapeutic dosimetry and tumor-specific treatment of cancers. Eventually, this new-generation image-guided cancer nanomedicine has shown to superior therapeutic effect in a personalized manner without major complications, faster recoveries, and low treatment cost.

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This book is intended to facilitate the testing of dynamic imaging systems to ensure safety of the systems. The aim is to discuss methods and techniques that may be used to commission and perform quality control (QC) measurements of dynamic x-ray imaging systems; the primary function of which is real time imaging to provide visualization of dynamic anatomical and other processes as they occur.

Since dynamic imaging equipment is used for a wide range of clinical applications, the report includes a general description of the characteristics and operational aspects to assist the medical physicist with clinical setup and performance evaluation strategies. The automatic close rate control (ADRC) plays a significant role in determining the balance between patient dose and image quality, therefore the function and evaluation of ADRC plays a significant role in determining the balance between patient dose and image quality, therefore the function and evaluation of ADRC devices is discussed extensively.

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The advent of high-performance computing has benefited various disciplines including healthcare. Enhanced computational capabilities have helped biomedical engineers reach practical solutions to sophisticated and complex biophysical and physiological problems.

This book addresses two leading model-based approaches, including, mechanistic modelling and physiological modelling, and their applications in biomedical engineering. Various topics in healthcare and medicine, their comprehension through ordinary and partial differential equations and their solution utilizing appropriate numerical strategy are considered. The text is divided into two parts. Part I of the book explores the concept and application of mechanistic modelling, while Part II deals with content relevant to physiological modelling. This practical guide is a key text for undergraduate students studying biomedical engineering and researchers in the field of biomedical engineering and healthcare.

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This textbook is a comprehensive review of the physics of heterogeneous radiation and is linked, through a multidisciplinary approach, to clinical applications and biological considerations of heterogenous radiation. Fundamental principles of Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy (SFRT), techniques and technologies, dosimetric properties of SFRT, planning methods, documentation, standardized reporting metrics and clinical practice recommendations are comprehensively reviewed. The current status and results of clinical patient studies are presented, which have the potential to advance the management of bulky and advanced tumors. Potential biological underpinnings are reviewed that may challenge the current radiobiological understanding of radiation response and radiation therapy design parameters. Such multidisciplinary understanding is a critical foundation as the field of heterogeneous radiation rapidly advances in technological development and clinical investigation.

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This reference text is the result of an evolving course at the University of Southern California on CMOS/Nano Neuromorphic Circuits, taught at graduate level. The book covers early neuromorphic circuits and focuses on circuits in the BioRC project, with examples taken from other concurrent projects. The text begins with an introduction to human neuroscience. It summarizes a short history of neuromorphic circuits and presents an extended discussion of the challenges of building an artificial brain with analog neuromorphic circuits. An approach to neuromorphic circuits taken from Parker's BioRC project follows. A review of relevant mathematical models of neural behavior is covered, as well as basic neural circuits modeling neurons and synapses. The text contains more advanced neuromorphic circuits and a collection of BioRC approaches to nanotechnologies.

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Healthcare is one of the most promising applications of affective computing, where advances using biomedical signals have grown rapidly. This comprehensive book begins with an introduction to affective computing and affective computing models, artificial intelligence, probability theory, and statistical learning. It discusses topics such as noise elimination and baseline wandering effects of biomedical signals, and then proceeds to review biomedical signal acquisition and pre-processing. In this book, biomedical signals in affective states are discussed as well as artificial intelligence techniques used to classify biomedical signals, such as artificial neural networks and support vector machines. A discussion of affective computing applications in neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders concludes the book. Recent research is discussed alongside future challenges in these areas.

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Nuclear medicine is a medical speciality involving the application of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Procedures that involve the production and administration of radionuclides to the body for either diagnostic or therapeutic purposes fall under the remit of this field.

This course text provides an introduction to key topics in nuclear medicine, from the fundamental principles of radioactivity through to the production and use of radionuclides for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. New to the second edition is a chapter on the use of Monte Carlo methods in nuclear medicine, new sections on machine learning and intraoperative nuclear probes and recent updates about novel radiopharmaceutical production. The book can be used as an informative supplement in general physics undergraduate programmes and masters postgraduate level medical physics.

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Discussion of various IOT based systems for classification and design strategy of biomedical systems are provided in the book. This book can serve as a pillar for the IOT application in biomedical systems understanding.