Particle Technology Series – serie

Powder technology is an important element in the manufacture of a wide range of advanced industrial materials, such as metals, ceramics and plastics. "Chemistry of Powder Production" focuses on the solid-state chemistry of powder materials and relates this to the structure, properties and preparation and characterization techniques for these important industrial products. Additionally, the properties of the particles are discussed in relation to their surface structure and characteristics. The fundamentals of statistical methods for measuring the characteristics of particles are described. New advanced materials being developed via powder technology manufacturing techniques are emphasized, including powdered materials for advanced ceramics as well as magnetic and pigment materials. The book is well illustrated and written in a way that should provide an accessible introduction to the field of powder technology. This book should be of interest to powder technologists in wide range of industries including pharmaceutical, chemical engineering, and agro-industries; and university libraries in chemical engineering, materials science and environmental engineering libraries.

An increasing number of industries now deal with materials in powder form. The surface area and porosity of powders are characteristics of particular importance in their industrial use. The previous edition of "Powder Surface Area and Porosity" continues to provide an introduction to the experimental methods used to study these properties and a handbook for those needing practical guidance on measurement of surface area, density, particle size and pore size. Particular features in this edition include an extended discussion of micropore analysis and an introduction to methods of particle size measurement, including sedimentation techniques. Part I of the book covers the important theories associated with the measurement of surface area and porosity, discussing gas adsorption, Langmuir and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller theories, adsorbate cross-sectional areas, Harkins and Jura methods, pore analysis by adsorption, microporosity, mercury porosimetry and sedimentation techniques.Part II describes and compares various experimental methods, including vacuum volumetric measurements, dynamic gravimetric and adsorption methods, mercury porosimetry, density measurements and sedimentation techniques. This book should be of interest to powder technology specialists in industry and academia, and graduate students in chemical engineering.

The operation of a powder mixer requires a knowledge not only of the mixing mechanisms but of the physical properties of the powders being mixed. This text begins with a review of the different types of mixer used to achieve an intimate mixture. It explores the relevant physics of the powder systems, including characterization procedures and rheology, and contains a review of the different methods that have been employed to study the structure of mixtures. The techniques for achieving structured mixtures such as micro encapsulation, and recent developments in deterministic chaos theory and fractal geometry applied to the study of powder mixing systems are reviewed. In particular, new techniques for studying the mixing of powders based on avalanching theory and critically self-organized systems are studied. These are followed by a review of the wide range of different mixers commercially available. This volume should be of use to all those interested in the basic science of powder mixing and the availability of industrial systems to achieve mixtures of different kinds.The main emphasis of the text is on working principles and operative systems, making it suitable for industrial workers, chemical engineers and students alike.

This work describes the different operational regimes and the dominant mechanisms of flows in disperse systems.

Particle classification is an important unit operation in many fields of technology where size reduction or enlargement takes place: in chemical engineering, the oil industry, mining and metallurgy, the food industry, environmental technology and so on. In this work, the fundamentals of wet classification are described and a scientific basis for solving classification problems is presented. For the practical engineer, there is an overview of the technical solutions available. The text begins with a discussion of the forces that affect a particle moving in a fluid and govern industrial classification processes. Understanding the effects of these forces and their use in classification makes it possible to use, modify and design classification processes. First, an ideal situation, free settling, is discussed in order to give the most basic relationships between the forces. Then, some corrections to this ideal free-settling condition are outlined. Different methods of measuring classifier performance are explained, both in terms of mass and distribution efficiencies.The effects of sampling errors on efficiency values are outlined, along with methods to compute consistent classifier data. The construction of different classifier types, their operation and design is also discussed, with emphasis placed on hydrocyclones.

This text should be of interest to all those concerned with the preparation, processing and analysis of disperse systems. There are a wide range of methods and devices available to provide information on the quantative distribution of the characteristics of particle size and shape to select from and the choice is by no means an easy one. By restricting coverage to classification and sedimentation methods this book intends to assist with the choice of technique as well as promote a deeper understanding of the theoretical foundations, which are scattered over many branches of science. The technical problems of measurement are illustrated as are their effect on the interpretation of results. A certain degree of experience in the field is presupposed and as such, this book should prove to be an invaluable reference text for powder technologist in a wide range of industries as well as graduates and researchers in chemical engineering, materials science and environmental engineering.

A prestigious form of research grant in Germany is the Sonderforschungsbereich, which provides continuous funding over a period of up to 15 years, but only as long as the work is yielding worthwhile results. We acknowledge financial support of our work at Erlangen by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Sonder- forschungsbereich 222. Thanks to this support, the experimental results from six Dr. -Ing. dissertations have provided the basis for our book: 8 * Schweinzer, J. (1987) Heat transfer in bubbling fluidized beds at Ar;a. 10 * Seiter, M. (1990) Particle motion and solids concentration in circulating fluidized beds * Mattmann, W. (1991) Heat transfer in pressurized circulating fluidized beds * Burschka, A. (1993) Pulsed light method * Dietz, S. (1994) Heat transfer in bubbling fluidized beds * Gruber, U. (1995) Heat transfer in lean phase systems This book is the result of the enthusiastic and trustful cooperation of its authors. Nevertheless, we are separate individuals. Chapters 1 to 12 and 19 are by O. Molerus; Chapters 13 to 18 are by K. -E. Wirth.This book came into existence after many rewrites, patiently endured by Mrs Winter, who typed all versions of the manuscript, and by Mrs Scheffler-Kohler, who drew all the figures. Bob Farmer and David Penfold helped us bridge the language gap to produce a readable book. Weare grateful to Professor Brian Scarlett of Delft University, who on behalf of Chapman & Hall allowed us to write this book.

Particle size measurement is the crucial technique in powder technology, as the properties of a powder are dependent upon its particle size distribution. This work discusses a range of measurement techniques in detail, together with chapters on surface area determination. Instrumentation is covered throughout, and manufacturers and suppliers of commercially available equipment are listed. This reference work is aimed at industrial and academic research workers in a variety of areas, including: pharmaceuticals; food science; pollution analysis and control; electronic materials; agricultural products; polymers; pigments and chemicals.

Particle size measurement is the crucial technique in powder technology, as the properties of a powder are dependent upon its particle size distribution. This work discusses a range of measurement techniques in detail, together with chapters on surface area determination. Instrumentation is covered throughout, and manufacturers and suppliers of commercially available equipment are listed. This reference work is aimed at industrial and academic research workers in a variety of areas, including: pharmaceuticals; food science; pollution analysis and control; electronic materials; agricultural products; polymers; pigments and chemicals.

A two-volume set on particle characterization. Volume one deals with sampling and particle size management, while surface area and pore size determination are reviewed in volume two. Particle size and characterization are central to understanding powder properties and behaviour. The volumes describe potential measuring devices, how they operate, and their advantages and disadvantages. It comprises a comprehensive treatise on the range of available equipment with a literature survey, and a list of manufacturers and suppliers. The books show how to analyze, present and extract useful information from the data.

Over half the products of the chemical and process industries are sold in a particulate form. The range of such products is vast: from agrochemicals to pigments, from detergents to foods, from plastics to pharmaceuticals. However, surveys of the performance of processes designed to produce particulate products have consistently shown inadequate design and poor reliability. Chemical and process engineering is becoming less concerned with the design of plants to product generic simple chemical (which are often single phase fluids) and is now more concerned with speciality "effect" chemical which may often be in particulate form. Chemical and process engineers are also being rcruited in increasing numbers into areas outside their traditional fields: into the food industry, into pharmaceuticals, into the manufacture of a wide variety of consumer products. This book has been written to meet their needs. It provides comprehensive coverage of the technology of particulate solids, in a form which is both sufficiently accessible and sufficiently concise to be useful to engineering and science students in the final year of an undergraduate degree, and at Masters' level.

This book is a welcome edition to the Particle Technology Series, formerly Powder Technology Series. It is the second book in the series which describes powder mixing and we make no excuses for that. The topic of powder mixing is fundamental to powder technology and is one which always aroses interest. That will not change. As powder products become more complex they will pose new mixing problems. The solutions lie in the intelligent use of equipment, an understanding of powder properties and a good knowledge of basic statistics. The authors of this book have presented those three ingredients with great clarity. The book is based on long experience and deep thought, I have enjoyed reading it and am pleased to recommend it. Delft University of Technology, NL-Delft, July 1999 Brian Scarlett, Series Editor IX VII Foreword to the English Edition In response to many enquiries from industrial organisations and institutes involved with the technology of processing bulk materials, we are pleased to present the English edition ,,Mixing of Solids". The text is based on the first edition written in the German language "Mischen von Schiittgiitern" [1]. The English version has been revised and updated to include the most recent re­ search developments, the conclusions of which have been taken into account.

Particle characterization is an important component in product research and development, manufacture, and quality control of particulate materials and an important tool in the frontier of sciences, such as in biotechnology and nanotechnology. This text systematically describes one major branch of modern particle characterization technology - the light scattering methods. It takes the form of a monograph covering the principles, instrumentation, data interpretation, applications, and modern experimental development in laser diffraction, optical particle counting, photon correlation spectroscopy, and electrophoretic light scattering. In addition, a summary of all major particle sizing and other characterization methods, basic statistics and sample preparation techniques used in particle characterization, as well as almost 500 references are provided. The title should be useful for industrial users of light scattering techniques characterizing a variety of particulate systems and for undergraduate or graduate students who want to learn how to use light scattering to study particular materials, in chemical engineering, material sciences, physical chemistry and other related fields.

Particle characterization is an important component in product research and development, manufacture, and quality control of particulate materials and an important tool in the frontier of sciences, such as in biotechnology and nanotechnology. This book systematically describes one major branch of modern particle characterization technology - the light scattering methods. This is the first monograph in particle science and technology covering the principles, instrumentation, data interpretation, applications, and latest experimental development in laser diffraction, optical particle counting, photon correlation spectroscopy, and electrophoretic light scattering. In addition, a summary of all major particle sizing and other characterization methods, basic statistics and sample preparation techniques used in particle characterization, as well as almost 500 latest references are provided. The book is a must for industrial users of light scattering techniques characterizing a variety of particulate systems and for undergraduate or graduate students who want to learn how to use light scattering to study particular materials, in chemical engineering, material sciences, physical chemistry and other related fields.

The interest in control of particulate processes has been triggered by the need to achieve tight distributed control of size distributions that greatly influence particulate product properties and quality. Drawing from advances in dynamics of infinite-dimensional systems and nonlinear control theory, control of particulate processes using population balances has evolved into a very active research area within the field of process control. This book presents general methods for the synthesis of nonlinear, robust and constrained feedback controllers for broad classes of particulate process models and illustrates their applications to industrially-important crystallization, aerosol and thermal spray processes. The controllers use a finite number of measurement sensors and control actuators to achieve stabilization of the closed-loop system, output tracking, attenuation of the effect of model uncertainty and handling of actuator saturation.Beginning with an introduction to control of particulate processes, the book discusses nonlinear order reduction and nonlinear, robust and constrained control of particulate spatially-homogeneous processes, and nonlinear control of spatially-homogeneous particulate processes. The synthesis of the controllers is performed by using geometric and Lyapunov-based control techniques. The book includes comparisons of the methods followed for controller synthesis with other approaches and discussions of practical implementation issues that can help researchers and engineers understand the development and application of the methods in greater depth. The methods are applied to continuous and batch crystallization processes, a titania aerosol reactor and a thermal spray process to regulate product size distribution. The resulting benefits in closed-loop performance, robustness and actuator saturation handling compared to other techniques for control of particulate processes are demonstrated through computer simulations. The book assumes a basic knowledge about population balances and nonlinear control.

This book is the only book that gives a quantitative process engineering approach to granulation processes. It gives the basis for logical and effective scale up of processes, formulation design and process optimisation built on very significant increase in understanding developed in this area in the last decade. Much of this understanding has been developed by the authors and collaborators. [Other books in the area are largely qualitative descriptions of equipment and processes.] Thus, this book is truly unique and we think ground breaking. The structure of the book is based on many short courses taught by the authors to industrial engineers, undergraduate and graduate students. It includes substantial numbers of examples and tables of practical value.

The growth of interest in newly developed porous materials has prompted the writing of this book for those who have the need to make meaningful measurements without the benefit of years of experience. One might consider this new book as the 4th edition of "Powder Surface Area and Porosity" (Lowell & Shields), but for this new edition we set out to incorporate recent developments in the understanding of fluids in many types of porous materials, not just powders. Based on this, we felt that it would be prudent to change the title to "Characterization of Porous Solids and Powders: Surface Area, Porosity and Density". This book gives a unique overview of principles associated with the characterization of solids with regard to their surface area, pore size, pore volume and density. It covers methods based on gas adsorption (both physi­ and chemisorption), mercury porosimetry and pycnometry. Not only are the theoretical and experimental basics of these techniques presented in detail but also, in light of the tremendous progress made in recent years in materials science and nanotechnology, the most recent developments are described. In particular, the application of classical theories and methods for pore size analysis are contrasted with the most advanced microscopic theories based on statistical mechanics (e.g. Density Functional Theory and Molecular Simulation). The characterization of heterogeneous catalysts is more prominent than in earlier editions; the sections on mercury porosimetry and particularly chemisorption have been updated and greatly expanded.

This book focuses on the practical aspects of particle size measurement: a major difference with existing books, which have a more theoretical approach.

This book puts forward the concept of the Diameter-Transformed Fluidized Bed (DTFB): a fluidized bed characterized by the coexistence of multiple flow regimes and reaction zones, achieved by transforming the bed into several sections of different diameters.

This book puts forward the concept of the Diameter-Transformed Fluidized Bed (DTFB): a fluidized bed characterized by the coexistence of multiple flow regimes and reaction zones, achieved by transforming the bed into several sections of different diameters.

This poses great challenges for the characterization of these nanoparticle systems and requires adequate preparation methods. The nanoparticle measurement techniques aim at a deep physico-chemical understanding of the dispersity state of nanoparticle systems.

This poses great challenges for the characterization of these nanoparticle systems and requires adequate preparation methods. The nanoparticle measurement techniques aim at a deep physico-chemical understanding of the dispersity state of nanoparticle systems.

Particulate products make up around 80% of chemical products, from all industry sectors. Examples given in this book include the construction materials, fine ceramics and concrete; the delicacies, chocolate and ice cream; pharmaceutical, powders, medical inhalers and sun screen; liquid and powder paints. Size distribution and the shape of the particles provide for different functionalities in these products. Some functions are general, others specific. General functions are powder flow and require – at the typical particulate concentrations of these products – that the particles cause adequate rheological behavior during processing and/or for product performance. Therefore, this book addresses particle packing as well as its relation to powder flow and rheological behavior. Moreover, general relationships to particle size are discussed for e.g. color and sensorial aspects of particulate products. Product-specific functionalities are often relevant for comparable product groups. Particle size distribution and shape provide, for example, the following functionalities: -       dense particle packing in relation to sufficient strength is required in concrete construction, ceramic objects and pharmaceutical tablets-       good sensorial properties (mouthfeel) to chocolate and ice cream-       effective dissolution, flow and compression properties for pharmaceutical powders-       adequate hiding power and effective coloring of paints for protection and the desired esthetical appeal of the objects-       adequate protection of our body against sun light by sunscreen-      effective particle transport and deposition to desired locations for medical inhalers and powder paints. Adequate particle size distribution, shape and porosity of particulate products have to be achieved in order to reach optimum product performance. This requires adequate management of design and development as well as sufficient knowledge of the underlying principles of physics and chemistry. Moreover, flammability, explosivity and other health hazards from powders, during handling, are taken into account. This is necessary, since great risks may be involved. In all aspects, the most relevant parameters of the size distribution (and particle shape) have to be selected.In this book, experts in the different product fields have contributed to the product chapters. This provides optimum information on what particulate aspects are most relevant for behavior and performance within specified industrial products and how optimum results can be obtained. It differs from other books in the way that the critical aspects of different products are reported, so that similarities and differences can be identified. We trust that this approach will lead to improved optimization in design, development and quality of many particulate products.

This book is devoted to the Discrete Element Method (DEM) technique, a discontinuum modelling approach that takes into account the fact that granular materials are composed of discrete particles which interact with each other at the microscale level. This numerical simulation technique can be used both for dispersed systems in which the particle-particle interactions are collisional and compact systems of particles with multiple enduring contacts. The book provides an extensive and detailed explanation of the theoretical background of DEM. Contact mechanics theories for elastic, elastic-plastic, adhesive elastic and adhesive elastic-plastic particle-particle interactions are presented. Other contact force models are also discussed, including corrections to some of these models as described in the literature, and important areas of further research are identified. A key issue in DEM simulations is whether or not a code can reliably simulate the simplest of systems, namely the single particle oblique impact with a wall. This is discussed using the output obtained from the contact force models described earlier, which are compared for elastic and inelastic collisions. In addition, further insight is provided for the impact of adhesive particles. The author then moves on to provide the results of selected DEM applications to agglomerate impacts, fluidised beds and quasi-static deformation, demonstrating that the DEM technique can be used (i) to mimic experiments, (ii) explore parameter sweeps, including limiting values, or (iii) identify new, previously unknown, phenomena at the microscale. In the DEM applications the emphasis is on discovering new information that enhances our rational understanding of particle systems, which may be more significant than developing a new continuum model that encompasses all microstructural aspects, which would most likely prove too complicated for practical implementation. The book will be of interestto academic and industrial researchers working in particle technology/process engineering and geomechanics, both experimentalists and theoreticians.

This edited volume presents most techniques and methods that have been developed by material scientists, chemists, chemical engineers and physicists for the commercial production of particulate materials, ranging from the millimeter to the nanometer scale.  The scope includes the physical and chemical background, experimental optimization of equipment and procedures, as well as an outlook on future methods. The books addresses  issues of industrial importance such as specifications, control parameter(s), control strategy, process models, energy consumption and discusses the various techniques in relation to potential applications.In addition to the production processes, all major unit operations and characterization methods are described in this book. It differs from other books which are devoted to a single technique or a single material. Contributors to this book are acknowledged experts in their field.The aim of the book is to facilitate comparison of the differentunit operations leading to optimum equipment choices for the production, handling and storage of particulate materials. An advantage of this approach is that unit operations that are common in one field of application are made accessible to other fields. The overall focus is on industrial application and the book includes some concrete examples. The book is an essential resource for students or researchers who work in collaboration with manufacturing industries or who are planning to make the switch from academia to industry.

This book addresses the properties of particles in colloidal suspensions. It has a focus on particle aggregates and the dependency of their physical behaviour on morphological parameters. For this purpose, relevant theories and methodological tools are reviewed and applied to selected examples. The book is divided into four main chapters. The first of them introduces important measurement techniques for the determination of particle size and interfacial properties in colloidal suspensions. A further chapter is devoted to the physico-chemical properties of colloidal particles—highlighting the interfacial phenomena and the corresponding interactions between particles. The book’s central chapter examines the structure-property relations of colloidal aggregates. This comprises concepts to quantify size and structure of aggregates, models and numerical tools for calculating the (light) scattering and hydrodynamic properties of aggregates, and a discussion on van-der-Waals and double layer interactions between aggregates. It is illustrated how such knowledge may significantly enhance the characterisation of colloidal suspensions. The final part of the book refers to the information, ideas and concepts already presented in order to address technical aspects of the preparation of colloidal suspensions—in particular the performance of relevant dispersion techniques and the stability of colloidal suspensions.

Particulate products make up around 80% of chemical products, from all industry sectors. Examples given in this book include the construction materials, fine ceramics and concrete; the delicacies, chocolate and ice cream; pharmaceutical, powders, medical inhalers and sun screen; liquid and powder paints. Size distribution and the shape of the particles provide for different functionalities in these products. Some functions are general, others specific. General functions are powder flow and require – at the typical particulate concentrations of these products – that the particles cause adequate rheological behavior during processing and/or for product performance. Therefore, this book addresses particle packing as well as its relation to powder flow and rheological behavior. Moreover, general relationships to particle size are discussed for e.g. color and sensorial aspects of particulate products. Product-specific functionalities are often relevant for comparable product groups. Particle size distribution and shape provide, for example, the following functionalities: -       dense particle packing in relation to sufficient strength is required in concrete construction, ceramic objects and pharmaceutical tablets-       good sensorial properties (mouthfeel) to chocolate and ice cream-       effective dissolution, flow and compression properties for pharmaceutical powders-       adequate hiding power and effective coloring of paints for protection and the desired esthetical appeal of the objects-       adequate protection of our body against sun light by sunscreen-      effective particle transport and deposition to desired locations for medical inhalers and powder paints. Adequate particle size distribution, shape and porosity of particulate products have to be achieved in order to reach optimum product performance. This requires adequate management of design and development as well as sufficient knowledge of the underlying principles of physics and chemistry. Moreover, flammability, explosivity and other health hazards from powders, during handling, are taken into account. This is necessary, since great risks may be involved. In all aspects, the most relevant parameters of the size distribution (and particle shape) have to be selected.In this book, experts in the different product fields have contributed to the product chapters. This provides optimum information on what particulate aspects are most relevant for behavior and performance within specified industrial products and how optimum results can be obtained. It differs from other books in the way that the critical aspects of different products are reported, so that similarities and differences can be identified. We trust that this approach will lead to improved optimization in design, development and quality of many particulate products.

This book is devoted to the Discrete Element Method (DEM) technique, a discontinuum modelling approach that takes into account the fact that granular materials are composed of discrete particles which interact with each other at the microscale level.

This book focuses on the design and operation of fluidized beds in many different industrial processes, emphasizing the rationale for choosing fluidized beds for each particular process.