Routledge Library Editions: World Empires – serie

The 16 volumes in this set, originally published between 1919 and 1998, draw together research by leading academics in the area of World Empires and provide an examination of related key issues. The books examine French Colonialism, the German Empire, and the Ottoman Empire, as well as the effect European colonialism had in Africa and Asia. This set will be of particular interest to students of world history.

The German Empire, 1867-1914, first published in 1919, represents the most important and comprehensive of William Dawson’s contributions to German history and the understanding of German politics and affairs. This title will be of great interest to students of German and Imperial history.

The German Empire, 1867-1914, first published in 1919, represents the most important and comprehensive of William Dawson’s contributions to German history and the understanding of German politics and affairs. This title will be of great interest to students of German and Imperial history.

The German Empire, 1867-1914, first published in 1919, represents the most important and comprehensive of William Dawson’s contributions to German history and the understanding of German politics and affairs. This title will be of great interest to students of German and Imperial history.

The German Empire, 1867-1914, first published in 1919, represents the most important and comprehensive of William Dawson’s contributions to German history and the understanding of German politics and affairs. This title will be of great interest to students of German and Imperial history.

First published in 1984. Revisionism or reformism has long been recognised as one of the main intellectual ancestors of democratic socialism, the last survivor of the tradition of Enlightenment progressivism and the only viable alternative to conservatism on the one hand and Marxist-Leninism on the other. Both as a movement and as an ideology, revisionism, like Marxism, had its origins in Germany, but has not received anything like the same attention. This study is concerned with two relatively neglected aspects of German revisionism - its diversity and its international relations theorising – while focusing on those revisionists who were associated with Joseph Bloch's journal, the Sozialistische Monatshefte.Roger Fletcher demonstrates that the revisionist movement consisted of neo-Kantians, 'pragmatists' and reformists of several kinds as well as theoretical revisionists like Edward Bernstein, the alleged 'father of revisionism', and that the political importance of Bernstein, who was primarily a transplanted British Radical, has been widely misunderstood and exaggerated. He shows that the most influential figure in pre-1914 German revisionism was not Bernstein but Bloch, the leader of a small band of socialist imperialists who hoped to use nationalist ideology as a means of integrating the German working class into the Wilhelmine state and society. He argues that despite the limited success enjoyed by this grey eminence of Wilhelmine Social Democracy, Bloch and Bernstein both came to grief on the masses' rock-like indifference to all theory.This is the first serious study of revisionism as a movement and one of the only studies of right-wing German socialist foreign policy views in the Wilhelmine era. While revealing the central importance of the previously neglected Bloch, and his journal in Wilhelmine Social Democracy, it also sheds fresh light on the thought of Bernstein and his role in classical German Social Democracy. The result of extensive research in Germany and Austria, it is based on a solid grasp of the secondary literature as well as thorough mastery of all the relevant primary sources.

First published in 1984. Revisionism or reformism has long been recognised as one of the main intellectual ancestors of democratic socialism, the last survivor of the tradition of Enlightenment progressivism and the only viable alternative to conservatism on the one hand and Marxist-Leninism on the other. Both as a movement and as an ideology, revisionism, like Marxism, had its origins in Germany, but has not received anything like the same attention. This study is concerned with two relatively neglected aspects of German revisionism - its diversity and its international relations theorising – while focusing on those revisionists who were associated with Joseph Bloch's journal, the Sozialistische Monatshefte.Roger Fletcher demonstrates that the revisionist movement consisted of neo-Kantians, 'pragmatists' and reformists of several kinds as well as theoretical revisionists like Edward Bernstein, the alleged 'father of revisionism', and that the political importance of Bernstein, who was primarily a transplanted British Radical, has been widely misunderstood and exaggerated. He shows that the most influential figure in pre-1914 German revisionism was not Bernstein but Bloch, the leader of a small band of socialist imperialists who hoped to use nationalist ideology as a means of integrating the German working class into the Wilhelmine state and society. He argues that despite the limited success enjoyed by this grey eminence of Wilhelmine Social Democracy, Bloch and Bernstein both came to grief on the masses' rock-like indifference to all theory.This is the first serious study of revisionism as a movement and one of the only studies of right-wing German socialist foreign policy views in the Wilhelmine era. While revealing the central importance of the previously neglected Bloch, and his journal in Wilhelmine Social Democracy, it also sheds fresh light on the thought of Bernstein and his role in classical German Social Democracy. The result of extensive research in Germany and Austria, it is based on a solid grasp of the secondary literature as well as thorough mastery of all the relevant primary sources.

First published in 1993. How is it possible for the three tiny Baltic republics to gain their freedom from the Soviet Union, without a single shot being fired or a single stone thrown at the oppressor?The topic of this book is the implosion of the Soviet empire. It tells the parallel stories of how the three Baltic republics of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania struggled successfully to gain their freedom, and how the policies pursued by Mikhail Gorbachev served to mobilize and politicize Baltic demands. Particular emphasis is placed on unintended consequences that resulted from repeated interventions by Moscow. The authors develop a loose theoretic framework for the examination of this critical struggle.The study starts by developing the analytical tools and then proceeds to outline, as background, the most salient features of Gorbachev's reform programme and of the history of the Baltic States. The core of the analysis is then presented in three chapters, devoted to three consecutive stages in the game. The first shows how strategies on both sides were initially formulated in consensus. In the second it is shown how consensus transformed into pure conflict, and in the third all actors are seeking to escape general collapse. The main conclusion points at the absence of ‘politics’ in the Soviet System as a main cause of its self-destruction.

First published in 1993. How is it possible for the three tiny Baltic republics to gain their freedom from the Soviet Union, without a single shot being fired or a single stone thrown at the oppressor?The topic of this book is the implosion of the Soviet empire. It tells the parallel stories of how the three Baltic republics of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania struggled successfully to gain their freedom, and how the policies pursued by Mikhail Gorbachev served to mobilize and politicize Baltic demands. Particular emphasis is placed on unintended consequences that resulted from repeated interventions by Moscow. The authors develop a loose theoretic framework for the examination of this critical struggle.The study starts by developing the analytical tools and then proceeds to outline, as background, the most salient features of Gorbachev's reform programme and of the history of the Baltic States. The core of the analysis is then presented in three chapters, devoted to three consecutive stages in the game. The first shows how strategies on both sides were initially formulated in consensus. In the second it is shown how consensus transformed into pure conflict, and in the third all actors are seeking to escape general collapse. The main conclusion points at the absence of ‘politics’ in the Soviet System as a main cause of its self-destruction.

The articles collected in this study, first published in 1993, concentrates on the transformation and continuities in African societies during the height of the colonial era, and explores the struggles by Africans to find space – socially, politically, or economically – within the confines of colonial rule. This title will be of interest to students of African history and Imperialism.

The articles collected in this study, first published in 1993, concentrates on the transformation and continuities in African societies during the height of the colonial era, and explores the struggles by Africans to find space – socially, politically, or economically – within the confines of colonial rule. This title will be of interest to students of African history and Imperialism.

The articles collected in this study, first published in 1993, concentrates on African struggles to maintain their autonomy. Although the history of interaction between African peoples and those from outside that continent is old, for most of Africa colonial domination by European powers was both relatively recent and relatively short phenomenon. In 1970 most Africans lived in independent societies; by 1915 all by two African states had been conquered by Europeans. Resistance to European domination by Africans was continuous, although the level on which is occurred varied. As the articles in this collection show, the costs of conquest to Africans was great. This title will be of interest to students of African history and Imperialism.

The articles collected in this study, first published in 1993, concentrates on African struggles to maintain their autonomy. Although the history of interaction between African peoples and those from outside that continent is old, for most of Africa colonial domination by European powers was both relatively recent and relatively short phenomenon. In 1970 most Africans lived in independent societies; by 1915 all by two African states had been conquered by Europeans. Resistance to European domination by Africans was continuous, although the level on which is occurred varied. As the articles in this collection show, the costs of conquest to Africans was great. This title will be of interest to students of African history and Imperialism.

First published in 1963. The Moguls, the descendants of the Mongols, two and a half centuries later than Jenghiz Khan, created an empire that stretched from Persia to Burma and from the Himalayas to the centre of the Indian subcontinent. It was a creation almost more astonishing than Jenghiz Khan's own: an empire that was civilized and prosperous, and which left behind an artistic legacy that has been a wonder till this day.Michael Prawdin tells the story which begins with Babur, passes through the reign of Humayun, and finds its climax at the death of Akbar. By this time the empire was no longer a patchwork of incidental conquests dominated by the arms of foreign invaders, but a coherent landmass that had been welded into a co-ordinated state, ruled by one system of administration. The diverse lands had become so many different provinces, held together by a highly organized bureaucracy in which Mohammedans and Hindus were equally eligible to the highest posts, honours and privileges. Moreover, a new cultural synthesis of the Hindu and Moslem cultures had taken shape, and throughout the empire all peoples showed the same demand for knowledge, art, poetry and for refinements of all kinds.

First published in 1963. The Moguls, the descendants of the Mongols, two and a half centuries later than Jenghiz Khan, created an empire that stretched from Persia to Burma and from the Himalayas to the centre of the Indian subcontinent. It was a creation almost more astonishing than Jenghiz Khan's own: an empire that was civilized and prosperous, and which left behind an artistic legacy that has been a wonder till this day.Michael Prawdin tells the story which begins with Babur, passes through the reign of Humayun, and finds its climax at the death of Akbar. By this time the empire was no longer a patchwork of incidental conquests dominated by the arms of foreign invaders, but a coherent landmass that had been welded into a co-ordinated state, ruled by one system of administration. The diverse lands had become so many different provinces, held together by a highly organized bureaucracy in which Mohammedans and Hindus were equally eligible to the highest posts, honours and privileges. Moreover, a new cultural synthesis of the Hindu and Moslem cultures had taken shape, and throughout the empire all peoples showed the same demand for knowledge, art, poetry and for refinements of all kinds.

First published in 1977. Although hundreds of books have been published on the Armenian question and massacres, very little is known about their services in the cultural, economic and administrative life and development of the Ottoman Empire. This study is an investigation into the contribution by Armenians to Ottoman public life from 1860, when the Armenian community in Turkey was given a new legislative Constitution on the basis of Tanzimat (Reforms) until 1908, when the young Turks seized power and there followed a bitterly fanatic policy of intolerance which had tragic consequences for both the Armenians and the Turks. The author has concentrated his investigations on the eastern provinces of Anatolia, which earlier formed the western part of historic Armenia and which in the diplomatic language of the nineteenth century were referred to as ‘provinces inhabited by Armenians’. To these he has added the provinces of Syria, close to the neighbouring Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, and where, especially in and around Aleppo, old Armenian communities had settled. Both in Anatolia and Syria, the Armenians were employed in various administrative, judicial, economic and secretarial fields and, to a lesser extent, in technical affairs, agriculture, education and public health. The author shows how this contribution was made in spite of the fact that for the Armenians these were years of transition from their established status as a favoured Christian millet to the tragic insecurity of a hunted people.

First published in 1977. Although hundreds of books have been published on the Armenian question and massacres, very little is known about their services in the cultural, economic and administrative life and development of the Ottoman Empire. This study is an investigation into the contribution by Armenians to Ottoman public life from 1860, when the Armenian community in Turkey was given a new legislative Constitution on the basis of Tanzimat (Reforms) until 1908, when the young Turks seized power and there followed a bitterly fanatic policy of intolerance which had tragic consequences for both the Armenians and the Turks. The author has concentrated his investigations on the eastern provinces of Anatolia, which earlier formed the western part of historic Armenia and which in the diplomatic language of the nineteenth century were referred to as ‘provinces inhabited by Armenians’. To these he has added the provinces of Syria, close to the neighbouring Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, and where, especially in and around Aleppo, old Armenian communities had settled. Both in Anatolia and Syria, the Armenians were employed in various administrative, judicial, economic and secretarial fields and, to a lesser extent, in technical affairs, agriculture, education and public health. The author shows how this contribution was made in spite of the fact that for the Armenians these were years of transition from their established status as a favoured Christian millet to the tragic insecurity of a hunted people.

First published in 1989. On the eve of the First World War, almost 72 million square kilometres of territory and more than 560 million people were under colonial rule. By 1980 the European colonial empires had disappeared from the map. Concentrating in particular on the British Commonwealth and the French colonial empire, the author shows how economic and political changes in the mother countries, the awakening national consciousness of the African and Asian peoples, and the effects of two World Wars had all compelled Europe to decolonize. He argues that although a satisfactory new order in world politics and the global economy has not been achieved in the process, the dissolution of the empires came about with remarkably little bloodshed, thereby laying a solid foundation for the future. The author concludes by looking at the legacy of the decolonized world in the late 1980s. He examines the last bastion of European colonial domination (South Africa) and discusses the emerging new North-South relations.

In this title, originally published in 1920, Leonard Woolf traces the history of economic imperialism and explores the relations of Europe and Africa since 1876. This analysis of economic imperialism helped to shape attitudes to colonialism for more than one generation of radicals and socialists, and still has the power to influence and inform today.

In this title, originally published in 1920, Leonard Woolf traces the history of economic imperialism and explores the relations of Europe and Africa since 1876. This analysis of economic imperialism helped to shape attitudes to colonialism for more than one generation of radicals and socialists, and still has the power to influence and inform today.

Originally published in 1983. In the late nineteenth century as the European powers divided the world between themselves and scrambled over Africa, so their writers went with them, recording in fiction, as well as in historical narrative, the events and issues of the colonial expansion. The literature which they left behind them is the subject of this book. Taking Robinson Crusoe as the starting point for colonial literature, the book looks at linking themes and ideas in the colonial literatures of England, Frances and Germany. In drawing the attention of English-speaking readers to the writing of these other countries, English fiction is placed in a wider context. The comparison also emphasises a homogeneity in the various traditions of colonial literature which goes beyond mere flag waving.

Originally published in 1983. In the late nineteenth century as the European powers divided the world between themselves and scrambled over Africa, so their writers went with them, recording in fiction, as well as in historical narrative, the events and issues of the colonial expansion. The literature which they left behind them is the subject of this book. Taking Robinson Crusoe as the starting point for colonial literature, the book looks at linking themes and ideas in the colonial literatures of England, Frances and Germany. In drawing the attention of English-speaking readers to the writing of these other countries, English fiction is placed in a wider context. The comparison also emphasises a homogeneity in the various traditions of colonial literature which goes beyond mere flag waving.

In this authoritative study, first published in 1981, Geoffrey Scammell traces the course of European expansion between around 800 and 1650, during which time the world known to western Europeans was enlarged in a way unparalleled before or since. The book takes a broad historical perspective, linking the classic age of European expansion to its medieval antecedents. The Norse reached North America in the tenth century, Italian missionaries and traders were established in China in the high Middle Ages, and during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, in some of the greatest voyages ever made under sail, Iberian explorers crossed the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and established footholds in the Americas, Africa and Asia. This is a stimulating and perceptive study, based on wide-ranging research, which makes an invaluable contribution to our understanding of the influence of empire on both colonial and metropolitan societies.

In this authoritative study, first published in 1981, Geoffrey Scammell traces the course of European expansion between around 800 and 1650, during which time the world known to western Europeans was enlarged in a way unparalleled before or since. The book takes a broad historical perspective, linking the classic age of European expansion to its medieval antecedents. The Norse reached North America in the tenth century, Italian missionaries and traders were established in China in the high Middle Ages, and during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, in some of the greatest voyages ever made under sail, Iberian explorers crossed the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and established footholds in the Americas, Africa and Asia. This is a stimulating and perceptive study, based on wide-ranging research, which makes an invaluable contribution to our understanding of the influence of empire on both colonial and metropolitan societies.

Originally published in 1986. The French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War) occurred in the mid-eighteenth century. The concern of this bibliography is with the North American experience in this war, with excursions into the West Indies to examine collateral events which involved Anglo-Americans from what is now the United States. Emphasis is placed on contemporary accounts of this war and upon twentieth century writings, and contains a variety of sources.

Originally published in 1986. The French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War) occurred in the mid-eighteenth century. The concern of this bibliography is with the North American experience in this war, with excursions into the West Indies to examine collateral events which involved Anglo-Americans from what is now the United States. Emphasis is placed on contemporary accounts of this war and upon twentieth century writings, and contains a variety of sources.

This bio-bibliography, first published in 1985, of the colonial "ministries" of Cardinal Richelieu, Nicholas Fouquet and Jean-Baptiste Colbert examines the primary and secondary sources available for a re-evaluation of the formative era of the French overseas empire. This volume will be of great interest to students of history and imperialism.

This bio-bibliography, first published in 1985, of the colonial "ministries" of Cardinal Richelieu, Nicholas Fouquet and Jean-Baptiste Colbert examines the primary and secondary sources available for a re-evaluation of the formative era of the French overseas empire. This volume will be of great interest to students of history and imperialism.

This work, first published in 1977, is a study of African responses to European conquest in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It centers on the Muslim pastoral tribes and oasis communities which inhabited southeastern Morocco, a semi-arid region on the northern fringe of the Sahara Desert. Between 1881 and 1912 the French army, advancing from Algeria, invaded and occupied this region. This book examines the decades of French conquest as an episode in African, rather than European, colonial or military history.