Research Report in Sociology of Law – serie

Att prioritera betyder enligt Svenska Akademins ordlista att ge försteg eller förtur. Inom alla offentliga verksamheter råder resursbrist. Verksamheter präglas av prioriteringar mellan individer eller grupper av individer. För hälso- och sjukvårdens del har genom lag fastställts att den som har det största behovet också skall ges företräde till vård. Prioritering mellan individer skall göras utifrån människovärdes-, behovs- och solidaritets- samt effektivitetsprincipen. För socialtjänsten har frågan om prioritering inte explicit varit föremål för lagstiftning. Inte ens i den senaste omarbetningen av socialtjänstlagen framskymtar någon medvetenhet om att resursbrister leder till att prioriteringar mellan grupper och individer dagligen måste göras. Risken för godtyckliga prioriteringar är uppenbar. I denna rapport analyseras de rättsliga grunderna för hur sådana prioriteringar skall göras. Socialpolitiska dokument, lagförarbeten och rättspraxis utgör studiens material och den slutsats som dras är att den sociala lagstiftningen trots allt anger tydliga värdegrunder vilka borde tas till utgångspunkt i de prioriteringar som faktiskt görs i landets kommuner. Karsten Åström är jur. dr. och professor i rättssociologi.

Föreliggande rapport handlar om demokrati, delaktighet och inflytande i två av Lomma kommuns grundskolor. Elevers rättigheter till inflytande finns föreskrivet i barnkonventionen, skollagen, kommunala styrdokument, samt i enskilda skolors lokala arbetsplaner. Rapporten belyser hur dessa förverkligas i skolans vardag. Vad innebär elevinflytande? Hur gestaltas elevinflytandet, formellt och informellt? Hur upplever elever möjligheterna till delaktighet i undervisningen? Skiljer sig förhållningssättet till elevinflytande mellan olika lärare och rektorer? Detta är frågor som diskuterats med elevgrupper, lärargrupper samt med skolornas rektorer. Resultaten från samtalen visar på svårigheterna med att uppnå ett reellt elevinflytande. Hur skall man då gå vidare i riktning mot målen?

The aim of this sociology of law-orientated article is to analyse and describelegislative and regulatory processes concerning the task given to schools fo-cusing on environment and sustainable development. We are describing the policy-making processes in this field from 1990 to 2011. The study involves key interviews and content analysis of national policy documents as well as legal sources, in order to describe and categorize legal norms that society, through its political and administrative institutions, highlight in school activities.The article takes a starting point in a model developed by Lindensjö and Lund-gren, who used the terms arena of formulation and arena of realization, to illustrate what is happening with policy at national level. The policy-making processes and their results are in the end interpreted and understood through a perspective based on the concept of inertia and path dependence. It is evident as a result that the legal changes on the national political level are not hindering the continuing policy-making development and enactment of sustainable development on the professional administrative national arena.

This report is an account for the preliminary results of the comparison of ‘Civic Cultures’ in Stockholm and Bogotá. The comparison is part of an ongoing cooperation between the Sociology of Law Department, Lund University and Corporación Visionarios por Colombia – Corpovisionarios. ‘Civic Culture’ is a concept covering citizens’ legal or non-legal reactions on different confl icting situations or on how to make and repair agreements. The concept relates legal or non-legal reactions to issues like conformity and attachment to law and trust as well as different demographics. The comparison is carried out with an identical survey.

Offentlig upphandling spelar en central roll i samhällsplanering och stadsomvandlingsprojekt, där möjligheten att integrera hållbarhetshänsyn har kommit att uppmärksammas alltmer under de senaste decennierna. Bakgrunden till denna rapport härstammar ur projektet ”Samverkan och hållbarhetshänsyn i bygginköpsprocessen”, finansierat av Formas (Forskningsrådet för miljö, areella näringar och samhällsbyggande) samt med samfinansiering från Miljöförvaltningen, Malmö stad. Malmö stads stadsomvandlingsprojekt ”Hållbara Rosengård” utgör ett aktuellt exempel på en satsning där offentlig upphandling inom bl.a. byggentreprenader har använts som ett medel för att bidra till hållbar stadsutveckling. Denna rapport presenterar en fallstudie av ett specifikt byggprojekt som genomfördes inom ramen för Hållbara Rosengård och som inkluderade både sociala och miljömässiga hållbarhetskrav i upphandlingen. Rapporten redovisar och diskuterar några centrala empiriska resultat från denna studie, med särskilt fokus på offentlig-privat samverkan å ena sidan och beslutsprocesser och hållbarhetsincitament å andra sidan. Rapporten syftar härutöver till att identifiera några särskilt viktiga områden för fortsatt forskning och utveckling, och att vara till nytta för det fortsatta implementeringsarbetet gällande samverkan kring hållbar offentlig upphandling.

The background to this report is a research project named “Green innovations in construction – investigating the regulatory space for sustainable solutions in the construction sector”, funded by the Swedish Foundation for Humanities and Social Sciences in collaboration with Skanska Sweden AB and in affiliation with Sociology of Law Department, Lund University, in a postdoctoral research project called Flexit. There are two main purposes of the project. One is to investigate sustainability norms in the regulatory space of the construction sector in order to generate knowledge about the values influencing private and public actors in terms of environmental consequences of their decisions. Another purpose of the project is to investigate ecologically sustainable innovation processes within the construction sector, examine how they function and how they can be steered or influenced. The findings point at several interesting aspects of sustainable public procurement practice in Sweden. Although the findings must be weighed against the small number of organisations interviewed and lack of replies in some instances, the findings represent the viewpoints of those at the forefront of sustainable public procurement in Sweden over a number of years. This report will for that reason paint the picture of some of the ingredients to proactive and successful sustainable public procurement.

Professor Terrence Daintith wrote in 1979 that ”it is now generally acknowledged that public bodies are entitled to frame general policies to guide them in the exercise of their statutory powers” referring to the use of different policy objectives in public procurement. This is still under discussion today and in 2016 the practice of sustainable public procurement has become codified in European law. In Sweden, new legislation on public procurement is about to come into force, clarifying the strategic use of public procurement for various societal objectives, including sustainable development. This report is the result of a study on how sustainable public procurement is implemented in practice in the construction sector in Sweden. It highlights both the experiences of the public sector but also the private sector regarding sustainable public procurement and public procurement to stimulate innovation. The report highlights the importance of leadership and change agents in sustainable public procurement construction practice, as well as the limitations to innovation and creativity in public procurement and the focus on lowest price selection criteria

This studie was performed in December and January 2018-2019 on behalf of The Swedish Transport Agency to study the premises for public compliance with environmental zone regulations based on theories aboute attitudes and norms. Along with indicators of attitudes and norms, the study maps out relevant questions regarding traffic behavior, legal compliance towards traffic rules in general and environmental zone regulations in particular. The empirical data consists of a survey study and a semi-systematic literature review. Svensson and Björkenfeldt portray informal- and formal social control on the one hand and legal compliance on the other, and the overreaching question of the report, therefore, address the correlation of these two. The study shows that attitudes and subjective norms towards the upcoming environmental zone regulations are not strong enough to bring about legal compliance. However, with active efforts of creating obstacles in breaking the regulations, the law´s single value is strengthened, and in time, it is likely that social norms will also grow stronger.

Court research is a well-known field within classical Sociology of Law, and particularly within Scandinavian Sociology of Law. One of the main aims of this report is to highlight the type of court research that is being conducted, and has been conducted, within Sociology of Law as well as to present some of the empirical results that over time have emerged from research pilot projects on norm implementation and norm formation conducted at a court in southern Sweden during 2010-2011 and 2012, and followed up and continued during 2015-18. Furthermore, Sociology of Law has continued this important cooperation with courts in southern Sweden through internships for one semester and thesis writing by our Sociology of Law and Criminology students in studying and learning in Swedish courts.

The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child is a human rights legal document decided and adopted by the UN General Assembly in November 1989. This international convention has had a major impact on children’s rights, policies and legislation in many countries around the world. Another prominent feature of the development, however, is the lack of research in many areas on implementation of children’s rights. This underline the importance of a book like this with contributions from countries seldom represented with research in their own context. This book has been initiated by researchers at the Child Rights Institute, Lund University, a research network with the aim to act for and support the rights of the child in different contexts, national and international, in research, in education or in other relevant practices. The Institute gather researchers to stimulate and to support new and continued research with a point of departure in the CRC. It provides an open and suitable arena for researchers to publish new material on implementing CRC in society. Invitation of researchers from our global network to contribute to an anthology was therefore fully in line with this ambition. Fifteen new international studies on the enactment of children’s rights in schools and education are presented in this book. The authors are researchers from Colombia, Zambia, Viet Nam, Egypt, India, Kenya, Indonesia and China. They are researchers and scholars active in many different academic environments as research universities (Indonesia, Zambia, China, Kenya, Egypt, and Sweden), teacher training universities (China and India), National University of Education (Viet Nam, Colombia), Institute of Social Work and Health (India), District Teacher Training Institution, DIET (India).

Internationally, Sociology of Law is most often located in centers of various kinds, as subjects or networks within faculties or as one or a couple of people within faculties. Sociology of Law and Law and Society research is thus spread around the world in many kinds of formations and there are several networks coordinating the field thematically and geographically. These two fields attract a high number of researchers around the world. In Sweden, Lund University has the only complete Sociology of Law department, but there are also many researchers in Sweden in the field representing the social as well as the legal strands. Lund has long held a strong and quite unique position within the international socio-legal research community. Sociology of Law as a subject started at the Faculty of Social Sciences in 1963 and formally became an academic subject in 1972 after a decision by the Swedish Government. Today Sociology of Law in Lund is one of few departments with Bachelor’s, Master’s and PhD levels. We are an autonomous department within the Faculty of Social Sciences at Lund University. During 2019 Lund University as a whole and with all its organisations was working on a big research evaluation project called RQ2020 – or RQ20. Sociology of Law started this process early in 2019. In general, we decided to perform RQ20 as a way to not just report, but also conduct an in depth evaluation of research. We therefore broadly included staff and also included more data than necessary for the RQ20. For instance, we have completed an verview of all the dissertations since the beginning, and we also produced an overview of socio-legal organizations at six niversities. Those background documents from the RQ20 internal processes we have collected in this volume.

This research report is a compilation of essays written by guest researchers from Central Asia who spent four to twelve months at the Department of Sociology of Law, Lund University, and conducted research on various topics pertaining to legal cultures, governance and business environments in Central Asia. These guest research stays (secondments) took place in the framework of the EU-funded project “Central Asian Law: Legal Cultures and Business Environments in Central Asia” (project number 870647 H2020 MSCA-RISE 2019-2023), which runs from 01/03/2020 through 28/02/2024. The project is coordinated by Lund University and the project consortium includes European universities (University of Zurich, Charles University Prague, Riga Graduate School of Law, Marmara University, University of Latvia) as well as Central Asian partner institutions (L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Khujand Polytechnic Institute of the Tajik Technical University, SIAR Research and Consulting, Tebigy Kuwwat Public Association, Academy of the General Prosecutor’s Office of Uzbekistan, Westminster International University in Tashkent). This research report consists of introduction and five papers that explore contemporary issues and challenges in Central Asia, such as the problems accompanying the internationalization of higher education and research, anticorruption legal frameworks and the business climate, cultural branding, legal culture education, and the digital economy. The main idea behind publishing this preliminary research report is to provide a platform for Central Asian guest researchers to present the research projects they developed during their research stay in Lund and share their initial research findings with the Central Asian Law project team and the wider academic and policy audiences. Another equally important aim was to empower our guest researchers, given the fact that many Central Asia-based researchers find it difficult to publish their academic work in Western academic venues due to different academic, economic, and ideological factors.

Det övergripande syftet med denna pilotstudie har varit att undersöka och analysera principen om barnets bästa i praktiken, med fokus på de spänningsförhållanden som kan finnas när både enskilda barns bästa och en grupp barns bästa ska beaktas. Studien är en mindre pilotstudie baserad på kvalitativa intervjuer med rektorer på sju högstadieskolor och föreståndare på sex HVB-hem (hem för vård eller boende). Grundskola och HVB-hem är exempel på institutioner där det kan finnas barn med olika sociala svårigheter, och där konflikter kan uppstå mellan barn och olika barns behov. Skolan är även en skyddsfaktor för sociala problem och en viktig samarbetspartner för socialtjänst och HVB-hem när unga bor på HVB-hem. I denna rapport synliggörs och diskuteras hur olika professionella aktörer resonerar kring barnets bästa i arbetet och hur likheter och skillnader kan förstås i relation till organisatorisk och professionell tillhörighet, handlingsutrymme och samhällsuppdrag. Studien visar på några möjliga spänningsförhållanden och dilemman som kan finnas när barnets bästa ska tolkas och tillämpas utifrån de olika verksamheternas perspektiv och uppdrag, och i relation till gruppen unga och enskilda barn och unga, samt hur rektorer på högstadieskolor och föreståndare på HVB-hem kan resonera kring möjliga hinder och lösningar. Vidare belyser rapporten och intervjuerna några utmaningar i omvärlden vad gäller möjligheten att tillgodose barns bästa och med barnkonventionen som lag.

Central Asian Law This research report was written by guest researchers at the Department of So- ciology of Law, Lund University, who conducted interdisciplinary research on various topics related to sustainable development and business environments in Central Asia. The stays of these researchers from Central Asia took place in the framework of the EU-funded project “Central Asian Law: Legal Cultures and Bu- siness Environments in Central Asia” (project number 870647 H2020 MSCA-RI- SE 2019-2023), which runs from 01/03/2020 through 28/02/2024. The project is coordinated by Lund University, and the project consortium includes Europe- an universities (University of Zurich, Charles University Prague, Riga Graduate School of Law, Marmara University, University of Latvia) as well as Central Asian partner institutions (L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Khujand Poly- technic Institute of the Tajik Technical University, SIAR Research and Consulting, Tebigy Kuwwat Public Association, Academy of the General Prosecutor’s Office of Uzbekistan, Westminster International University in Tashkent). The report includes studies on selected development topics in Central Asian countries. The purpose is to contribute insights on the role played by human ca- pital and liberalization in four essential areas concerning sustainable development: science, foreign investment, renewables, and online presence. Methodologically, the presented studies mainly rely on the analysis of data available from internatio- nal organizations. The strength of the analysis is derived from the scale of the data on the countries accumulated over the three decades of their independence. The comparative studies offer new ways of understanding Central Asia, considering the distinct features of the countries in the region and how these changed over the period from 1991 to 2020. The authors made an effort to write the report in a manner accessible to non-specialists. Findings and implications could be of in- terest to policymakers, scholars, and students in the field of Central Asian studies.

Rapporten presenterar ett rättssociologiskt forskningsprojekt som haft arbetstiteln ”Replika av en rättssociologisk undersökning om det allmänna rättsmedvetandet och brottsskadeersättningen”. Att projektet är en replika betyder att syftet har varit att göra en uppföljning av ett ursprungligt forskningsprojekt, i det aktuella fallet av två enkätundersökningar som presterades i avhandlingen ”Kränkning och upprättelse. En rättssociologisk studie av kränkningsersättning till brottsoffer” (Dahlstrand, 2012). Det ursprungliga projektet finansierades av Brottsofferfonden och pågick 2007–2012 medan den replika som presenteras här finansierats av Ulla V Bondesons stiftelse för rättssociologisk och kriminologisk forskning. Avrapporteringen av repikationen görs tio år efter det att den ursprungliga studien presenterades. Nu presenteras även en fördjupad analys av svarsmönstren utifrån kön. Det rättssociologiska kunskapsintresse som motiverar replikan utgår från de teoretiska och praktiska utmaningarna att värdera brottsoffrens kränkningsersättning. Utgångspunkten vid ersättning för kränkning brukar beskrivas som ett angrepp på den skadelidandes personliga integritet, hens privatliv och människovärde, och vid bestämmande av kränkningsersättning ska en skönsmässig bedömning utifrån förhärskande etiska och sociala värderingar i samhället göras. Syftet med kränkningsersättningen är, förenklat uttryckt, att den ska bidra till en känsla av upprättelse hos brottsoffret, men om nivån på ersättningen ligger för långt från förväntningarna finns en risk att den ger upphov till sekundär viktimisering. Det är därför viktigt att ersättningsbeloppet står i proportion till hur allvarlig kränkningen kan anses vara, vilket motiverar den rättssociologiska kunskap som presenteras här. En central fråga vi ställer är därför: Anser brottsoffer att ersättningen bidrar till en känsla av upprättelse?

This research report was prepared in the framework of the EU-funded project “Central Asian Law: Legal Cultures and Business Environments in Central Asia” (project number 870647 H2020 MSCA-RISE 2019-2023), which runs from 01/03/2020 through 28/02/2024. The project is coordinated by Lund University, and the project consortium includes European universities (University of Zurich, Charles University Prague, Riga Graduate School of Law, Marmara University, University of Latvia, Istanbul Medipol University, University of Manchester) as well as Central Asian partner institutions (Zhetysu University, Khujand Polytechnic Institute of the Tajik Technical University, SIAR Research and Consulting, Tebigy Kuwwat Public Association, Academy of the General Prosecutor’s Office of Uzbekistan, Westminster International University in Tashkent). The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed analysis of the state of FDI in Turkmenistan and to develop a set of recommendations to attract foreign investment. This study attempts to capture as many of the issues surrounding FDI attraction as possible through an analysis that takes into account the most important developments. The timeliness of such an analysis becomes more evident from 2020, as disruptions in global markets caused by the outbreak of a pandemic have made it more of a priority than ever to reduce the reliance on oil and gas exports. The present study attempts to answer the following questions: (i) What might be the potential impact of increased foreign direct investment on Turkmenistan’s economic development? (ii) What are the main factors that have hindered greater investment in Turkmenistan since independence? (iii) What measures can the government of Turkmenistan take to attract more foreign direct investment? (iv) How can partner countries and international organizations assist Turkmenistan in attracting more foreign direct investment into the country? (v) Which sectors of Turkmenistan’s economy should be a priority for attracting foreign investment in the current environment? The results of this research may be of interest to decision-makers in government, foreign businesses, partner countries and international development agencies.