Routledge Essential Grammars – serie

Greek: An Essential Grammar is a concise and user-friendly reference guide to modern Greek. It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language in short, readable sections. Explanations are clear and supported by examples throughout. This new edition has been revised and updated to present an accurate and accessible description of the most important aspects of modern Greek.Features include: clear and up-to-date examples special attention to those points which often cause problems to English-speaking learners Greek/English comparisons and contrasts highlighted throughout. Greek: An Essential Grammar is ideal for learners involved in independent study and for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types. Levels CEFR scale A1-B2 and ACTFL level Low-Intermediate to Advanced.

Urdu: An Essential Grammar is a reference guide to the most important aspects of the language as it is used by native speakers today.The complexities of Urdu are set out in short, readable sections. Explanations contain minimal jargon and emphasis has been placed on the aspects of Urdu that pose a particular challenge for English-speaking students.Features include:* language examples throughout in both Urdu script and romanization* user-friendly layout* detailed contents list* comprehensive index.Urdu: An Essential Grammar presents a fresh and accessible description of the language and will prove invaluable to students at all levels.

Polish: An Essential Grammar is a user-friendly guide to all the important structures of this fascinating language. Presenting a fresh and accessible description of the language, this engaging grammar uses clear, jargon-free explanations and sets out the complexities of Polish in short, readable sections. Key features include: a new chapter on studying an inflected language, including detailed analysis of a typical text comprehensive descriptions of the parts of speech covered information presented clearly and logically in table form a wealth of real-life examples nine clearly-presented appendices. This grammar is an invaluable asset to anyone wishing to master the Polish language as it is spoken today. Two companion books, Basic Polish: A Grammar and Workbook and Intermediate Polish: A Grammar and Workbook, provide more detailed practice in the language.

This new edition of Modern Hebrew: An Essential Grammar is an up-to-date and practical reference guide to the most important aspects of modern Hebrew as used by contemporary native speakers of the language.It presents an accessible description of the language, focusing on the real patterns of use today. The Grammar aims to serve as a reference source for the learner and user of Hebrew irrespective of level, by setting out the complexities of the language in short, readable sections that are clear and free from jargon.It is ideal either for independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types.Features of this new edition include:• Much expanded coverage of a large part of the syntax and morphology• Reformulation and clarification of many details• Enrichment of the vocabulary to mirror the digital and Internet age.

This new and extended edition of Chinese: An Essential Grammar is an up-to-date and concise reference guide to modern Chinese (Mandarin) grammar.Refreshingly jargon-free, it presents an accessible description of the language, focusing on the real patterns of use today. This Grammar aims to serve as a reference source for the learner and user of Chinese, irrespective of level, setting out the complexities of the language in short, readable sections.It is ideal either for independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types.Features include: Three new chapters on speech habits, writing conventions and new lexicalisation processes Chinese characters, as well as the pinyin romanisation, alongside all examples Literal and colloquial translations into English to illustrate language points Detailed contents list and index for easy access to information A glossary of grammatical terms.

This new and extended edition of Chinese: An Essential Grammar is an up-to-date and concise reference guide to modern Chinese (Mandarin) grammar.Refreshingly jargon-free, it presents an accessible description of the language, focusing on the real patterns of use today. This Grammar aims to serve as a reference source for the learner and user of Chinese, irrespective of level, setting out the complexities of the language in short, readable sections.It is ideal either for independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types.Features include: Three new chapters on speech habits, writing conventions and new lexicalisation processes Chinese characters, as well as the pinyin romanisation, alongside all examples Literal and colloquial translations into English to illustrate language points Detailed contents list and index for easy access to information A glossary of grammatical terms.

Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian: An Essential Grammar is intended for beginners and intermediate students who need a reference that explains grammar in straightforward terms. It covers all the main areas of the modern single BCMS grammatical system in an accessible way, and free from jargon. When linguistic terminology is used, it is explained in layman’s terms, the logic of a rule is presented simply and near parallels are drawn with English. This book covers all the grammar necessary for everyday communication (reaching B1 and B2 of the CEFR, ACTFL Intermediate-Intermediate- Mid). The book comprises of extensive chapters on all parts of speech, the creation of different word forms (endings for cases in nouns and adjectives, case forms for pronouns, tenses, verbal modes, verbal aspect etc.) and their uses in sentences. Each rule is illustrated with numerous examples from everyday living language used in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia.This is a unique reference book in English aimed at the level of language study that treats BCMS as a single grammar system, explaining and highlighting all the small differences between the four variants of this polycentric language.

Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian: An Essential Grammar is intended for beginners and intermediate students who need a reference that explains grammar in straightforward terms. It covers all the main areas of the modern single BCMS grammatical system in an accessible way, and free from jargon. When linguistic terminology is used, it is explained in layman’s terms, the logic of a rule is presented simply and near parallels are drawn with English. This book covers all the grammar necessary for everyday communication (reaching B1 and B2 of the CEFR, ACTFL Intermediate-Intermediate- Mid). The book comprises of extensive chapters on all parts of speech, the creation of different word forms (endings for cases in nouns and adjectives, case forms for pronouns, tenses, verbal modes, verbal aspect etc.) and their uses in sentences. Each rule is illustrated with numerous examples from everyday living language used in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia.This is a unique reference book in English aimed at the level of language study that treats BCMS as a single grammar system, explaining and highlighting all the small differences between the four variants of this polycentric language.

Czech: An Essential Grammar is a practical reference guide to the core structures and features of modern Czech. Presenting a fresh and accessible description of the language, this engaging grammar uses clear, jargon-free explanations and sets out the complexities of Czech in short, readable sections. This new revised edition has been thoroughly updated with examples of current usage, additional morphological explanations and an historical overview of Czech as to why two levels – written and spoken Czech – exist till this day. Suitable for either independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types, key features include: focus on the morphology and syntax of the language clear explanations of grammatical terms full use of authentic examples use of basic twenty-first-century English borrowings detailed contents list and index for easy access to information.With an emphasis on the Czech that native speakers use today, Czech: An Essential Grammar will help students to read, speak and write the language with greater confidence.

Czech: An Essential Grammar is a practical reference guide to the core structures and features of modern Czech. Presenting a fresh and accessible description of the language, this engaging grammar uses clear, jargon-free explanations and sets out the complexities of Czech in short, readable sections. This new revised edition has been thoroughly updated with examples of current usage, additional morphological explanations and an historical overview of Czech as to why two levels – written and spoken Czech – exist till this day. Suitable for either independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types, key features include: focus on the morphology and syntax of the language clear explanations of grammatical terms full use of authentic examples use of basic twenty-first-century English borrowings detailed contents list and index for easy access to information.With an emphasis on the Czech that native speakers use today, Czech: An Essential Grammar will help students to read, speak and write the language with greater confidence.

Norwegian: An Essential Grammar is a reference guide to the most important aspects of contemporary Norwegian as used by native speakers.The Grammar presents a fresh and accessible description of the language. Explanations are clear, free from jargon and often accompanied by exercises. The book gives a simple, step-by-step presentation of the grammatical systems of Norwegian and demonstrates and explains usages which have proved difficult for those learning the language in the past. It is clearly laid-out for easy reference making it accessible for those at a beginner/intermediate level. This is the ideal reference source for all learners, whether studying independently or in a class.

Urdu: An Essential Grammar is a reference guide to the most important aspects of the language as it is used by native speakers today.The complexities of Urdu are set out in short, readable sections. Explanations contain minimal jargon and emphasis has been placed on the aspects of Urdu that pose a particular challenge for English-speaking students.Features include:* language examples throughout in both Urdu script and romanization* user-friendly layout* detailed contents list* comprehensive index.Urdu: An Essential Grammar presents a fresh and accessible description of the language and will prove invaluable to students at all levels.

This thoroughly revised third edition of Finnish: An Essential Grammar is grounded in fundamental insights of modern linguistics and incorporates some of the latest achievements in the description of written and spoken Finnish. It gives a systematic account of the structures of the written language and offers increased attention to the key characteristics of present-day colloquial Finnish. No prior knowledge is assumed on the part of the reader and grammatical rules are clearly explained without jargon.Features of this new edition include:• pronunciation guide, including the tendencies in present-day colloquial Finnish• thorough descriptions of morphology (word structure) and syntax (sentence structure)• clear rules and an abundance of concrete examples, from both written and colloquial Finnish• updated vocabulary in the examples• an effective new scheme for detecting the morphological structure of any word form• subject index.This is the ideal reference source both for those studying Finnish independently and for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types.

Serbian: An Essential Grammar is an up-to-date and practical reference guide to the most important aspects of Serbian as used by contemporary native speakers of the language.Refreshingly jargon free, it presents an accessible description of the language, focusing on the real patterns of use today. A reference source for the learner and user of Serbian irrespective of level, it sets out the complexities of the language in short, readable sections.Features of this Grammar include: * use of Cyrillic and Latin script examples throughout* a cultural section on the language and its dialects* clear and detailed explanations of simple and complex grammatical concepts* detailed contents list and index for easy reference.Well-presented and easy to use, Serbian: An Essential Grammar is ideal either for independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult education.

Serbian: An Essential Grammar is an up-to-date and practical reference guide to the most important aspects of Serbian as used by contemporary native speakers of the language.Refreshingly jargon free, it presents an accessible description of the language, focusing on the real patterns of use today. A reference source for the learner and user of Serbian irrespective of level, it sets out the complexities of the language in short, readable sections.Features of this Grammar include: * use of Cyrillic and Latin script examples throughout* a cultural section on the language and its dialects* clear and detailed explanations of simple and complex grammatical concepts* detailed contents list and index for easy reference.Well-presented and easy to use, Serbian: An Essential Grammar is ideal either for independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult education.

Spanish: An Essential Grammar is a concise and user-friendly reference guide to the most important aspects of Spanish.It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language that combines traditional and function-based grammar. The book sets out the complexities of Spanish in short, readable sections, and explanations are clear and free from jargon.The Grammar is the ideal reference source for the learner and user of Spanish. It is suitable for either independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types. Features include:* clear distinctions between the essential and basic aspects of Spanish grammar and those that are more complex* full use of authentic examples* easy to understand explanations of areas that customarily pose problems for English speakers* detailed contents list and index for easy access to information.

Spanish: An Essential Grammar is a concise and user-friendly reference guide to the most important aspects of Spanish.It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language that combines traditional and function-based grammar. The book sets out the complexities of Spanish in short, readable sections, and explanations are clear and free from jargon.The Grammar is the ideal reference source for the learner and user of Spanish. It is suitable for either independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types. Features include:* clear distinctions between the essential and basic aspects of Spanish grammar and those that are more complex* full use of authentic examples* easy to understand explanations of areas that customarily pose problems for English speakers* detailed contents list and index for easy access to information.

This second edition of Georgian: A Learner's Grammar is a completely revised and updated guide to the fascinating and most widely spoken language of the Caucasus. Presenting the language in the form of dialogues and reading passages, full attention is given to script reproduction and recognition, pronunciation, lexis and individual points of grammar.Key features include:* highlighting of verbal roots throughout* new and varied exercises for practice of verb forms* use of the new Georgian currency* examples of Georgian literature, both poetry and prose, and each with its own self-contained vocabulary * a reference section providing an answer key, a Georgian-English glossary and an index of grammatical terms.With a varied and extensive range of exercise work, this new edition provides a comprehensive and carefully graded grammar of Georgian that has been successful over a number of years of use in the classroom.

This second edition of Georgian: A Learner's Grammar is a completely revised and updated guide to the fascinating and most widely spoken language of the Caucasus. Presenting the language in the form of dialogues and reading passages, full attention is given to script reproduction and recognition, pronunciation, lexis and individual points of grammar.Key features include:* highlighting of verbal roots throughout* new and varied exercises for practice of verb forms* use of the new Georgian currency* examples of Georgian literature, both poetry and prose, and each with its own self-contained vocabulary * a reference section providing an answer key, a Georgian-English glossary and an index of grammatical terms.With a varied and extensive range of exercise work, this new edition provides a comprehensive and carefully graded grammar of Georgian that has been successful over a number of years of use in the classroom.

German: An Essential Grammar is a practical reference guide to the core structures and features of modern German. Presenting a fresh and accessible description of the language, this engaging grammar uses clear, jargon-free explanations and sets out the complexities of German in short, readable sections. Suitable for either independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult education classes, key features include:focus on the morphology and syntax of the languageclear explanations of grammatical terms full use of authentic examplesa detailed contents list and index for easy access to information.With an emphasis on the German native speakers use today, German: An Essential Grammar will help students to read, speak and write the language with greater confidence.

German: An Essential Grammar is a practical reference guide to the core structures and features of modern German. Presenting a fresh and accessible description of the language, this engaging grammar uses clear, jargon-free explanations and sets out the complexities of German in short, readable sections. Suitable for either independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult education classes, key features include:focus on the morphology and syntax of the languageclear explanations of grammatical terms full use of authentic examplesa detailed contents list and index for easy access to information.With an emphasis on the German native speakers use today, German: An Essential Grammar will help students to read, speak and write the language with greater confidence.

Korean: An Essential Grammar is a concise and convenient guide to the basic grammatical structure of standard Korean. Presenting a fresh and accessible description of the language, this engaging Grammar uses clear, jargon-free explanations and sets out the complexities of Korean in short, readable sections.Key features include:clear explanations of grammatical termsfrequent use of authentic examplesthe Korean alphabet used alongside McCune-Reischauer romanization systema full glossary of explanations.

Korean: An Essential Grammar is a concise and convenient guide to the basic grammatical structure of standard Korean. Presenting a fresh and accessible description of the language, this engaging Grammar uses clear, jargon-free explanations and sets out the complexities of Korean in short, readable sections.Key features include:clear explanations of grammatical termsfrequent use of authentic examplesthe Korean alphabet used alongside McCune-Reischauer romanization systema full glossary of explanations.

Turkish: An Essential Grammar is a concise, user-friendly guide to the most important structures of contemporary Turkish. Presenting a fresh and accessible description of the language, this engaging grammar uses clear, jargon-free explanations offering practical guidance on understanding and constructing words and sentences correctly. Key features include: pronunciation guideclear grammatical explanationsfrequent use of examples from colloquial and formal speech, accompanied by translationsillustrative tables and a series of appendices to complement the explanationsfull glossary of grammatical terms.With numerous language examples bringing grammar to life, this truly essential reference work will prove invaluable to all students looking to master the patterns of modern Turkish, which are often very different from those in English or other European languages.Aslı Göksel is Associate Professor of Linguistics in the Department of Western Languages and Literatures at Boğaziçi University, Istanbul. Celia Kerslake is Lecturer in Turkish in the Faculty of Oriental Studies at the University of Oxford.The two authors previously collaborated on the writing of Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar (Routledge, 2005)

Turkish: An Essential Grammar is a concise, user-friendly guide to the most important structures of contemporary Turkish. Presenting a fresh and accessible description of the language, this engaging grammar uses clear, jargon-free explanations offering practical guidance on understanding and constructing words and sentences correctly. Key features include: pronunciation guideclear grammatical explanationsfrequent use of examples from colloquial and formal speech, accompanied by translationsillustrative tables and a series of appendices to complement the explanationsfull glossary of grammatical terms.With numerous language examples bringing grammar to life, this truly essential reference work will prove invaluable to all students looking to master the patterns of modern Turkish, which are often very different from those in English or other European languages.Aslı Göksel is Associate Professor of Linguistics in the Department of Western Languages and Literatures at Boğaziçi University, Istanbul. Celia Kerslake is Lecturer in Turkish in the Faculty of Oriental Studies at the University of Oxford.The two authors previously collaborated on the writing of Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar (Routledge, 2005)

Danish: An Essential Grammar is a reference guide to the most important aspects of current Danish as it is used by native speakers.It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language, focusing on those areas of Danish that pose particular problems for English speakers but at the same time providing a broad general account of the language.The Grammar is the ideal source of reference for the learner of Danish in the early and middle stages. It is suitable for independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types.This new edition has been fully updated to reflect changes in current language use and recent cultural developments. Features include: clear, jargon-free explanations many tables and diagrams for extra clarity separate glossary of linguistic and grammatical terms detailed index with key Danish and English words

Danish: An Essential Grammar is a reference guide to the most important aspects of current Danish as it is used by native speakers.It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language, focusing on those areas of Danish that pose particular problems for English speakers but at the same time providing a broad general account of the language.The Grammar is the ideal source of reference for the learner of Danish in the early and middle stages. It is suitable for independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types.This new edition has been fully updated to reflect changes in current language use and recent cultural developments. Features include: clear, jargon-free explanations many tables and diagrams for extra clarity separate glossary of linguistic and grammatical terms detailed index with key Danish and English words

Hungarian: An Essential Grammar is a concise, user-friendly guide to the most important structures of this fascinating language.All students of Hungarian, whether beginners or at intermediate and advanced levels, will welcome its clarity of presentation and jargon-free explanations. It is ideal for those studying independently or following a taught course. Topics include:verbal prefixesaspect and tenseword-formation mechanismsvowel harmonythe case system and its usesword orderappendices include the formation of irregular verbs, complete noun declensions and irregular noun patternsWith numerous language examples bringing grammar to life, this truly essential reference work will prove invaluable to all students looking to master the patterns and irregularities of modern Hungarian.

Latvian: An Essential Grammar is a concise, user-friendly guide to the basic grammatical structures of Latvian. Presenting a fresh and accessible description of the language, this engaging grammar uses clear, jargon-free explanations to set out the complexities of Latvian in short, readable sections. Key features include: clear grammar explanationsfrequent use of authentic examplespronunciation guide, bibliography and subject index. This is the ideal reference source both for those studying Latvian independently and for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types to back up their studies.