Oberwolfach Seminars – serie

This book presents the notes from the seminar on wave phenomena given in 2019 at the Mathematical Research Center in Oberwolfach. The research on wave-type problems is a fascinating and emerging field in mathematical research with many challenging applications in sciences and engineering.

Resolution of singularities is notorious as a difficult topic within algebraic geometry. Recent work, aiming at resolution of families and semistable reduction, infused the subject with logarithmic geometry and algebraic stacks, two techniques essential for the current theory of moduli spaces. As a byproduct a short, a simple and efficient functorial resolution procedure in characteristic 0 using just algebraic stacks was produced.The goals of the book, the result of an Oberwolfach Seminar, are to introduce readers to explicit techniques of resolution of singularities with access to computer implementations, introduce readers to the theories of algebraic stacks and logarithmic structures, and to resolution in families and semistable reduction methods.

These lecture notes are dedicated to the mathematical modelling, analysis and computation of interfaces and free boundary problems appearing in geometry and in various applications, ranging from crystal growth, tumour growth, biological membranes to porous media, two-phase flows, fluid-structure interactions, and shape optimization.We first give an introduction to classical methods from differential geometry and systematically derive the governing equations from physical principles. Then we will analyse parametric approaches to interface evolution problems and derive numerical methods which will be thoroughly analysed. In addition, implicit descriptions of interfaces such as phase field and level set methods will be analysed. Finally, we will discuss numerical methods for complex interface evolutions and will focus on two phase flow problems as an important example of such evolutions.

Tropical geometry forms the calculus through which calculations in this subject are carried out. These notes cover the foundational aspects of this tropical calculus, geometric aspects of the degeneration formula for Gromov-Witten invariants, and the practical nuances of working with and enumerating tropical curves.

Metric algebraic geometry combines concepts from algebraic geometry and differential geometry. Many applied problems center around metric questions, such as optimization with respect to distances. After a short dive into 19th-century geometry of plane curves, we turn to problems expressed by polynomial equations over the real numbers.

This book, originating from a seminar held at Oberwolfach in 2022, introduces to state-of-the-art methods and results in the study of free boundary problems which are arising from compressible as well as from incompressible Euler’s equations in general.

This book is based on an Oberwolfach Seminar, and it intends to give an introduction and an overview to several directions of the recent research on stochastic geophysical fluid dynamics and to discuss different geophysical stochastic partial differential equations.

This book is based on lectures given at the Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut Oberwolfach on “Computational Variational Flows in Machine Learning and Optimal Transport”. Recently, mean field control and mean field games offered a general optimal control variational view on learning problems.

The aim of this textbook is to introduce readers at a graduate level to G-complete reducibility and explain some of its many applications across pure mathematics. It is based on the Oberwolfach Seminar of the same name which took place in 2022.The notion of G-complete reducibility for subgroups of a reductive algebraic group is a natural generalisation of the notion of complete reducibility in representation theory. Since its introduction in the 1990s, complete reducibility has been widely studied, both as an important concept in its own right, with applications to the classification and structure of linear algebraic groups, and also as a useful tool with applications in representation theory, geometric invariant theory, the theory of buildings, and number theory.

This book is based on the lectures given at the Oberwolfach Seminar on Tropical Algebraic Geometry in October 2004. Tropical Geometry ?rst appeared as a subject of its own in 2002, while its roots can be traced back at least to Bergman’s work [1] on logarithmic limit sets. Tropical Geometry is now a rapidly developing area of mathematics. It is int- twined with algebraic and symplectic geometry, geometric combinatorics, in- grablesystems, and statistical physics. Tropical Geometry can be viewed as a sort of algebraic geometry with the underlying algebra based on the so-called tropical numbers. The tropicalnumbers (the term “tropical” comesfrom computer science and commemorates Brazil, in particular a contribution of the Brazilian school to the language recognition problem) are the real numbers enhanced with negative in?nity and equipped with two arithmetic operations called tropical addition and tropical multiplication. The tropical addition is the operation of taking the m- imum. The tropical multiplication is the conventional addition. These operations are commutative, associative and satisfy the distribution law. It turns out that such tropical algebra describes some meaningful geometric objects, namely, the Tropical Varieties. From the topological point of view the tropical varieties are piecewise-linearpolyhedral complexes equipped with a particular geometric str- ture coming from tropical algebra. From the point of view of complex geometry this geometric structure is the worst possible degeneration of complex structure on a manifold.

This book grew out of the Oberwolfach-SeminarHigherDimensionalAlgebraicGeo- tryorganizedbythetwoauthorsinOctober2008. Theaimoftheseminarwas tointroduce advanced PhD students and young researchers to recent advances and research topics in higher dimensional algebraic geometry. The main emphasis was on the minimal model program and on the theory of moduli spaces. The authors would like to thank the Mathematishes Forshunginstitut Oberwolfach for its hospitality and for making the above mentioned seminar possible, the participants to the seminar for their useful comments, and Alex Kuronya, Max Lieblich, and Karl Schwede for valuable suggestions and conversations. The ?rst named author was partially supported by the National Science Foundation under grant number DMS-0757897 and would like to thank Aleksandra, Stefan, Ana, Sasha, Kristina and Daniela Jovanovic-Haconfor their love and continuos support. The second named author was partially supported by the National Science Foun- tion under grant numbers DMS-0554697 and DMS-0856185, and the Craig McKibben and Sarah Merner Endowed Professorship in Mathematics at the University of Wa- ington.He would also like to thank Timea Tihanyi for her enduring love and support throughout and beyond this project and his other co-authors for their patience and und- standing. Contents I Basics 1 1INTRODUCTION 3 1. A. CLASSIFICATION 3 2PRELIMINARIES 17 2. A. NOTATION 17 2. B. DIVISORS 18 2. C. REFLEXIVE SHEAVES 20 2. D. CYCLIC COVERS 21 2. E. R-DIVISORS IN THE RELATIVE SETTING 22 2. F. FAMILIES AND BASE CHANGE 24 2. G. PARAMETER SPACES AND DEFORMATIONS OF FAMILIES 25 3SINGULARITIES 27 3. A.

The seminar focuses on a recent solution, by the authors, of a long standing problem concerning the stable module category (of not necessarily finite dimensional representations) of a finite group. The proof draws on ideas from commutative algebra, cohomology of groups, and stable homotopy theory. The unifying theme is a notion of support which provides a geometric approach for studying various algebraic structures. The prototype for this has been Daniel Quillen’s description of the algebraic variety corresponding to the cohomology ring of a finite group, based on which Jon Carlson introduced support varieties for modular representations. This has made it possible to apply methods of algebraic geometry to obtain representation theoretic information. Their work has inspired the development of analogous theories in various contexts, notably modules over commutative complete intersection rings and over cocommutative Hopf algebras. One of the threads in this development has been the classification of thick or localizing subcategories of various triangulated categories of representations. This story started with Mike Hopkins’ classification of thick subcategories of the perfect complexes over a commutative Noetherian ring, followed by a classification of localizing subcategories of its full derived category, due to Amnon Neeman. The authors have been developing an approach to address such classification problems, based on a construction of local cohomology functors and support for triangulated categories with ring of operators. The book serves as an introduction to this circle of ideas.

The first part of the book provides an introduction to key tools and techniques in dispersive equations: Strichartz estimates, bilinear estimates, modulation and adapted function spaces, with an application to the generalized Korteweg-de Vries equation and the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation.

This text is based on a lecture course given by the authors in the framework of Oberwolfach Seminars at the Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut Oberwolfach in May, 2013. It is intended to serve as a thorough introduction to the rapidly developing field of positional games. This area constitutes an important branch of combinatorics, whose aim it is to systematically develop an extensive mathematical basis for a variety of two player perfect information games. These ranges from such popular games as Tic-Tac-Toe and Hex to purely abstract games played on graphs and hypergraphs. The subject of positional games is strongly related to several other branches of combinatorics such as Ramsey theory, extremal graph and set theory, and the probabilistic method. These notes cover a variety of topics in positional games, including both classical results and recent important developments. They are presented in an accessible way and are accompanied by exercises of varying difficulty, helping the readerto better understand the theory. The text will benefit both researchers and graduate students in combinatorics and adjacent fields.

This book studies certain spaces of Riemannian metrics on both compact and non-compact manifolds. These spaces are defined by various sign-based curvature conditions, with special attention paid to positive scalar curvature and non-negative sectional curvature, though we also consider positive Ricci and non-positive sectional curvature.

Der. vorliegende Band enthält eine Reihe von einführenden Vorlesungen, die von verschiedenen Autoren im Rahmen von zwei DMV-Seminaren zum Thema "Algebraische Transjormationsgruppen und Invariantentheorie" gehalten wur­ den. Entsprechend der allgemeinen Zielsetzung der DMV-Seminare sollten sowohl grundlegende Techniken und Resultate vorgestellt als auch Einblicke in aktuelle Entwickl~ngen gegeben werden. Was die Grundlagen anbetrifft, so haben wir sie hier nicht in vollem Umfang widergegeben. Im Bedarfsfall mag der Leser unsere Bücher "Geometrische Methoden in der Invariantentheorie"l und "Invariant Theory"2 zu Rate ziehen, auf die sich die einführenden Vorträge stützten. Leider konnten auch nicht alle aktuellen Entwicklungen berücksichtigt werden, über die im Seminar berichtet wurde. Die Ziele der hier vorliegenden Beiträge, auf deren Inhalt wir in der Einführung ausführlicher eingehen werden, sind entsprechend unterschiedlicher Natur. Einige liefern Darstellungen bereits publizierter Theorien, wobei sie allerdings ein größeres Gewicht auf Motivation und die Ausführung von Beispie­ len legen, als dies in den Originalarbeiten möglich war. Andere leiten grundle­ gende Resultate auf neue "reise her oder stellen sie aus anderer Sicht dar. Schließlich werden auch noch einzelne Einblicke in aktuelle Forschungsrichtun­ gen gegeben. Wir hoffen, daß durch diesen Band zahlreiche Resultate der Theorie der algebraischen Transformationsgruppen leichter zugänglich geworden sind, und daß der Leser mit ihm eine nützliche Basis für die Lektüre aktueller Forschungsarbeiten erhält.

One of the key concerns in modern control theory is the design of steering strategies. The implementation of such strategies is done by a regulator. Presented here is a self-contained introduction to the mathematical background of this type of regulator design. The topics selected address the matter of greatest interest to the control community, at present, namely, when the design objective is the reduction of the influence of exogeneous disturbances upon the output of the system. In a first scenario the disturbance signal is regarded as a deterministic time series with known dynamics but unknown parameters. The design objective is then the asymptotic disturbance compensation. In a second scenario, no information about the disturbance signal is available apart from some bounds. Here, in an H-approach, control strategies are worked out which will prove efficient for all such disturbances. The intention of this book is to present ideas and methods on such a level that the beginning graduate student will be able to follow current research. New results are included, especially for nonlinear control systems, and as a service to the reader, an extensive appendix presents topics from linear algebra, invariant manifolds and calculus of variations, information which is hardly to be found in standard textbooks. Contents: Introduction • The problem of output regulation • Introduction • Problem statement • Output regulation via full information • Output regulation via full error feedback • A particular case • Well-posedness and robustness • The construction of a robust regulator • Disturbance attenuation via H-methods • Introduction • Problem statement • A characterization of the L2-gain of a linear system • Disturbance attenuation via full information • Disturbance attenuation via measured feedback • Full information regulators • Problem statement • Time-dependent control strategies • Examples • Time-independent control strategies• The local case • Nonlinear observers • Problem statement • Time-dependent observers • Error feedback regulators • Examples • Nonlinear H-techniques • Introduction • Construction of the saddle-point • The local scenario • Disturbance attenuation via linearization • Matrix equations • Linear matrix equations • Algebraic Riccati equations • Invariant manifolds • Existence theorem • Outflowing manifolds • Asymptotic phase • Convergence for T ¹ • A special case • Dichotomies and Lyapunov functions • Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman-Isaacs equation • Introduction • Method of characteristics • The equation of Isaacs • The Hamiltonian version of Isaacs' equation • Bibliography

These notes are based on lectures presented during the seminar on " Asymptotic Statistics" held at SchloB Reisensburg, Gunzburg, May 29-June 5, 1988. They consist of two parts, the theory of asymptotic expansions in statistics and probabilistic aspects of the asymptotic distribution theory in nonparametric statistics. Our intention is to provide a comprehensive presentation of these two subjects, leading from elementary facts to the advanced theory and recent results. Prospects for further research are also included. We would like to thank all participants for their stimulating discussions and their interest in the subjects, which made lecturing very pleasant. Special thanks are due H. Zimmer for her excellent typing. We would also like to take this opportunity to to express our thanks to the Gesellschaft fur mathematische Forschung and to the Deutsche Mathematiker Vereinigung, especially to Professor G. Fischer, for the opportunity to present these lectures and to the Birkhauser Verlag for the publication of these lecture notes. R. Bhattacharya, M. Denker Part I: Asymptotic Expansions in Statistics Rabi Bhattacharya 11 1.CRAMER-EDGEWORTH EXPANSIONS Let Q be a probability measure on (IRk, B"), B" denoting the Borel sigmafield on IR". Assume that the s - th absolute moment of Q is finite, (1.1) P. := J II x lis Q(dx) < 00, for some integer s;::: 3, and that Q is normalized, (1.2) J x(i)Q(dx) = 0 (1 ~ i ~ k), J x(i)x(j)Q(dx) = Dij (1 ~ i,j ~ k).

These notes are based on lectures given in the semmar on "Coding Theory and Algebraic Geometry" held at Schloss Mickeln, Diisseldorf, November 16-21, 1987. In 1982 Tsfasman, Vladut and Zink, using algebraic geometry and ideas of Goppa, constructed a seqeunce of codes that exceed the Gilbert-Varshamov bound. The result was considered sensational. Furthermore, it was surprising to see these unrelated areas of mathematics collaborating. The aim of this course is to give an introduction to coding theory and to sketch the ideas of algebraic geometry that led to the new result. Finally, a number of applications of these methods of algebraic geometry to coding theory are given. Since this is a new area, there are presently no references where one can find a more extensive treatment of all the material. However, both for algebraic geometry and for coding theory excellent textbooks are available. The combination ofthe two subjects can only be found in a number ofsurvey papers. A book by C. Moreno with a complete treatment of this area is in preparation. We hope that these notes will stimulate further research and collaboration of algebraic geometers and coding theorists. G. van der Geer, J.H.van Lint Introduction to CodingTheory and Algebraic Geometry PartI -- CodingTheory Jacobus H. vanLint 11 1. Finite fields In this chapter we collect (without proof) the facts from the theory of finite fields that we shall need in this course.

This book gives an account of the necessary background for group algebras and crossed products for actions of a group or a semigroup on a space and reports on some very recently developed techniques with applications to particular examples. Much of the material is available here for the first time in book form. The topics discussed are among the most classical and intensely studied C*-algebras. They are important for applications in fields as diverse as the theory of unitary group representations, index theory, the topology of manifolds or ergodic theory of group actions.Part of the most basic structural information for such a C*-algebra is contained in its K-theory. The determination of the K-groups of C*-algebras constructed from group or semigroup actions is a particularly challenging problem. Paul Baum and Alain Connes proposed a formula for the K-theory of the reduced crossed product for a group action that would permit, in principle, its computation. By work of many hands, the formula has by now been verified for very large classes of groups and this work has led to the development of a host of new techniques. An important ingredient is Kasparov's bivariant K-theory.More recently, also the C*-algebras generated by the regular representation of a semigroup as well as the crossed products for actions of semigroups by endomorphisms have been studied in more detail. Intriguing examples of actions of such semigroups come from ergodic theory as well as from algebraic number theory. The computation of the K-theory of the corresponding crossed products needs new techniques. In cases of interest the K-theory of the algebras reflects ergodic theoretic or number theoretic properties of the action.

This book is devoted to the study of coupled partial differential equation models, which describe complex dynamical systems occurring in modern scientific applications such as fluid/flow-structure interactions.

The main topics discussed at the D. M. V. Seminar were the connectedness theorems of Fulton and Hansen, linear normality and subvarieties of small codimension in projective spaces. They are closely related; thus the connectedness theorem can be used to prove the inequality-part of Hartshorne's conjecture on linear normality, whereas Deligne's generalisation of the connectedness theorem leads to a refinement of Barth's results on the topology of varieties with small codimension in a projective space. The material concerning the connectedness theorem itself (including the highly surprising application to tamely ramified coverings of the projective plane) can be found in the paper by Fulton and the first author: W. Fulton, R. Lazarsfeld, Connectivity and its applications in algebraic geometry, Lecture Notes in Math. 862, p. 26-92 (Springer 1981). It was never intended to be written out in these notes. As to linear normality, the situation is different. The main point was an exposition of Zak's work, for most of which there is no reference but his letters. Thus it is appropriate to take an extended version of the content of the lectures as the central part of these notes.

These notes are based on the lectures I delivered at the German Mathematical Society Seminar in Schloss Michkeln in DUsseldorf in June. 1986 on Hermitian-Einstein metrics for stable bundles and Kahler-Einstein metrics. The purpose of these notes is to present to the reader the state-of-the-art results in the simplest and the most comprehensible form using (at least from my own subjective viewpoint) the most natural approach. The presentation in these notes is reasonably self-contained and prerequisi tes are kept to a minimum. Most steps in the estimates are reduced as much as possible to the most basic procedures such as integration by parts and the maximum principle. When less basic procedures are used such as the Sobolev and Calderon-Zygmund inequalities and the interior Schauder estimates. references are given for the reader to look them up. A considerable amount of heuristic and intuitive discussions are included to explain why certain steps are used or certain notions introduced. The inclusion of such discussions makes the style of the presentation at some places more conversational than what is usually expected of rigorous mathemtical prese"ntations. For the problems of Hermi tian-Einstein metrics for stable bundles and Kahler-Einstein metrics one can use either the continuity method or the heat equation method. These two methods are so very intimately related that in many cases the relationship betwen them borders on equivalence. What counts most is the a. priori estimates. The kind of scaffolding one hangs the a.

These notes were prepared for the DMV-Seminar held in Dusseldorf, Schloss Mickeln from June 28 to July 5, 1987. They consist of two parts which can be read independently. The reader is presumed to have a basic education in differential and algebraic topology. Surgery theory is the basic tool for the investigation of differential and topological manifolds. A systematic development of the theory is a long and difficult task. The purpose of these notes is to describe simple examples and at the same time to give an introduction to some of the systematic parts of the theory. The first part is concerned with examples. They are related to representations of finite groups and group actions on spheres, and are considered as a generalisation of the spherical space form problem. The second part reviews the general setting of surgery theory and reports on the computation of the surgery abstraction groups. Both parts present material not covered in any textbook and also give an introduction to the literature and areas of research. 1. REPRESENTATION FORMS AND HOMOTOPY REPRESENTATIONS. Tammo tom Dieck Mathematical Institute Gottingen University Fed. Rep. of Germany Let G be a (finite) group. We consider group actions of G on spheres and spherelike spaces.

These are the lecture notes of the seminar "Mathematische Theorie der finiten Element­ und Randelementmethoden" organized by the "Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung" and held in Dusseldorf from 07. - 14. of June 1987. Finite element methods and the closely related boundary element methods nowadays belong to the standard routines for the computation of solutions to boundary and initial boundary value problems of partial differential equations with many applications as e.g. in elasticity and thermoelasticity, fluid mechanics, acoustics, electromagnetics, scatter­ ing and diffusion. These methods also stimulated the development of corresponding mathematical numerical analysis. I was very happy that A. Schatz and V. Thomee generously joined the adventure of the seminar and not only gave stimulating lectures but also spent so much time for personal discussion with all the participants. The seminar as well as these notes consist of three parts: 1. An Analysis of the Finite Element Method for Second Order Elliptic Boundary Value Problems by A. H. Schatz. II. On Finite Elements for Parabolic Problems by V. Thomee. III. I30undary Element Methods for Elliptic Problems by \V. L. Wendland. The prerequisites for reading this book are basic knowledge in partial differential equations (including pseudo-differential operators) and in numerical analysis. It was not our intention to present a comprehensive account of the research in this field, but rather to give an introduction and overview to the three different topics which shed some light on recent research.