Transport Economics, Management and Policy series – serie
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26 produkter
26 produkter
Evaluation of Complex Infrastructure Projects
A Guide to Qualitative Comparative Analysis
Inbunden, Engelska, 2018
1 536 kr
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Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) is an emerging research method that is highly suitable for evaluation studies. Clear and concise, this book explains how researchers and evaluators can use QCA effectively for the systematic and thorough analysis of large infrastructure projects, while also acknowledging their complexity.Lasse Gerrits and Stefan Verweij present the key steps of this methodology to identify patterns across real-life cases. From collecting and interpreting data to sharing their knowledge and presenting the results, the authors use examples of megaprojects to emphasize how QCA can be used successfully for both single infrastructure ventures as well as more extensive projects. In addition to discussing the best practices and pitfalls of the methodology, further examples from current research are given in order to illustrate how QCA works effectively in both theory and practice.Being written with researchers and evaluators in mind, this book will be of great benefit for students and scholars of evaluation studies, public administration, transport studies, policy analysis and project management. The book is also highly applicable for those working in public or private organizations involved in infrastructure projects looking for an effective, detailed and systematic method of evaluation.
Institutional Reform of Air Navigation Service Providers
A Historical and Economic Perspective
Inbunden, Engelska, 2015
1 598 kr
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Institutional Reform of Air Navigation Service Providers deals with the changes that have taken place in this major, technologically progressive industry as many countries moved away from direct provision by the government to forms of corporate or private provision. The author provides an up-to-date institutional and economic analysis of air navigation service providers efforts to reform their governance and funding structures under these changes.The book discusses air navigation service providers in great detail, with a focus on the historical evolution of the industry's institutional and regulatory frameworks as well as the ongoing developments in the industry (e.g. the Single European Sky in Europe and NextGen in the US). The author departs from the more conventional quasi-descriptive analysis by performing economic and econometric analyses of the industry that explicitly include institutional variables, e.g. to explore whether the nature of ownership can be associated with different economic efficiency outcomes. The result is a rigorous assessment of the structures of various air navigation service providers, strengthened by the use of case studies and policy analysis of potential reform.The theme and scope of this book will appeal to anyone interested in the institutional and regulatory history of air navigation service providers, and its accessible approach will appeal to policy-makers and professionals as well as people who are interested, more broadly, in economic regulation.
Globalisation, Policy and Shipping
Fordism, Post-Fordism and the European Union Maritime Sector: Second Edition
Inbunden, Engelska, 2022
1 716 kr
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Thoroughly revised and updated, this second edition provides a contemporary analysis of policy and governance developments in the shipping sector across the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. It particularly focuses on developments in the EU and the continued intensification of globalisation, sustainability and social awareness.Examining the relationship between shipping policy-makers, policy-enforcers and the industry, Evangelia Selkou and Michael Roe analyse the problems that have emerged in an intensely globalised sector where ship and cargo owners, crew, cargo ownership, and vessel finance might all be spread across a variety of locations, intensified by the anachronistic role of flag of registry. Updated chapters explore key emerging issues, such as the environment, the importance of externalities in the shipping market and sustainability. The book provides an in-depth discussion of these issues, while also exploring the potential developments for shipping policy and governance in the future. Integrating issues of policy-making, governance and globalisation, Selkou and Roe offer a unique perspective of the relationship between policy and the maritime sector.Mapping how the shipping industry continues to undergo significant changes, this second edition will be a valuable resource for scholars and students of EU policy, international business, and transport geography and mobilities. Policy-makers in shipping will also find it beneficial.
2 029 kr
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The impact of transport on the environment is a major issue of worldwide concern. This important new book presents state-of-the-art contributions on spatial and technological aspects of transport in relation to environmental degradation, together with analysis of sustainable transport policy.The first part of the book focuses on policy analysis. A sustainable transport strategy should include all elements of the transport sector, transcend the usual time and space constraints and address economic and equity concerns, in addition to the environmental targets it is often designed to meet. The second part concerns technological issues. The authors do not simply describe technological possibilities, but are instead concerned with broader issues such as scenario development and implementation strategies. The third part concerns spatial aspects, including an increasing spatial level in discussing sustainable transport issues, from the local and urban level to global aspects of sustainable transport. Transport and Environment thus offers a multi-disciplinary perspective on the multifaceted field of sustainable transport.The distinguished array of contributors and broad scope of the work will ensure this book is essential reading for scholars of transport and environmental economics, policymakers and those involved in urban and transport planning.
2 563 kr
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This timely book deals with the problem of pricing passenger and freight transportation within Europe. The contributors argue that current legislation affecting pricing and regulation is increasingly less successful in dealing with market failures and externalities such as congestion, air pollution, noise and accidents. Technological progress and greater European co-operation has brought increased scope for the reform of transport policies.Reforming Transport Pricing in the European Union includes an economic diagnosis of the pricing problem, proposals for new pricing and regulation structures together with a quantified assessment of the likely impact for several European cities and countries. The effects of traffic volume, cost, and overall economic welfare are computed for all forms of passenger and freight transport in urban and non-urban areas. The book analyses various alternative policies including combinations of higher fuel excise, alternative parking policies, cordon pricing, electronic road pricing and emissions regulation. The research is based on a set of formal models which facilitate the analysis and comparison of results. The range of policies studied and the variety of methodologies employed, will ensure that this book will be of great benefit to European and national transport policymakers, transport economists and transport consultants.
2 377 kr
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Air Transport Networks provides an economic analysis of the way in which the air transport industry operates and the nature of the policies that have been adopted to regulate the sector. The book covers domestic and international air transportation with an emphasis on airlines and includes discussions of related markets such as airports and air traffic control. The authors provide details of how the sector functions and the reasons why the airline industry performs as it does today and explore the ways in which governments have, over the years, attempted to manipulate air transport markets to meet political objectives.This volume will be warmly received by those interested in the operations and the influences that public policy has on the air transport sector. Air Transport Networks will also appeal to policymakers and to those working in the air transportation sector.
1 749 kr
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Pollution, alternative fuels, congestion, intelligent transportation systems, and the shift from construction to maintenance all call for a reconsideration of the existing highway revenue mechanisms, especially the gas tax. David Levinson explores the fundamental theoretical basis of highway finance, in particular the use of tolls, and supports that theory with empirical evidence. The author examines highway finance from the perspective of individual jurisdictions and travellers, and considers their interactions rather than specifying a single optimal solution. Congestion pricing has long been a goal of transportation economists, who believe it will result in a more efficient use of resources. Levinson argues that if the governance were to become more decentralized, and collection costs continue to drop, tolls could return to prominence as the preferred means of financing roads for both local and intercity travel. An approach that creates the local winners necessary to implement road pricing is required before it can be expected to become widespread.Economists, civil engineers, planners, students and policymakers will find this detailed examination of transportation networks enlightening and useful.
Environmental Costs and Liberalization in European Air Transport
A Welfare Economic Analysis
Inbunden, Engelska, 2001
1 784 kr
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With air transport becoming an increasingly vital part of the economy, the regulatory reform of this market has been a major development in European political economy. This book focuses on two market failures within the airline industry - market power and environmental externalities - and analyses how they have been affected by deregulation. The author employs economic models complemented by extensive empirical research, to demonstrate how the introduction of competition, brought about by liberalization, has resulted in considerable consumer benefits. The author argues that these benefits, such as increased choice through the expansion of operations, must be off set against increased environmental costs including greater noise pollution and emissions, not to mention the reduction of profits that often accompany market liberalization. In the process the book tackles a number of important issues including the background and history of airline regulation in the EU, the basic policy trade-off between monopoly power and external costs, monetary valuation of externalities, and the relationship between airline scheduling and external costs. Perhaps surprisingly, the author concludes that even in the presence of environmental costs, the introduction of competition in airline markets has resulted in net welfare improvements. Policymakers, as well as practitioners and researchers of environmental and transport economics, should draw great value from this original and pertinent volume.
2 029 kr
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Travel Behaviour is a challenging and original volume, adding to the growing literature focusing on understanding transportation systems. The book capitalises on actual scientific and applied developments in Europe, the importance of EC policies and the resultant trend in studying differences between North American and European research.The authors present non-traditional approaches to four pertinent topics in the field of travel behaviour: mobility and travel, telecommunication and travel, traffic congestion and modelling travel behavioural responses. In contrast to many orthodox studies that propose congestion relief solutions, Travel Behaviour suggests that a certain amount of congestion is good for transportation systems.This unique volume is aimed at a wide variety of complementary disciplines from transportation professionals, to policymakers, transport economists, urban and regional planners, geographers and behavioural scientists.
Transportation Networks and the Optimal Location of Human Activities
A Numerical Geography Approach
Inbunden, Engelska, 2002
2 012 kr
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The relationship between the shape of transportation networks and the optimal locations and allocations of human activities is examined in this unique volume.Simulations are performed on different toy-networks: several transportation networks are designed and their effects on location-allocation results are tested on different markets. Several optimal location models are used. The author then attempts to discover how the modelling results are affected by negative externalities or zone pricing policies. Finally, these results are applied to real-world situations, illustrating and confirming the results of the simulations performed on toy-networks.This volume will be considered as an interesting and original approach for location-modellers as well as planners. Transportation Networks and the Optimal Location of Human Activities will also appeal to geographers, spatial economists, location-allocation practitioners and transportation researchers.
797 kr
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Analytical Transport Economics opens with a critical examination and overview of the scope of transport economics. Next, the production of transport, travel demand, transport externalities and transport markets are thoroughly analysed. The distinguished group of contributors then examine transport policy, both regarding infrastructure and transport markets. Specific attention is paid to the role of government after deregulation and to the transport policy of the European Union. Transport infrastructure is also analysed in view of its effects on the wider economy. Finally, the role of transport in a number of more specific situations is considered, that is in an urban environment, in transitional economies and in developing economies. This book is a considerably revised version of the well-received European Transport Economics (1993), described as 'A book every transport scientist should have in his possession' - Professor Eddy Van de Voorde, University of Antwerp, Belgium. There are a number of new chapters, a few that had lost their usefulness over time have been omitted, and others have been thoroughly revised and updated. With its strong international focus, academics and advanced students of economics, transport economics and public policy as well as policymakers within government and private enterprise will find this book essential reading.
1 717 kr
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This book looks at the economics of the evolving interface between the movement of people, goods and information (telecommunications). It illustrates the increasing importance of information flows in relation to how people move about, the ways that goods are transported and on land-use patterns. The authors show how the linkages involved are not static but vary as technology develops, as social priorities shift, and as policymakers adjust institutional structures. The situation is evolving but, nevertheless, from a public policy and a narrower commercial, business perspective, it is important to gain broad insights into what is occurring and the ways that telecommunications, transportation, and location interact. This is the focus of the book. Telecommunications, Transportation and Location contains both sytheses and interpretations of what others have found in regard to these interactions as well as new work that extends earlier findings. The material is presented in a rigorous yet accessible manner to open it to a wide audience of practitioners concerned with policy-making within various levels of government and within private business.Researchers and academics teaching courses including transportation planning, communications, regional science, urban and regional planning, urban and regional economics and transport economics will find much to engage them within this book. It will also be very useful to logistics professionals, and policymakers and practitioners involved in transportation planning.
1 801 kr
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The development of a European Port Policy is widely recognised as a critical component of the Common EU Transport Policy, and has been the focus of attention since the early 1990s. A coherent common EU wide port policy has not yet been achieved, but the authors of this book argue that it has a major role to play in European integration and that its significance in this context is set to increase. European Union Port Policy assesses the progress that has been made towards a comprehensive policy framework, reviewing the impact of both historical and contemporary policy initiatives - such as the recent 'port package' - before forecasting expected developments in policy making and the prospects of successfully achieving a single port policy.This book offers a unique review of port policy in the EU and will appeal to all those in academic and policy circles with an interest in both transport and European integration.
Structural Change in Transportation and Communications in the Knowledge Society
Inbunden, Engelska, 2006
2 495 kr
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The transformation of the world economy from a system of nations trading materials-intensive goods to a system of seamless global networks for information-intensive goods and services has created the need for a comprehensive restructuring of transportation and communications activities. The contributors - transportation and communications analysts from Japan and the United States - address this restructuring from a variety of perspectives ranging from theoretical treatments of the role of information in the economy to applications of communications technologies for the collection of travel data. The authors transcend traditional methods of transportation and communication analysis in order to address emerging issues that are not well represented by the prevailing cost-benefit framework. Many draw from advances in social sciences, such as game theory, that recognize the interdependence of human decision making. New ways of assessing the economic benefit of infrastructure and the evolving role of institutions in the information economy are demonstrated, along with novel approaches to analyzing human mobility and interaction in a knowledge-rich environment. By moving beyond traditional forms of analysis that were better suited to an earlier time, the chapters in this book provide a wealth of insights for policy formulation in the globalized knowledge economy.This comprehensive volume will be of great value to regional scientists and economic geographers, as well as civil engineers, economists, and analysts interested in transportation and communications.
2 292 kr
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This book explores the great challenge of increasing the scope of intermodal freight transport. In view of the current dominant role of road transport and the increasing difficulties in coping with a growing number of vehicles in an efficient and sustainable way, intermodal freight transport could be considered a viable alternative. However, the book makes recognition of the fact that there is still a need to improve the performance of the intermodal transport system. The expert contributors provide an overview of the present role of intermodal freight transport, address opportunities to significantly improve current performance, and demonstrate design and modelling tools used to analyse and support this performance. Requirements for the implementation of intermodal innovations are also prescribed, and policies needed to improve competitiveness are outlined. Many factors contributing to the performance and competitiveness of intermodal freight transport are explored, from technological and organisational innovations through to institutional settings and policy frameworks. This comprehensive range of topics will attract a broad audience including academics, researchers, policymakers and practitioners involved in the design and development of freight transport systems. It will also strongly appeal to those with an interest in the future of freight transport.
2 292 kr
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This book explores the many challenges faced by the development and implementation of automated freight transport systems. It offers a unique overview of current applications, developments and future perspectives. The subject of automation is not covered extensively in the existing literature on freight transport and this book aims to fill the gap.In view of the increasing difficulties in coping with growing transport volumes in an efficient and sustainable way, the development of new automated freight applications could be a viable alternative. The first chapters of the book are devoted to an overview of concepts and current research developments in automated transport, outlining the opportunities, barriers and threats for further development paths for different transport modes. The authors then go on to focus on innovative tools to design and evaluate these new transport developments. The book closes with a detailed and critical analysis of what is, probably, the most critical part of system innovation; that is the implementation of automated systems.Written from a multi-disciplinary perspective, which reflects the diversity of the relevant issues needing consideration when designing, developing and implementing such systems, this book will be an invaluable source for scholars and researchers of innovation and transport studies. In addition, the book will be useful to policymakers and practitioners involved in the design, development and implementation of new technologies for freight transport. It may also appeal to wider readers with an interest in the future of freight transport systems.
1 717 kr
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The transformation of public ports into commercially orientated and profitable entities is occurring apace in the Asia-Pacific region. This timely book is the first to take a regional perspective on port reform and port privatisation. A range of countries is examined, including China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand. The book's contributors are academic specialists in the fields of port economics and management, whose country studies illustrate a variety of port privatisation methods and outcomes in an economically, politically and culturally diverse region connected by extensive maritime trade networks. Significantly, the book concludes that privatisation of ports is an important but far from universal approach to reforming the region's ports.Focusing exclusively on port privatisation in the Asia-Pacific region, this book will be of great interest to academics and policymakers who are interested in port reform, together with those interested in privatisation more generally in the Asia-Pacific region.
Cost–Benefit Analysis and Evolutionary Computing
Optimal Scheduling of Interactive Road Projects
Inbunden, Engelska, 2005
1 801 kr
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This book systematically addresses the issue of interdependence between road projects in a network, when prioritising and scheduling road expansion and maintenance.The book presents substantial applications for both rural and urban projects and to the optimization of maintenance. The authors confirm the extreme sensitivity to project timing but also show that solutions with almost equal net present values may have dissimilar work schedules. One of these may be selected on environmental or other grounds without losing road user benefits. They go on to explore and demonstrate the issues associated with the integration of evolutionary computing techniques, transport modelling and cost-benefit analysis to achieve an optimal road investment timetable.Demonstrating the application of evolutionary computing techniques to an exceptionally complex problem in the real business world, Cost-Benefit Analysis and Evolutionary Computing will be of great value to academics and those practitioners and researchers interested in addressing the classic issue of evaluating road expansion and maintenance programs.
Globalized Freight Transport
Intermodality, E-Commerce, Logistics and Sustainability
Inbunden, Engelska, 2007
2 089 kr
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The worldwide movement of freight has emerged as one of the most critical and dynamic aspects of the transport sector. The contributors to this study examine the current state of global freight transport, with an emphasis on Europe and North America and their extra-regional linkages. These original contributions synthesize existing knowledge, highlight new developments, problems and possible solutions, and underscore the need for further research. The book's starting point is the fact that freight transport is the main element supporting global supply and commodity chains, from the transformation of raw materials to market distribution and after-market services. However, as the authors point out, the rising costs associated with security and various other constraints, as well as the complexity of getting goods delivered, is adding to profit pressures faced by manufacturers around the globe. Despite the application of technology and increasingly efficient solutions to the movement of freight, constraint points and conditions obstructing smooth operations and sustainability have developed. These difficulties affect both the environment and economic growth. Examining the issues from four critical perspectives - intermodality, e-commerce and technology, logistics, and sustainability - Globalized Freight Transport captures the concern for the viability of freight systems and the ways they are impacting the global economy. This cutting-edge study will be of great interest to students and scholars of transportation, as well as to public sector policymakers and private sector managers.
Decision-Making on Mega-Projects
Cost–benefit Analysis, Planning and Innovation
Inbunden, Engelska, 2008
2 292 kr
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This book enlarges the understanding of decision-making on mega-projects and suggest recommendations for a more effective, efficient and democratic approach. Authors from different scientific disciplines address various aspects of the decision-making process, such as management characteristics and cost-benefit analysis, planning and innovation and competition and institutions. The subject matter is highly diverse, but certain questions remain at the forefront. For example, how do we deal with protracted preparation processes, how do we tackle risks and uncertainties, and how can we best divide the risks and responsibilities among the private and public players throughout the different phases of the project?Presenting a state-of-the-art overview, based on experiences and visions of authors from Europe and North America, this unique book will be of interest to practitioners of large-scale project management, politicians, public officials and private organisations involved in mega-project decision-making. It will also appeal to researchers, consultants and students dealing with substantial engineering projects, complex systems, project management and transport infrastructure.
1 801 kr
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Numerous countries have attempted to improve the performance of their railways by introducing more competition, but there is fierce debate and no consensus on how this is best achieved. This book reveals how railways were an obvious target for reform because they were often losing traffic and money, and because the government was typically deeply involved as either owner or regulator.This book summarizes and assesses the evidence from the experiences of rail reform in Europe, Latin America, and the United States. In short, the book reveals that no one approach has proven to be best across a wide variety of circumstances. It highlights how unbundling (separating infrastructure from train operations so that independent train operators could compete over common tracks) although attractive in theory, has so far proved complex to implement and delivered only some of the promised benefits. Privatization and deregulation have had more demonstrated success in the freight systems of North and South America, but are still largely untested in the more complex railway networks of Europe. The evidence is arguably slightly stronger for privatization and deregulation than for unbundling, but the jury is still out.Competition in the Railway Industry is invaluable in that it compares the strategies and experiences of different countries in introducing competition in railways, rather than simply focusing on one country and its approach. As such, it will appeal greatly to those in industry and government interested in railway policy and performance, and privatization and deregulation of utilities more generally. It will also appeal to academics and researchers of public sector, transport and industrial organization.
1 801 kr
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Heightened awareness of North America's vulnerability to terrorism in the aftermath of 9/11 has precipitated a crisis for transport suppliers and cargo owners, one that jeopardizes economic prosperity. Mary Brooks examines one industry sector of the North American economic relationship - transportation services - from the perspectives of transport supplier, cargo owner and policymaker.Ensuring security in international transportation without compromising operational effectiveness is a delicate balancing act. There is concern that economic benefits from NAFTA and the Canada-US Trade Agreement may have been diminished by the current security focus of American officials. The author addresses these concerns, beginning with a history of NAFTA and subsequent continental economic integration. Succeeding chapters provide an economic and regulatory assessment of the North American transport network, and examine key issues for both cargo interests and surface transport suppliers. The issues of perimeter security and growing regionalization are also explored. The author closes with a discussion of North America's transportation future under the Security and Prosperity Partnership.The unique insights of North American Freight Transportation will be of interest to policymakers, those in the transport sector, as well as researchers and practitioners in political science and trade economics.
New Developments in Transport Planning
Advances in Dynamic Traffic Assignment
Inbunden, Engelska, 2010
2 423 kr
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Traffic assignment is a set of criteria through which the demand for mobility is distributed over the links of a transport network. Over the last 30 years, Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) models have been developed to support time-dependent analyses in nascent fields that need to take into account the temporal distribution of demand and supply. In this book, leading international experts in the field provide a state-of-the-art overview of fundamental DTA research and practice, identifying weaknesses and major challenges for future research. The contributors illustrate that the complexity of DTA predominantly lies in finding a convenient trade-off between mathematical rigorousness and realistic traffic and behavioural models, and that many transport measures now have a necessarily dynamic element, ranging from real-time driver information systems to congestion pricing schemes, affecting the temporal distribution of demand and supply systems. They show that developing models able to predict the effects of these measures with sufficient realism, while maintaining properties of interpretability and computational tractability, is therefore of paramount importance. These, and other important DTA issues and themes are highlighted and discussed at length, with models and applications underpinning central theories and concepts. Drawing current research together in one key volume, this book will prove an invaluable resource for a wide-ranging audience including academics, lecturers and researchers, government agencies, consultants and practitioners engaged in transport planning.
1 428 kr
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In this clear and observant book, Kenneth Button provides an overview of the economics and political economy of transport security, considering its policy from an economic perspective. His analysis applies micro-economic theory to transport issues, supporting and enhancing the larger framework of our knowledge about personal, industrial, and national security.Button's focus on the economic aspects of transportation security strives to move beyond established technical and legal approaches, working within both the narrower microeconomics of individual and corporate efficiency and the larger trends in economic policy-making. By fitting current security trends into economic analysis, he discusses not only contemporary developments, but also their economic implications and approaches for assessing alternative strategies.This examination of applied economics is a must-read for those looking to gain a broader view of transport security issues. It is a critical resource for those in the security industries as well as those involved in education about transport, security matters, and applied microeconomics. Contents: Preface 1. Introduction 2. The Scale and Nature of the Terrorist Problem 3. Some Basic Economics of Transportation Security 4. Links Between Market Structure and Security 5. The Economic Instruments of Security Policy 6. Security and Air Transportation 7. The Economics of Shopping Mall Security 8. Maritime Security 9. Some Conclusions Index
Transport and Ethics
Ethics and the Evaluation of Transport Policies and Projects
Inbunden, Engelska, 2011
1 831 kr
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This insightful book discusses the use of Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) for transport policy options from an ethical perspective.Each detailed chapter deals with issues such as; the use and ethical aspects of CBA in transport, social exclusion, the environment and long term sustainability, safety, ethics of research and modeling transport. It summarizes ethics-based critics on CBA and discusses their relevance for accessibility, the environment and safety. In addition it explores ethical dilemmas of doing CBAs and CBA related research. The book concludes with possible avenues for furthering exploring the links between transport and ethics.Transport and Ethics will appeal to researchers in the area of CBA for transport, postgraduate and undergraduate students in transport economics, transport policy, transport planning and transport geography, as well as policy makers in the area of transport.Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. The Opinion of the Target Group; 3. How Suitable is CBA for the Ex-ante Evaluation of Transport Projects and Policies?; 4. Social Exclusion; 5. Long Term Sustainability and Transport Evaluation; 6. Safety: Indicators, Pricing Humans and Democracy; 7. The Ethics of Doing Transport Research; 8. The Use of Models; 9. Epilogue and Discussion; Index
2 505 kr
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Analytical Transport Economics opens with a critical examination and overview of the scope of transport economics. Next, the production of transport, travel demand, transport externalities and transport markets are thoroughly analysed. The distinguished group of contributors then examine transport policy, both regarding infrastructure and transport markets. Specific attention is paid to the role of government after deregulation and to the transport policy of the European Union. Transport infrastructure is also analysed in view of its effects on the wider economy. Finally, the role of transport in a number of more specific situations is considered, that is in an urban environment, in transitional economies and in developing economies. This book is a considerably revised version of the well-received European Transport Economics (1993), described as 'A book every transport scientist should have in his possession' - Professor Eddy Van de Voorde, University of Antwerp, Belgium. There are a number of new chapters, a few that had lost their usefulness over time have been omitted, and others have been thoroughly revised and updated. With its strong international focus, academics and advanced students of economics, transport economics and public policy as well as policymakers within government and private enterprise will find this book essential reading.