Molecular self-assembly is a widespread phenomenon in both chemistry and biochemistry. Yet it was not until the rise of supramolecular chemistry that attention has increasingly been given to the designed self-assembly of a variety of synthetic molecules and ions. To a large extent, success in this area has reflected knowledge gained from nature. However, an increased awareness of the latent steric and electronic information implanted in individual molecular components has also contributed to this success. Whilst not yet approaching the sophistication of biological assemblies, synthetic systems of increasing subtlety and considerable aesthetic appeal have been created. Self-Assembly in Supramolecular Systems surveys highlights of the progress made in the creation of discrete synthetic assemblies and provides a foundation for new workers in the area, as well as background reading for experienced supramolecular chemists.

The desire to quantify the presence of analytes within diverse physiological, environmental and industrial systems has led to the development of many novel detection methods. In this arena, saccharide analysis has exploited the pair-wise interaction between boronic acids and saccharides. Boronic Acids in Saccharide Recognition provides a comprehensive review and critical analysis of the current developments in this field. It also assesses the potential of this innovative approach, outlining future lines of research and possible applications. Topics include: the molecular recognition of saccharides, the complexation of boronic acids with saccharides, fluorescent sensors and the modular construct of fluorescent sensors, further sensory systems for saccharide recognition and an extensive bibliography. This high level book is ideal for researchers both academic and industrial who require a comprehensive overview of the subject.

Anion recognition plays a critical role in a range of biological processes, and a variety of receptors and carriers can be found throughout the natural world. Chemists working in the area of supramolecular chemistry have created a range of anion receptors, drawing inspiration from nature as well as their own inventive processes. This book traces the origins of anion recognition chemistry as a unique sub-field in supramolecular chemistry while illustrating the basic approaches currently being used to effect receptor design. The combination of biological overview and summary of current synthetic approaches provides a coverage that is both comprehensive and comprehensible. First, the authors detail the key design motifs that have been used to generate synthetic receptors and which are likely to provide the basis for further developments. They also highlight briefly some of the features that are present in naturally occurring anion recognition and transport systems and summarise the applications of anion recognition chemistry. Providing as it does a detailed review for practitioners in the field and a concise introduction to the topic for newcomers, Anion Receptor Chemistry reflects the current state of the art. Fully referenced and illustrated in colour, it is a welcome addition to the literature.

There have been many great advances in the field of biomedical imaging in recent years, with supramolecular chemistry playing a key role in the evolution of modern imaging techniques. Non-covalent supramolecular interactions are fundamental to countless biological processes, from host–guest binding to the stabilisation of complex structures. Supramolecular chemistry techniques can be employed to create probes that can be targeted to either exploit or disrupt these interactions, giving the potential for both diagnostic and therapeutic effects. Furthermore, in techniques such as contrast enhanced MRI, controlling the interactions between solvent molecules and the imaging agent is crucial to the development of the technique.With rapid growth in the synthesis and study of molecular imaging agents, the understanding of their associated techniques has sometimes lagged behind. Supramolecular Chemistry in Biomedical Imaging will fill this gap by clarifying the state of current understanding and the nature of the underlying problems inherent to addressing problems in biology. It will cover both the techniques used in imaging and the molecular and supramolecular systems used to exploit them. This publication targets academics coming to the field from mainstream supramolecular chemistry, research graduates and undergraduates interested in supramolecular chemistry, synthesis or imaging agents and imaging techniques for biomedical applications.

The field of aromatic interactions, the fundamental nature of substituent effects and the identification of contacts between anions and aromatic systems have generated stimulating arguments in recent years. New theoretical frameworks have been developed and tested and aromatic interactions have emerged as potential solutions for varied problems in biology and materials science. This book provides a wide ranging survey of the latest findings and advances surrounding aromatic interactions, stretching from the fundamentals to modern applications in synthesis, biology and materials chemistry. It also discusses computational, experimental and analytical approaches to understanding these interactions, including pi-pi, anion-pi, and cation-pi interactions.Aromatic Interactions: Frontiers in Knowledge and Application is a useful text for advanced students and researchers, and appeals to those working within the fields of supramolecular chemistry, computational chemistry and thermodynamics.

Supramolecular materials have a great number of applications due to the reversibility of their non-covalent molecular interactions, such as reversible hydrogen bonding, host–guest interactions and electrostatic interactions. This book provides a comprehensive source of information on the structure and function of organic and metal–organic supramolecular materials.The chapters of this book provide an overview of supramolecular material assembly at various scales, including the formation of 2D polymers and molecular cages. The role of intermolecular interactions in solid and solution state self-assembly is discussed, as is the role of mechanochemistry on molecular and supramolecular architectures. Finally, novel applications of these materials in molecular recognition, catalysis, light harvesting and environmental remediation are covered.Functional Supramolecular Materials will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in academia and industry in the fields of supramolecular chemistry and functional materials science.

An amphiphile is a molecule that contains a hydrophilic part and a hydrophobic part, linked by covalent bonding. Supramolecular amphiphiles (supra-amphiphiles) are amphiphiles linked by non-covalent interactions. As they employ non-covalent interactions, these species demonstrate adaptability and reversibility in conformational transformation, making them one of the most important emerging species in supramolecular chemistry. They have proven important in bridging the gap between molecular architecture and functional assembly.This book is written and edited by the current leaders in the topic and contains a foreword from Professor Jean-Marie Lehn, a father of the supramolecular chemistry field. Bringing together supramolecular chemistry and colloidal and interfacial science, the book provides a detailed and systematic introduction to supramolecular amphiphiles. Chapters explain how to employ non-covalent interactions to fabricate supra-amphiphiles. The book opens with an introduction to the history and development of the field, followed by chapters focussing on each type of interaction, including host-guest interaction, electrostatic interaction, charge-transfer interaction, hydrogen bonding and dynamic covalent bonds.This book will be a valuable resource for students new to this field and experienced researchers wanting to explore the wider context of their work.

The metal–ligand coordination of metallomacrocycles allows for the production of both discrete and infinite metallosupramolecular structures with high-degrees of complexity. In recent years, coordination-driven self-assembly has emerged as a powerful noncovalent synthetic strategy to build discrete supramolecular architectures with diverse coordination moieties such as a well-defined shape, size, and geometry. The dynamic features of the metal–ligand bonds result in structures with intriguing properties allowing for a diverse range of applications in host–guest chemistry, sensing, drug delivery and catalysis.This book provides a comprehensive summary of current research in metallomacrocycles. Starting with an introduction to metallomacrocycles constructed via coordination-driven self-assembly, the book then goes on to explore design principles and self-organization. Subsequent chapters then discuss examples of complex and functional metallosupramolecular systems based on metallomacrocycles such as chiral systems and mechanically interlocked architectures. Finally, the book discusses the applications of metallomacrocycles.An essential resource for students and researchers looking to design and construct new metallosupramolecular systems and extend their applications in biological and materials science.

Technological and computational advances in the past decade have meant a vast increase in the study of crystalline matter in both organic, inorganic and organometallic molecules. These studies revealed information about the conformation of molecules and their coordination geometry as well as the role of intermolecular interactions in molecular packing especially in the presence of different intermolecular interactions in solids. This resulting knowledge plays a significant role in the design of improved medicinal, mechanical, and electronic properties of single and multi-component solids in their crystalline state.Understanding Intermolecular Interactions in the Solid State explores the different techniques used to investigate the interactions, including hydrogen and halogen bonds, lone pair–pi, and pi–pi interactions, and their role in crystal formation. From experimental to computational approaches, the book covers the latest techniques in crystallography, ranging from high pressure and in situ crystallization to crystal structure prediction and charge density analysis. Thus this book provides a strong introductory platform to those new to this field and an overview for those already working in the area. A useful resource for higher level undergraduates, postgraduates and researchers across crystal engineering, crystallography, physical chemistry, solid-state chemistry, supramolecular chemistry and materials science.

Over the past decade, research on molecular gels has expanded and progressed rapidly. This timely book presents the latest developments and understanding of the topic, covering the different classes of gels (ionogels, metallogels, hydrogels and organogels) from their molecular level interactions and formation to their properties as materials and applications.The book starts with a general introduction to molecular gels including their definition and a comparison of the different types. Chapters then examine the physical chemistry of molecular gels, including the most recent theories, experimental techniques and computational approaches. Final chapters on the applications of molecular gels illustrate, with modern case studies, the principles developed in previous chapters. Written by leading researchers, this is an indispensable resource on the different types of gels for postgraduate students and researchers across supramolecular chemistry, materials science, polymer chemistry, soft matter and chemical engineering.

Multi-component crystalline systems or co-crystals have received tremendous attention from academia and industry alike in the past decade. Applications of co-crystals are varied and are likely to positively impact a wide range of industries dealing with molecular solids. Co-crystallization has been used to improve the properties and performance of materials from pharmaceuticals to energetic materials, as well as for separation of compounds. This book combines co-crystal applications of commercial and practical interest from diverse fields in to a single volume. It also examines effective structural design of co-crystals, and provides insights into practical synthesis and characterization techniques. Providing a useful resource for postgraduate students new to applied co-crystal research and crystal engineering, it will also be of interest to established researchers in academia or industry.

Building on decades of “host-guest” research, recent years have seen a surge of activity in water-soluble supramolecular receptors for protein recognition and assembly. Progress has been particularly rich in the area of calixarenes, cucurbiturils and molecular tweezers. Emerging applications include controlled protein assembly in solution, crystal engineering, supramolecular control of catalysis (both in vitro and in vivo), as well as novel mechanisms of protein-interaction inhibition with relevance to amyloids and disease. One challenge at the interface of supramolecular chemistry and protein science is to increase interaction and collaboration between chemists and biochemists/structural biologists.This book addresses the exciting interface of supramolecular chemistry and protein science. Chapters cover supramolecular approaches to protein recognition, assembly and regulation. Principles outlined will highlight the opportunities that are readily accessible to collaborating chemists and biochemists, enriching the breadth and scope of this multidisciplinary field. Supramolecular Protein Chemistry will be of particular interest to graduate students and researchers working in supramolecular chemistry, protein science, self-assembly, biomaterials, biomedicine and biotechnology.

The chemistry that occurs within confined spaces is the product of a collection of forces, often beyond the molecule, and is not easily ascribed to singular factors. There is a breadth of material types that can define a confined space (e.g. macrocycles, interlocked molecules, porous and non-porous crystals, organic and inorganic/coordination cages) which are rarely discussed together. Studies of supramolecular entities in the solution and solid states are also not often compared in the same discussion, even though the concepts are often similar or can be easily transferred between the two. Chapters in this book combine classical host-guest chemistry with catalysis, reactivity, and modern supramolecular chemistry. They cover the many different technologies used to describe and understand reactivity in confined spaces in one accessible title.With contributions from leading experts, Reactivity in Confined Spaces will be relevant for graduate students and researchers working in supramolecular chemistry, both organic- and inorganic-based, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, polymer chemistry, and materials science in general.

Porphyrin-based Supramolecular Architectures focuses on the most recent developments in the field, emphasizing the cutting-edge research in a diverse range of applications. Designed for readers considering the unprecedented prosperity of porous materials research, chapters will cover both strategies for structure design (such as MOFs and COFs) as well as emerging applications including CO2 fixation, catalysis and photodynamic therapy. With contributions from global experts, this title will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in supramolecular chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, organometallic chemistry, solid-state chemistry, catalysis and (porous) materials science.

Fluorescent chemosensors have been widely applied in many diverse fields such as biology, physiology, pharmacology, and environmental sciences. The interdisciplinary nature of chemosensor research has continued to grow over the last 25 years to meet the increasing needs of monitoring our environment and health.More recently, a large range of fluorescent chemosensors have been established for the detection of biologically and/or environmentally important species, and are increasingly being used to solve biological problems. The use of these molecules as imaging probes to diagnose and treat disease is gaining momentum with clear future applications.This book will bring together world-leading experts to describe the current state of play in the field and introduce the cutting-edge research and possible future directions into fluorescent chemosensors design. Chapters focus on the basic principles involved in the design of chemosensors for specific analytes, problems, and challenges in the field.Concentrating on advanced techniques and methods, the book will be of use for academics and researchers across a number of disciplines, with international appeal.

We all learn - in schools, factories, bars and streets. We gather, store, process and transmit information in society. Molecular systems involved in our senses and within our brains allow all this to happen and molecular systems allow living things of all kinds to handle information for the purpose of survival and growth. Nevertheless, the vital link between molecules and computation was not generally appreciated until a few decades ago. Semiconductor-based information technology had penetrated society at many levels and the interest in maintaining momentum of this revolution led to the consideration of molecules, among others, as possible information handlers. Such an overlap between the recent engineering-oriented revolution with the ancient biology-oriented success story is very interesting and George Boole's times in Ireland 150 years ago produced the logic ideas that provide the foundations of computation to this day. Molecular logic and computation is a field which is 17 years young, has had a healthy growth and is a story which deserves to be told. It is a growing branch of chemical science which highlights the connection between information technology (engineering and biological) and chemistry. The author and co-workers of this publication launched molecular logic as an experimental field by publishing the first research in the primary literature in 1993 and are uniquely placed to recount how the field has grown. There is no other book at present on molecular logic and computation and is more comprehensive than that found in any review available so far. It shows how designed molecules can play the role of information processors in a wide variety of situations, once we are educated by those information processors already available in the semiconductor electronics business and in the natural world. Following a short history of the field, is a set of primers on logic, computing and photochemical principles which are an essential basis in this field. The book covers all of the Boolean logic gates driven by a single input and all of those with double inputs and the wide range of designs which lie beneath these gates is a particular highlight. The easily-available diversity of chemical systems is another highlight, especially when it leads to reconfigurable logic gates. Further on in the book, molecular arithmetic and other more complex logic operations, including those with a memory and those which stray beyond binary are covered. Then follows molecular computing approaches which lie outside the Boolean blueprint, including quantum phenomena and finally, the book catalogues the useful real-life applications of molecular logic and computation which are already available. This book is an authoritative, state of the art, reference and a 'one-stop-shop' concerning the current state of the field for scientists, academics and postgraduate students.

The diverse range of applications has thrust hydrogels into the spotlight of scientific research. From biomedical applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery and wound healing, and consumer care products such as contact lenses to laboratory purification in chromatography and as electrophoresis gels, many researchers are looking at hydrogels for their materials solutions. This rapid expansion of the field has however created a gap between the current knowledge and understanding of hydrogel research and its future outlook. To overcome this, Polymeric and Self Assembled Hydrogels captures the entire landscape of hydrogels research providing a guidebook for academics, industrialists and postgraduates interested in the area. With contributions from the top authorities in the field, the book details the fundamental principles of both synthetic and natural polymeric networks and supramolecular hydrogels from either surfactants or peptides, along with examples of their major applications. This is the resource to give you everything you need to know about hydrogel research.

Non-covalent interactions, which are the heart of supramolecular chemistry are also the basis of most important functions of living systems. The ability to apply supramolecular chemistry principles to the life sciences, such as designing synthetic host compounds to selectively interact within biological targets, has gained wide appeal due the vast number of potential applications.Supramolecular Systems for Biomedical Fields provides in sixteen chapters a comprehensive overview of these applications. Each chapter covers a specific topic and is written by internationally renowned experts in that area. Sensing of bioactive inorganic ions and organic substrates is the focus of several contributions, as well as interactions with proteins and nucleic acids. Specific chapters are devoted to cyclodextrins, calixarenes and cucurbiturils as most frequently used receptors, including applications such as drug delivery and protection, gene transfer and others. Other chapters address the use of combinatorial libraries, molecular imprinting techniques, enzyme assays, supramolecular gels, bioimaging, drug activation, photodynamic therapy, and antitumour metal complexes.This timely publication will appeal to graduate students and researchers from chemical, pharmaceutical, biological, and medicinal fields interested in the supramolecular chemistry of biological systems and their practical potentials.

The ability to monitor analytes within physiological, environmental, and industrial scenarios is of prime importance in many scenarios. Chemists have striven to mimic nature’s ability to produce robust chemosensors with the capacity to detect molecules and signal their presence. The covalent coupling interaction between boronic acids and saccharides has been exploited to monitor saccharides. The boronic acid–and Lewis acid base interaction is also suitable for the capture and recognition of anions, which are involved in fundamental processes in all living things.There have been significant advances in the field of boronic acid based receptors and this book provides a comprehensive overview and update on the topic. Not only are the applications of boron in chemical molecular sensors covered in detail, but their synthesis and supramolecular self-assembly are also presented. Topics include: the molecular recognition of saccharides, the complexation of boronic acids with saccharides, fluorescent sensors and the modular construct of fluorescent sensors, further sensory systems for saccharide recognition and an extensive bibliography.Edited by experts in the area and containing international contributions from leading research groups on the subject, this book provides a useful resource for graduate students, academic and industrial researchers in organic chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, materials science and bio-organic chemistry.

The past decade has seen significant advances in naphthalenediimide and rylene diimide chemistry. This book discusses the recent advances in this field, and highlights potential and real applications for the molecules. Such applications include organic photovoltaics, anion-slides, DNA binders, and building blocks for complex molecular topologies.Naphthalenediimide and its Congeners is the first book in this rapidly developing area, and will be essential reference material for postdoctoral researchers and postgraduate students. This text will also provide a solid foundation for further development of naphthalenediimide chemistry.Written by leaders in the field, the book includes chapters on the supramolecular chemistry of naphthalenediimide; DNA intercalators; ion transport through membranes; naphthalenediimide based photovoltaics; and rylene dyes, amongst others. Naphthalenediimide and its Congeners is a detailed and in depth resource relevant not only to supramolecular and materials chemists, but also to the larger chemistry and materials science fields.

Porous materials with ultrahigh surface area are of great interest for potential applications in energy storage and environmental remediation. Porous Polymers describes the significant recent progress in the development of different porous frameworks, with a particular focus on the relationship between structure design, synthesis method and properties. The book starts with an introduction to porous materials and their functions followed by chapters looking at the design of porous polymers, synthesis methods of porous polymers (reversible methods, irreversible methods, copolymerization methods and self-polymerization methods); characterisation of porous polymer structures and post-synthesis techniques of porous polymers (lithiation, sulphonation, carbonization, grafting). Specific chapters then detail different porous materials systems such as conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs); covalent organic frameworks (COFs); hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCPs); polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs); and porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs).Written by active researchers in the field, the book provides a comprehensive overview of different porous polymer systems for researchers and graduate students in chemistry and materials science working on novel materials and those interested in the energy and environmental applications.

Polyrotaxane is a necklace-like supramolecule in which many cyclic molecules are threaded into a single polymer chain and can be cross-linked to produce functional polymeric materials. The resulting materials have movable cross-linking giving unique properties different from other polymer networks with fixed covalent bonds gaining much attention for new films, elastomers and coatings.Polyrotaxane and Slide-Ring Materials is the first book to cover the fundamentals and applications of these molecules and materials. After a general introduction, the first part of the book covers the thermodynamics of inclusion complex formation and sliding transition in polyrotaxane, followed by different synthesis techniques of polyrotaxane and slide-ring materials. The book then addresses different scattering methods for structural analysis followed by chapters on the electric and optical properties of polyrotaxane as well as the mechanical and thermodynamic properties of slide-ring materials. The final part of the book contains different chapters on their applications including gels elastomers and resins.Authored by the inventor of slide-ring materials, it will appeal to students, researchers, and engineers in supramolecular chemistry, polymer chemistry and polymer physics.

First reported in 2008, Pillararenes are a new class of macrocyclic hosts consisting of hydroquinone units linked at the para-position. With a composition similar to cucurbiturils and calixarenes, they combine the advantages and aspects of traditional hosts and have applications in sensing, material synthesis and biomedicine.Pillararenes starts with the historical background of macrocyclic compounds and then following chapters cover the synthesis of pillararenes, their structures, conformations and planar chirality. Dedicated chapters then cover their host-guest properties and supramolecular assemblies based on pillararenes including supramolecular polymers and mechanically interlocked molecules.Edited by the leader in the field, this is the first book to cover pillararenes and will appeal to graduate students, researchers and academics in supramolecular chemistry, organic chemistry, polymer chemistry and materials science interested in the chemistry and applications of pillararenes.

Calixarenes was the first book to be published in the `Monographs in Supramolecular Chemistry' series and is also the first complete survey available of this rapidly developing field. It provides a fascinating and lively account of the history, development and applications of calixarenes, which are probably the world's most readily available synthetic molecular baskets. These basket shaped compounds possess the ability to hold metal ions, as well as molecules, in their interior and as a result of their extraordinarily easy synthesis from phenols and aldehydes are receiving increasingly wide attention. This book is a must for advanced undergraduates and post-graduates studying bio-organic and supramolecular chemistry.

The unique structures and properties of dendrimers make them attractive for many applications, from drug delivery and antimicrobial agents to catalysis and as functional materials. Dendrimer Chemistry provides an overview of the latest advances in the synthesis of dendrimers and other complex dendritic architectures. The book focuses on established building block families for generating dendritic macromolecules, capitalizing on the evolution in the synthesis of dendrimers and other complex dendritic architectures. Systems covered range from dendritic polyesters and naturally occurring monomers to novel dendritic families. Each chapter starts with an introduction to the dendrimer family and its important features followed by information on the building blocks used to generate the dendrimers, their synthetic strategies and the resulting architectures. Chapters also cover the characterization and structural analysis, commercial availability and cutting-edge applications.Including forewords from leaders in the field, this will be a useful reference for postgraduate students and researchers in organic chemistry, polymer chemistry, materials science and macromolecular chemistry.

Cucurbiturils (CBs) are a young family of molecular containers, able to form stable complexes with various guests, including drug molecules, amino acids and peptides, saccharides, dyes, hydrocarbons, perfluorinated hydrocarbons, and proteins. Since the discovery of the first CB, the field has seen tremendous growth with respect to the synthesis of new homologues and derivatives, the discovery of record binding affinities of guest molecules in their hydrophobic cavity, and associated applications ranging from sensing to drug delivery. Cucurbiturils and Related Macrocycles provides a complete overview of CB chemistry, covering the fundamental aspects including its history, synthesis, host–guest chemistry and the thermodynamic basis thereof. The book will tackle specialist topics such as redox chemistry of CB complexes and CBs in the gas phase, and will address the recent trends of the application of CBs in other fields including biology and materials. Edited by a pioneer of cucurbituril chemistry, and with contributions from global experts, this title will appeal to students and researchers working in supramolecular chemistry, materials chemistry, nanotechnology, organic chemistry, biochemistry and chemical biology.

Supramolecular chemistry provides a versatile approach for modifying the structure and function of surfaces, including the formation of clusters, monolayers and films. This can be used in a variety of applications from porous surface systems, to modifiers of interface energy and sensor-based systems.Supramolecular Chemistry at Surfaces covers different methods of preparing and studying self-assembled structures at surfaces and interfaces. The book starts with a general introduction concerning the nature of surfaces followed by specific sections discussing different techniques to characterise surface-based supramolecular systems. Each chapter then goes on to address different surface systems including the surface of water; physisorbed layers at interfaces; chemisorbed layers at interfaces; polyelectrolyte systems; thin films; dynamic systems; and patterning.Written by a leading expert in the field, this is the first book to give a multidisciplinary view of the supramolecular aspects of interfaces providing the reader with an objective summary of all the deposition methods and their characterisation. The book will appeal to students and researchers in supramolecular chemistry, nanoscience, polymer chemistry and physics, surface science and materials science.

Molecular self-assembly is a widespread phenomenon in both chemistry and biochemistry. Yet it was not until the rise of supramolecular chemistry that attention has increasingly been given to the designed self-assembly of a variety of synthetic molecules and ions. To a large extent, success in this area has reflected knowledge gained from nature. However, an increased awareness of the latent steric and electronic information implanted in individual molecular components has also contributed to this success. Whilst not yet approaching the sophistication of biological assemblies, synthetic systems of increasing subtlety and considerable aesthetic appeal have been created. Self-Assembly in Supramolecular Systems surveys highlights of the progress made in the creation of discrete synthetic assemblies and provides a foundation for new workers in the area, as well as background reading for experienced supramolecular chemists.

The desire to quantify the presence of analytes within diverse physiological, environmental and industrial systems has led to the development of many novel detection methods. In this arena, saccharide analysis has exploited the pair-wise interaction between boronic acids and saccharides. Boronic Acids in Saccharide Recognition provides a comprehensive review and critical analysis of the current developments in this field. It also assesses the potential of this innovative approach, outlining future lines of research and possible applications. Topics include: the molecular recognition of saccharides, the complexation of boronic acids with saccharides, fluorescent sensors and the modular construct of fluorescent sensors, further sensory systems for saccharide recognition and an extensive bibliography. This high level book is ideal for researchers both academic and industrial who require a comprehensive overview of the subject.

Anion recognition plays a critical role in a range of biological processes, and a variety of receptors and carriers can be found throughout the natural world. Chemists working in the area of supramolecular chemistry have created a range of anion receptors, drawing inspiration from nature as well as their own inventive processes. This book traces the origins of anion recognition chemistry as a unique sub-field in supramolecular chemistry while illustrating the basic approaches currently being used to effect receptor design. The combination of biological overview and summary of current synthetic approaches provides a coverage that is both comprehensive and comprehensible. First, the authors detail the key design motifs that have been used to generate synthetic receptors and which are likely to provide the basis for further developments. They also highlight briefly some of the features that are present in naturally occurring anion recognition and transport systems and summarise the applications of anion recognition chemistry. Providing as it does a detailed review for practitioners in the field and a concise introduction to the topic for newcomers, Anion Receptor Chemistry reflects the current state of the art. Fully referenced and illustrated in colour, it is a welcome addition to the literature.

There have been many great advances in the field of biomedical imaging in recent years, with supramolecular chemistry playing a key role in the evolution of modern imaging techniques. Non-covalent supramolecular interactions are fundamental to countless biological processes, from host–guest binding to the stabilisation of complex structures. Supramolecular chemistry techniques can be employed to create probes that can be targeted to either exploit or disrupt these interactions, giving the potential for both diagnostic and therapeutic effects. Furthermore, in techniques such as contrast enhanced MRI, controlling the interactions between solvent molecules and the imaging agent is crucial to the development of the technique.With rapid growth in the synthesis and study of molecular imaging agents, the understanding of their associated techniques has sometimes lagged behind. Supramolecular Chemistry in Biomedical Imaging will fill this gap by clarifying the state of current understanding and the nature of the underlying problems inherent to addressing problems in biology. It will cover both the techniques used in imaging and the molecular and supramolecular systems used to exploit them. This publication targets academics coming to the field from mainstream supramolecular chemistry, research graduates and undergraduates interested in supramolecular chemistry, synthesis or imaging agents and imaging techniques for biomedical applications.

The field of aromatic interactions, the fundamental nature of substituent effects and the identification of contacts between anions and aromatic systems have generated stimulating arguments in recent years. New theoretical frameworks have been developed and tested and aromatic interactions have emerged as potential solutions for varied problems in biology and materials science. This book provides a wide ranging survey of the latest findings and advances surrounding aromatic interactions, stretching from the fundamentals to modern applications in synthesis, biology and materials chemistry. It also discusses computational, experimental and analytical approaches to understanding these interactions, including pi-pi, anion-pi, and cation-pi interactions.Aromatic Interactions: Frontiers in Knowledge and Application is a useful text for advanced students and researchers, and appeals to those working within the fields of supramolecular chemistry, computational chemistry and thermodynamics.

Supramolecular materials have a great number of applications due to the reversibility of their non-covalent molecular interactions, such as reversible hydrogen bonding, host–guest interactions and electrostatic interactions. This book provides a comprehensive source of information on the structure and function of organic and metal–organic supramolecular materials.The chapters of this book provide an overview of supramolecular material assembly at various scales, including the formation of 2D polymers and molecular cages. The role of intermolecular interactions in solid and solution state self-assembly is discussed, as is the role of mechanochemistry on molecular and supramolecular architectures. Finally, novel applications of these materials in molecular recognition, catalysis, light harvesting and environmental remediation are covered.Functional Supramolecular Materials will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in academia and industry in the fields of supramolecular chemistry and functional materials science.

An amphiphile is a molecule that contains a hydrophilic part and a hydrophobic part, linked by covalent bonding. Supramolecular amphiphiles (supra-amphiphiles) are amphiphiles linked by non-covalent interactions. As they employ non-covalent interactions, these species demonstrate adaptability and reversibility in conformational transformation, making them one of the most important emerging species in supramolecular chemistry. They have proven important in bridging the gap between molecular architecture and functional assembly.This book is written and edited by the current leaders in the topic and contains a foreword from Professor Jean-Marie Lehn, a father of the supramolecular chemistry field. Bringing together supramolecular chemistry and colloidal and interfacial science, the book provides a detailed and systematic introduction to supramolecular amphiphiles. Chapters explain how to employ non-covalent interactions to fabricate supra-amphiphiles. The book opens with an introduction to the history and development of the field, followed by chapters focussing on each type of interaction, including host-guest interaction, electrostatic interaction, charge-transfer interaction, hydrogen bonding and dynamic covalent bonds.This book will be a valuable resource for students new to this field and experienced researchers wanting to explore the wider context of their work.

The metal–ligand coordination of metallomacrocycles allows for the production of both discrete and infinite metallosupramolecular structures with high-degrees of complexity. In recent years, coordination-driven self-assembly has emerged as a powerful noncovalent synthetic strategy to build discrete supramolecular architectures with diverse coordination moieties such as a well-defined shape, size, and geometry. The dynamic features of the metal–ligand bonds result in structures with intriguing properties allowing for a diverse range of applications in host–guest chemistry, sensing, drug delivery and catalysis.This book provides a comprehensive summary of current research in metallomacrocycles. Starting with an introduction to metallomacrocycles constructed via coordination-driven self-assembly, the book then goes on to explore design principles and self-organization. Subsequent chapters then discuss examples of complex and functional metallosupramolecular systems based on metallomacrocycles such as chiral systems and mechanically interlocked architectures. Finally, the book discusses the applications of metallomacrocycles.An essential resource for students and researchers looking to design and construct new metallosupramolecular systems and extend their applications in biological and materials science.

Technological and computational advances in the past decade have meant a vast increase in the study of crystalline matter in both organic, inorganic and organometallic molecules. These studies revealed information about the conformation of molecules and their coordination geometry as well as the role of intermolecular interactions in molecular packing especially in the presence of different intermolecular interactions in solids. This resulting knowledge plays a significant role in the design of improved medicinal, mechanical, and electronic properties of single and multi-component solids in their crystalline state.Understanding Intermolecular Interactions in the Solid State explores the different techniques used to investigate the interactions, including hydrogen and halogen bonds, lone pair–pi, and pi–pi interactions, and their role in crystal formation. From experimental to computational approaches, the book covers the latest techniques in crystallography, ranging from high pressure and in situ crystallization to crystal structure prediction and charge density analysis. Thus this book provides a strong introductory platform to those new to this field and an overview for those already working in the area. A useful resource for higher level undergraduates, postgraduates and researchers across crystal engineering, crystallography, physical chemistry, solid-state chemistry, supramolecular chemistry and materials science.

Over the past decade, research on molecular gels has expanded and progressed rapidly. This timely book presents the latest developments and understanding of the topic, covering the different classes of gels (ionogels, metallogels, hydrogels and organogels) from their molecular level interactions and formation to their properties as materials and applications.The book starts with a general introduction to molecular gels including their definition and a comparison of the different types. Chapters then examine the physical chemistry of molecular gels, including the most recent theories, experimental techniques and computational approaches. Final chapters on the applications of molecular gels illustrate, with modern case studies, the principles developed in previous chapters. Written by leading researchers, this is an indispensable resource on the different types of gels for postgraduate students and researchers across supramolecular chemistry, materials science, polymer chemistry, soft matter and chemical engineering.

Multi-component crystalline systems or co-crystals have received tremendous attention from academia and industry alike in the past decade. Applications of co-crystals are varied and are likely to positively impact a wide range of industries dealing with molecular solids. Co-crystallization has been used to improve the properties and performance of materials from pharmaceuticals to energetic materials, as well as for separation of compounds. This book combines co-crystal applications of commercial and practical interest from diverse fields in to a single volume. It also examines effective structural design of co-crystals, and provides insights into practical synthesis and characterization techniques. Providing a useful resource for postgraduate students new to applied co-crystal research and crystal engineering, it will also be of interest to established researchers in academia or industry.

Building on decades of “host-guest” research, recent years have seen a surge of activity in water-soluble supramolecular receptors for protein recognition and assembly. Progress has been particularly rich in the area of calixarenes, cucurbiturils and molecular tweezers. Emerging applications include controlled protein assembly in solution, crystal engineering, supramolecular control of catalysis (both in vitro and in vivo), as well as novel mechanisms of protein-interaction inhibition with relevance to amyloids and disease. One challenge at the interface of supramolecular chemistry and protein science is to increase interaction and collaboration between chemists and biochemists/structural biologists.This book addresses the exciting interface of supramolecular chemistry and protein science. Chapters cover supramolecular approaches to protein recognition, assembly and regulation. Principles outlined will highlight the opportunities that are readily accessible to collaborating chemists and biochemists, enriching the breadth and scope of this multidisciplinary field. Supramolecular Protein Chemistry will be of particular interest to graduate students and researchers working in supramolecular chemistry, protein science, self-assembly, biomaterials, biomedicine and biotechnology.

The chemistry that occurs within confined spaces is the product of a collection of forces, often beyond the molecule, and is not easily ascribed to singular factors. There is a breadth of material types that can define a confined space (e.g. macrocycles, interlocked molecules, porous and non-porous crystals, organic and inorganic/coordination cages) which are rarely discussed together. Studies of supramolecular entities in the solution and solid states are also not often compared in the same discussion, even though the concepts are often similar or can be easily transferred between the two. Chapters in this book combine classical host-guest chemistry with catalysis, reactivity, and modern supramolecular chemistry. They cover the many different technologies used to describe and understand reactivity in confined spaces in one accessible title.With contributions from leading experts, Reactivity in Confined Spaces will be relevant for graduate students and researchers working in supramolecular chemistry, both organic- and inorganic-based, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, polymer chemistry, and materials science in general.

Porphyrin-based Supramolecular Architectures focuses on the most recent developments in the field, emphasizing the cutting-edge research in a diverse range of applications. Designed for readers considering the unprecedented prosperity of porous materials research, chapters will cover both strategies for structure design (such as MOFs and COFs) as well as emerging applications including CO2 fixation, catalysis and photodynamic therapy. With contributions from global experts, this title will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in supramolecular chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, organometallic chemistry, solid-state chemistry, catalysis and (porous) materials science.

Fluorescent chemosensors have been widely applied in many diverse fields such as biology, physiology, pharmacology, and environmental sciences. The interdisciplinary nature of chemosensor research has continued to grow over the last 25 years to meet the increasing needs of monitoring our environment and health.More recently, a large range of fluorescent chemosensors have been established for the detection of biologically and/or environmentally important species, and are increasingly being used to solve biological problems. The use of these molecules as imaging probes to diagnose and treat disease is gaining momentum with clear future applications.This book will bring together world-leading experts to describe the current state of play in the field and introduce the cutting-edge research and possible future directions into fluorescent chemosensors design. Chapters focus on the basic principles involved in the design of chemosensors for specific analytes, problems, and challenges in the field.Concentrating on advanced techniques and methods, the book will be of use for academics and researchers across a number of disciplines, with international appeal.

We all learn - in schools, factories, bars and streets. We gather, store, process and transmit information in society. Molecular systems involved in our senses and within our brains allow all this to happen and molecular systems allow living things of all kinds to handle information for the purpose of survival and growth. Nevertheless, the vital link between molecules and computation was not generally appreciated until a few decades ago. Semiconductor-based information technology had penetrated society at many levels and the interest in maintaining momentum of this revolution led to the consideration of molecules, among others, as possible information handlers. Such an overlap between the recent engineering-oriented revolution with the ancient biology-oriented success story is very interesting and George Boole's times in Ireland 150 years ago produced the logic ideas that provide the foundations of computation to this day. Molecular logic and computation is a field which is 17 years young, has had a healthy growth and is a story which deserves to be told. It is a growing branch of chemical science which highlights the connection between information technology (engineering and biological) and chemistry. The author and co-workers of this publication launched molecular logic as an experimental field by publishing the first research in the primary literature in 1993 and are uniquely placed to recount how the field has grown. There is no other book at present on molecular logic and computation and is more comprehensive than that found in any review available so far. It shows how designed molecules can play the role of information processors in a wide variety of situations, once we are educated by those information processors already available in the semiconductor electronics business and in the natural world. Following a short history of the field, is a set of primers on logic, computing and photochemical principles which are an essential basis in this field. The book covers all of the Boolean logic gates driven by a single input and all of those with double inputs and the wide range of designs which lie beneath these gates is a particular highlight. The easily-available diversity of chemical systems is another highlight, especially when it leads to reconfigurable logic gates. Further on in the book, molecular arithmetic and other more complex logic operations, including those with a memory and those which stray beyond binary are covered. Then follows molecular computing approaches which lie outside the Boolean blueprint, including quantum phenomena and finally, the book catalogues the useful real-life applications of molecular logic and computation which are already available. This book is an authoritative, state of the art, reference and a 'one-stop-shop' concerning the current state of the field for scientists, academics and postgraduate students.

The diverse range of applications has thrust hydrogels into the spotlight of scientific research. From biomedical applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery and wound healing, and consumer care products such as contact lenses to laboratory purification in chromatography and as electrophoresis gels, many researchers are looking at hydrogels for their materials solutions. This rapid expansion of the field has however created a gap between the current knowledge and understanding of hydrogel research and its future outlook. To overcome this, Polymeric and Self Assembled Hydrogels captures the entire landscape of hydrogels research providing a guidebook for academics, industrialists and postgraduates interested in the area. With contributions from the top authorities in the field, the book details the fundamental principles of both synthetic and natural polymeric networks and supramolecular hydrogels from either surfactants or peptides, along with examples of their major applications. This is the resource to give you everything you need to know about hydrogel research.

Non-covalent interactions, which are the heart of supramolecular chemistry are also the basis of most important functions of living systems. The ability to apply supramolecular chemistry principles to the life sciences, such as designing synthetic host compounds to selectively interact within biological targets, has gained wide appeal due the vast number of potential applications.Supramolecular Systems for Biomedical Fields provides in sixteen chapters a comprehensive overview of these applications. Each chapter covers a specific topic and is written by internationally renowned experts in that area. Sensing of bioactive inorganic ions and organic substrates is the focus of several contributions, as well as interactions with proteins and nucleic acids. Specific chapters are devoted to cyclodextrins, calixarenes and cucurbiturils as most frequently used receptors, including applications such as drug delivery and protection, gene transfer and others. Other chapters address the use of combinatorial libraries, molecular imprinting techniques, enzyme assays, supramolecular gels, bioimaging, drug activation, photodynamic therapy, and antitumour metal complexes.This timely publication will appeal to graduate students and researchers from chemical, pharmaceutical, biological, and medicinal fields interested in the supramolecular chemistry of biological systems and their practical potentials.

The ability to monitor analytes within physiological, environmental, and industrial scenarios is of prime importance in many scenarios. Chemists have striven to mimic nature’s ability to produce robust chemosensors with the capacity to detect molecules and signal their presence. The covalent coupling interaction between boronic acids and saccharides has been exploited to monitor saccharides. The boronic acid–and Lewis acid base interaction is also suitable for the capture and recognition of anions, which are involved in fundamental processes in all living things.There have been significant advances in the field of boronic acid based receptors and this book provides a comprehensive overview and update on the topic. Not only are the applications of boron in chemical molecular sensors covered in detail, but their synthesis and supramolecular self-assembly are also presented. Topics include: the molecular recognition of saccharides, the complexation of boronic acids with saccharides, fluorescent sensors and the modular construct of fluorescent sensors, further sensory systems for saccharide recognition and an extensive bibliography.Edited by experts in the area and containing international contributions from leading research groups on the subject, this book provides a useful resource for graduate students, academic and industrial researchers in organic chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, materials science and bio-organic chemistry.

The past decade has seen significant advances in naphthalenediimide and rylene diimide chemistry. This book discusses the recent advances in this field, and highlights potential and real applications for the molecules. Such applications include organic photovoltaics, anion-slides, DNA binders, and building blocks for complex molecular topologies.Naphthalenediimide and its Congeners is the first book in this rapidly developing area, and will be essential reference material for postdoctoral researchers and postgraduate students. This text will also provide a solid foundation for further development of naphthalenediimide chemistry.Written by leaders in the field, the book includes chapters on the supramolecular chemistry of naphthalenediimide; DNA intercalators; ion transport through membranes; naphthalenediimide based photovoltaics; and rylene dyes, amongst others. Naphthalenediimide and its Congeners is a detailed and in depth resource relevant not only to supramolecular and materials chemists, but also to the larger chemistry and materials science fields.

Porous materials with ultrahigh surface area are of great interest for potential applications in energy storage and environmental remediation. Porous Polymers describes the significant recent progress in the development of different porous frameworks, with a particular focus on the relationship between structure design, synthesis method and properties. The book starts with an introduction to porous materials and their functions followed by chapters looking at the design of porous polymers, synthesis methods of porous polymers (reversible methods, irreversible methods, copolymerization methods and self-polymerization methods); characterisation of porous polymer structures and post-synthesis techniques of porous polymers (lithiation, sulphonation, carbonization, grafting). Specific chapters then detail different porous materials systems such as conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs); covalent organic frameworks (COFs); hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCPs); polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs); and porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs).Written by active researchers in the field, the book provides a comprehensive overview of different porous polymer systems for researchers and graduate students in chemistry and materials science working on novel materials and those interested in the energy and environmental applications.

Polyrotaxane is a necklace-like supramolecule in which many cyclic molecules are threaded into a single polymer chain and can be cross-linked to produce functional polymeric materials. The resulting materials have movable cross-linking giving unique properties different from other polymer networks with fixed covalent bonds gaining much attention for new films, elastomers and coatings.Polyrotaxane and Slide-Ring Materials is the first book to cover the fundamentals and applications of these molecules and materials. After a general introduction, the first part of the book covers the thermodynamics of inclusion complex formation and sliding transition in polyrotaxane, followed by different synthesis techniques of polyrotaxane and slide-ring materials. The book then addresses different scattering methods for structural analysis followed by chapters on the electric and optical properties of polyrotaxane as well as the mechanical and thermodynamic properties of slide-ring materials. The final part of the book contains different chapters on their applications including gels elastomers and resins.Authored by the inventor of slide-ring materials, it will appeal to students, researchers, and engineers in supramolecular chemistry, polymer chemistry and polymer physics.

First reported in 2008, Pillararenes are a new class of macrocyclic hosts consisting of hydroquinone units linked at the para-position. With a composition similar to cucurbiturils and calixarenes, they combine the advantages and aspects of traditional hosts and have applications in sensing, material synthesis and biomedicine.Pillararenes starts with the historical background of macrocyclic compounds and then following chapters cover the synthesis of pillararenes, their structures, conformations and planar chirality. Dedicated chapters then cover their host-guest properties and supramolecular assemblies based on pillararenes including supramolecular polymers and mechanically interlocked molecules.Edited by the leader in the field, this is the first book to cover pillararenes and will appeal to graduate students, researchers and academics in supramolecular chemistry, organic chemistry, polymer chemistry and materials science interested in the chemistry and applications of pillararenes.

Calixarenes was the first book to be published in the `Monographs in Supramolecular Chemistry' series and is also the first complete survey available of this rapidly developing field. It provides a fascinating and lively account of the history, development and applications of calixarenes, which are probably the world's most readily available synthetic molecular baskets. These basket shaped compounds possess the ability to hold metal ions, as well as molecules, in their interior and as a result of their extraordinarily easy synthesis from phenols and aldehydes are receiving increasingly wide attention. This book is a must for advanced undergraduates and post-graduates studying bio-organic and supramolecular chemistry.

The unique structures and properties of dendrimers make them attractive for many applications, from drug delivery and antimicrobial agents to catalysis and as functional materials. Dendrimer Chemistry provides an overview of the latest advances in the synthesis of dendrimers and other complex dendritic architectures. The book focuses on established building block families for generating dendritic macromolecules, capitalizing on the evolution in the synthesis of dendrimers and other complex dendritic architectures. Systems covered range from dendritic polyesters and naturally occurring monomers to novel dendritic families. Each chapter starts with an introduction to the dendrimer family and its important features followed by information on the building blocks used to generate the dendrimers, their synthetic strategies and the resulting architectures. Chapters also cover the characterization and structural analysis, commercial availability and cutting-edge applications.Including forewords from leaders in the field, this will be a useful reference for postgraduate students and researchers in organic chemistry, polymer chemistry, materials science and macromolecular chemistry.

Cucurbiturils (CBs) are a young family of molecular containers, able to form stable complexes with various guests, including drug molecules, amino acids and peptides, saccharides, dyes, hydrocarbons, perfluorinated hydrocarbons, and proteins. Since the discovery of the first CB, the field has seen tremendous growth with respect to the synthesis of new homologues and derivatives, the discovery of record binding affinities of guest molecules in their hydrophobic cavity, and associated applications ranging from sensing to drug delivery. Cucurbiturils and Related Macrocycles provides a complete overview of CB chemistry, covering the fundamental aspects including its history, synthesis, host–guest chemistry and the thermodynamic basis thereof. The book will tackle specialist topics such as redox chemistry of CB complexes and CBs in the gas phase, and will address the recent trends of the application of CBs in other fields including biology and materials. Edited by a pioneer of cucurbituril chemistry, and with contributions from global experts, this title will appeal to students and researchers working in supramolecular chemistry, materials chemistry, nanotechnology, organic chemistry, biochemistry and chemical biology.

Supramolecular chemistry provides a versatile approach for modifying the structure and function of surfaces, including the formation of clusters, monolayers and films. This can be used in a variety of applications from porous surface systems, to modifiers of interface energy and sensor-based systems.Supramolecular Chemistry at Surfaces covers different methods of preparing and studying self-assembled structures at surfaces and interfaces. The book starts with a general introduction concerning the nature of surfaces followed by specific sections discussing different techniques to characterise surface-based supramolecular systems. Each chapter then goes on to address different surface systems including the surface of water; physisorbed layers at interfaces; chemisorbed layers at interfaces; polyelectrolyte systems; thin films; dynamic systems; and patterning.Written by a leading expert in the field, this is the first book to give a multidisciplinary view of the supramolecular aspects of interfaces providing the reader with an objective summary of all the deposition methods and their characterisation. The book will appeal to students and researchers in supramolecular chemistry, nanoscience, polymer chemistry and physics, surface science and materials science.