Reviews: Methods and Technologies in Fish Biology and Fisheries – serie

The microcomputer revolution and the imperative to improve fishery management have accelerated the pace of technological innovation and the application of new technologies to practical fishery management problems. This volume was developed from a symposium held in February 2000, at which scientists working in all oceans of the planet presented research results from diverse marine species and habitats. The proceedings contain the results of research intended to define critical habitat, to monitor behaviour and physiology, and to synthesize tracking results into population models.

Despite their importance in terms of employment and income generation, inshore fisheries have been a neglected area of study. The review of the common fisheries policy, especially in the light of the need to re-examine the derogation which reserves access to the inshore zone to coastal state vessels, provides an opportunity to redress the balance. With contributions from leading authorities on fisheries management, the book takes an in-depth look at seven European countries, examining the basis for the definition of inshore fisheries, evaluating their status, and describing the salient characteristics of their management. The national studies form the basis for cross-cultural analyses of the social organization, cultural norms, economic objectives, and institutional structures of inshore fisheries in Europe. Finally, a number of key issues relating to the future of inshore fisheries management in a more integrated approach are examined. Overall the volume reaffirms the invaluable role played by inshore fisheries in the local and regional economies of Europe's complex coastline.

This is a comprehensive collection of molecular techniques for diagnosing diseases important in the culture and conservation of salmonid fish. It brings together leading authors in this rapidly growing field and provides an overview of the state of the art from the perspective of practical application of these methods in diagnostic laboratories. This book should serve as a useful handbook for diagnosticians and researchers involved in fish disease, particularly laboratories establishing these diagnostic tests for the first time, providing background information on many of the diseases and their causative organisms.

Contributes 27 chapters that provide overviews of aquaculture effects on the environment. This title comprises a comprehensive synthesis of many ecological and genetic problems implicated in the practice of aquaculture and of many attempted, or postulated solutions to those problems.

This comprehensive treatment of current knowledge about otoliths in the tropics features contributions from leading experts in the field and encompasses daily and annual ageing in fish and invertebrates, microchemistry, and interpreting otolith microstructure.

The chapters focus on three main themes: first, what value does stakeholder participation bring to fisheries governance? Its advocates claim that participation improves the quality of decision-making; resolves conflicts; and increases compliance with regulations. On the other hand, critics argue that participation is often unnecessary, ineffective, costly, time-consuming, and cosmetic. The second theme is the relationship between the participatory mode and the current switch from single species-based fisheries management to the ecosystem-based approach (EBA). In what way does widening the extent of public participation contribute to the EBA? Third is the vexed question of the relationship between fishers’ experiential knowledge and fisheries science: how far does fishers’ knowledge improve our understanding of the marine environment? The central message of the book is that while stakeholder participation is beneficial, it carries with it responsibilities as well as rights: all stakeholders have a public duty to act as stewards for the marine environment.

IUU ? shing, the elements of which are discussed in detail further below in this Part, hinders the sustainable management of marine ? sheries world wide. Southern Ocean ? sheries and in particular the Patagonian Tooth? sh, have been targeted by IUU ? shers. The text examines the response to the persistent problem of IUU ? shing in 1 the Southern Ocean, by CCAMLR, as the appropriate RFMO, and Australia, a State with vested interests in the Southern Ocean by virtue of the Heard and McDonald Islands’ EEZ. This examination represents original work not only in the context of 2 Southern Ocean ? sheries but in the consideration of the linkages between regional and national measures to deter IUU ? shing. Faced with continued ? ag State inaction, both the CCAMLR Commission and Australia have identi? ed and applied a number of measures to deter IUU ? shing. These measures are examined in Parts 4 and 5 respectively. Indeed, the lack of ? ag State enforcement and the development and persistence of IUU ? shing are inextricably linked, a fact that will be pursued in depth in Part 2 along with the other factors identi? ed as contributing to the development of IUU ? shing.

The 8 chapters encompass contributions from 27 of the world’s leading experts in by-catch reduction. They take the reader through most aspects of the field at a variety of scales and viewpoints. They examine the methodologies used to develop by-catch reduction techniques and provide new avenues for assisting and broadening such work. Case studies are provided that encompass most of the world’s fishing techniques and regions.Solutions developed for the most problematic fishing methods in terms of by-catch, selectivity and habitat damage are examined in significant detail in addition to ways to reduce the by-catch of charismatic species like marine mammals and sea-birds. By-catch reduction in less infamous fishing methods is also examined with chapters on recreational fishing and trapping. The book shows how the lessons learned in reducing by-catch can be applied to ameliorate emerging, broader issues concerning the impacts of fishing on entire ecosystems. Finally, the book examines the most vital phase of by-catch reduction work - its uptake and extension into fishing practices.

The state of the Northeast Atlantic fisheries in recent years has highlighted - plementation as the Achilles heel of modern fisheries management: discards and unreported or misreported landings are in many cases recognised to effectively subvert sound conservation goals. Social science literature on fisheries mana- ment has tended to regard the implementation of resource conservation policies mainly as a question of effective enforcement. This literature regards surveillance and penalty as the key mechanism through which fishermen keep to catch restr- tions and loyally report their catches. This book emerged because several years of research on fishermen’s compliance had made us uneasy about this rather narrow approach to the problem of implementation. This uneasiness motivated us to widen the approach to the question of implementing conservation policies in the fisheries. Taking Norway as an example, its fishing fleet consists of some 7,000 vessels spread along a coastline of more than 20,000 km, populated by less than 5 million people. The idea of ensuring desirable behaviour through surveillance and - forcement alone is almost absurd in such a context, as the task is impossible by any reasonable means. The Norwegian implementation system has thus had to rely heavily on the incentives provided by the rules and legitimacy created through a century of state/industry collaboration. Different coastal states face very different conditions in terms of solving typical implementation problems such as discards and misreporting.

The 2nd international tagging and tracking symposium was held in San Sebastian, Spain, in October 2007, seven years after the first symposium was held in Hawaii in 2000 (Sibert and Nielsen 2001). In the intervening seven years, there have been major advances in both the capability and reliability of electronic tags and analytical approaches for geolocation of tagged animals in marine habitats. Advances such as increased data storage capacity, sensor development, and tag miniaturization have allowed researchers to track a much wider array of marine animals, not just large and charismatic species. Importantly, data returned by these tags are now being used in population analyses and movement simulations that can be directly utilized in stock assessments and other management applications.Papers in this volume are divided into three sections, the first describing insights into behavior achieved using acoustic, archival, and novel tags, the second reporting on advances in methods of geolocation, while the final section includes contributions where tag data have been used in management of marine species. Accurate documentation of animal movements and behaviors in critical marine habitats are impossible to obtain with other technologies. The management and conservation of marine species are critical in today’s changing ocean environment and as electronic tags become more accurate and functional for a diversity of organisms their application continues to grow, setting new standards in science and technology.

Unfortunately, the subsequent implementation of selective breeding on a wider scale in aquaculture has been slow, and despite the dramatic gains that have been demonstrated in a number of species, less than 10% of world aquaculture production is currently based on improved stocks.

The microcomputer revolution and the imperative to improve fishery management have accelerated the pace of technological innovation and the application of new technologies to practical fishery management problems. This volume was developed from a symposium held in February 2000, at which scientists working in all oceans of the planet presented research results from diverse marine species and habitats. The proceedings contain the results of research intended to define critical habitat, to monitor behaviour and physiology, and to synthesize tracking results into population models. This is the first synthesis of tagging and tracking methods used on marine fish and documents the state of the art of modern electronic tagging and tracking techniques. It will be the standard reference in this field for years to come and will be consulted by researchers planning to use these techniques in the future. Seasoned researchers as well as beginning graduate students will find this volume indispensable.

Despite their importance in terms of employment and income generation, inshore fisheries have been a neglected area of study. The review of the common fisheries policy, especially in the light of the need to re-examine the derogation which reserves access to the inshore zone to coastal state vessels, provides an opportunity to redress the balance. With contributions from leading authorities on fisheries management, the book takes an in-depth look at seven European countries, examining the basis for the definition of inshore fisheries, evaluating their status, and describing the salient characteristics of their management. The national studies form the basis for cross-cultural analyses of the social organisation, cultural norms, economic objectives, and institutional structures of inshore fisheries in Europe. Finally, a number of key issues relating to the future of inshore fisheries management in a more integrated approach are examined. Overall the volume reaffirms the invaluable role played by inshore fisheries in the local and regional economies of Europe's complex coastline.

This is the first comprehensive collection of molecular techniques for diagnosing diseases important in the culture and conservation of salmonid fish. It brings together leading authors in this rapidly growing field and provides an overview of the present state of the art from the perspective of practical application of these methods in diagnostic laboratories. This book will serve as a useful handbook for diagnosticians and researchers involved in fish disease, particularly laboratories establishing these new diagnostic tests for the first time, and provides valuable background information on many of the diseases and their causative organisms.

Aquaculture is a rapidly growing industry and aquaculture practices can directly interact with and depend upon the surrounding environment. Therefore, the effects of all types of aquaculture on living natural resources and ecosystems are of significant and increasing national and international interest. In “Ecological and Genetic Implications of Aquaculture Activities”, numerous nationally and internationally prominent aquaculture researchers contribute 27 chapters that comprise overviews of aquaculture effects on the environment, discussions of genetic considerations, thorough documentation of aquaculture effects and their solutions specific to countries, and approaches toward environmentally sustainable aquaculture. Together, these chapters comprise a comprehensive synthesis of many ecological and genetic problems implicated in the practice of aquaculture and of many proven, attempted, or postulated solutions to those problems. Many chapters can serve as benchmark documentations of specific aquaculture effects on biodiversity at different levels.

The chapters focus on three main themes: first, what value does stakeholder participation bring to fisheries governance? Its advocates claim that participation improves the quality of decision-making; resolves conflicts; and increases compliance with regulations. On the other hand, critics argue that participation is often unnecessary, ineffective, costly, time-consuming, and cosmetic. The second theme is the relationship between the participatory mode and the current switch from single species-based fisheries management to the ecosystem-based approach (EBA). In what way does widening the extent of public participation contribute to the EBA? Third is the vexed question of the relationship between fishers’ experiential knowledge and fisheries science: how far does fishers’ knowledge improve our understanding of the marine environment? The central message of the book is that while stakeholder participation is beneficial, it carries with it responsibilities as well as rights: all stakeholders have a public duty to act as stewards for the marine environment.

IUU ? shing, the elements of which are discussed in detail further below in this Part, hinders the sustainable management of marine ? sheries but in the consideration of the linkages between regional and national measures to deter IUU ? ed and applied a number of measures to deter IUU ?

The 8 chapters encompass contributions from 27 of the world’s leading experts in by-catch reduction. They take the reader through most aspects of the field at a variety of scales and viewpoints. They examine the methodologies used to develop by-catch reduction techniques and provide new avenues for assisting and broadening such work. Case studies are provided that encompass most of the world’s fishing techniques and regions.Solutions developed for the most problematic fishing methods in terms of by-catch, selectivity and habitat damage are examined in significant detail in addition to ways to reduce the by-catch of charismatic species like marine mammals and sea-birds. By-catch reduction in less infamous fishing methods is also examined with chapters on recreational fishing and trapping. The book shows how the lessons learned in reducing by-catch can be applied to ameliorate emerging, broader issues concerning the impacts of fishing on entire ecosystems. Finally, the book examines the most vital phase of by-catch reduction work - its uptake and extension into fishing practices.

The state of the Northeast Atlantic fisheries in recent years has highlighted - plementation as the Achilles heel of modern fisheries management: discards and unreported or misreported landings are in many cases recognised to effectively subvert sound conservation goals. Social science literature on fisheries mana- ment has tended to regard the implementation of resource conservation policies mainly as a question of effective enforcement. This literature regards surveillance and penalty as the key mechanism through which fishermen keep to catch restr- tions and loyally report their catches. This book emerged because several years of research on fishermen’s compliance had made us uneasy about this rather narrow approach to the problem of implementation. This uneasiness motivated us to widen the approach to the question of implementing conservation policies in the fisheries. Taking Norway as an example, its fishing fleet consists of some 7,000 vessels spread along a coastline of more than 20,000 km, populated by less than 5 million people. The idea of ensuring desirable behaviour through surveillance and - forcement alone is almost absurd in such a context, as the task is impossible by any reasonable means. The Norwegian implementation system has thus had to rely heavily on the incentives provided by the rules and legitimacy created through a century of state/industry collaboration. Different coastal states face very different conditions in terms of solving typical implementation problems such as discards and misreporting.

The papers in this volume cover exciting developments in new tagging applications in marine animals. This includes new analyses of geolocation techniques using remote tags and new documentation of animal behaviour in marine habitats.

Unfortunately, the subsequent implementation of selective breeding on a wider scale in aquaculture has been slow, and despite the dramatic gains that have been demonstrated in a number of species, less than 10% of world aquaculture production is currently based on improved stocks.