Studies in Pragmatics – serie

Building on the first volume in the Studies in Pragmatics series which clearly set out the differences and similarities in approaches to discourse markers, Pragmatic Markers in Contrast continues the debate through offering a unique and thorough examination of the methods and theories for studying pragmatic markers cross-linguistically. As a result of internationalisation and new developments in linguistics there has been an increasing interest in cross-linguistic studies. Aijmer and Simon-Vandenbergen have assembled experts in this field to explore the comparison of pragmatic markers across languages in order to offer important insights into the similarities and differences between languages. Contrastive studies can also shed more light on the pragmatic and discourse functions that pragmatic markers fulfil in the languages compared. Another issue is to what extent pragmatic markers which have evolved from the same lexical source have developed similar functions in different languages. An impressively large number of different approaches are represented in this volume as well as a wide range of languages including; English, Swedish, Spanish, Dutch, German, French, Norwegian and Solv (a dialect of Finland Swedish).

Discourse particles fulfil many different functions; they contribute to text structuring, dialogue management, turn-taking, and politeness. This reference presents a spectrum of approaches to discourse particles/markers in their richness and variability, whilst ensuring that the differences and similarities between the approaches are comparable.

Hedging is an essential part of everyday communication. It is a discourse strategy which is used to reduce commitment to the force or truth of an utterance to achieve an appropriate pragmatic effect. In recent years hedges have therefore attracted increased attention in Pragmatics and Applied Linguistics, with studies approaching the concept of hedging from various perspectives, such as speech act - and politeness theory, genre-specific investigations, interactional pragmatics, and studies of vague language. The present volume provides an up-to-date overview of current research on the topic by bringing together studies from a variety of fields. The contributions span a range of different languages, investigate the use of hedges in different communicative settings and text types, and consider all levels of linguistic analysis from prosody to morphology, syntax and semantics. What unites the different studies in this volume is a corpus-based approach, in which various theoretical concepts and categories are applied to, and tested against, actual language data. This allows for patterns of use to be uncovered which have previously gone unnoticed and provides valuable insights for the adjustment and fine-tuning of existing categories. The usage-based approach of the investigations therefore offers new theoretical and descriptive perspectives on the context-dependent nature and multifunctionality of hedges.

Subjectivity in Language and in Discourse deals with the linguistic encoding and discursive construction of subjectivity across languages and registers. The aim of this book is to complement the highly specialized, parallel and often separate research strands on the phenomenon of subjectivity with a volume that gives a forum to diverse theoretical vantage points and methodological approaches, presenting research results in one place which otherwise would most likely be found in substantially different publications and would have to be collected from many different sources. Taken together, the chapters in this volume reflect the rich diversity in contemporary research on the phenomenon of subjectivity. They cover numerous languages, colloquial, academic and professional registers, spoken and written discourse, diverse communities of practice, speaker and interaction types, native and non-native language use, and Lingua Franca communication. The studies investigate both already well explored languages and registers (e.g. American English, academic writing, conversation) and with respect to subjectivity, less studied languages (Greek, Italian, Persian, French, Russian, Swedish, Danish, German, Australian English) as well as many different communicative settings and contexts, ranging from conference talk, promotional business writing, academic advising, disease counselling to internet posting, translation, and university classroom and research interview talk. Some contributions focus on individual linguistic devices, such as pronouns, intensifiers, comment clauses, modal verbs, adjectives and adverbs, and their capacity of introducing the speaker's subjective perspective in discourse and interactional sequence; others examine the role of larger functional categories, such as hedging and metadiscourse, or interactional sequencing.

The studies collected in this volume deal with pragmatic factors involved in the evolution of grammatical or lexical forms or in the emergence of complex syntactic structures in various languages (Dutch, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Serbian and Spanish). They are set against the theoretical framework of grammaticalization. The main methodological tools are cross-linguistic contrastive analysis and diachronic perspective. The two main issues that emerge from these studies are the place of pragmatic factors in language change (input, output or setting/frame of the process) and the existence or otherwise of a prevailing mechanism for explaining change phenomena.

This is a collection of invited papers that honours Professor Jacob Mey on the occasion of his eightieth birthday. Professor Mey is, and has for a long time been, at once one of the most respected, enterprising, industrious, scholarly and, now, avuncular members of the numerous linguistics communities in which he has worked. He has made, over a distinguished working life, significant contributions to all of the sub-disciplines of linguistics, from phonetics, through phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and especially pragmatics. He has sought to make connections between these sub-disciplines and broader areas of thought. These connections have resulted in ground breaking advances in, for example, Japanese sociolinguistics, pragmatics and artificial intelligence, Marxist linguistics, pragmatics and therapy, pragmatics and machine-processed information, gender and language, literary pragmatics and societal pragmatics. The collection ends with an in-depth discussion between Professor Mey and one of the editors in which Professor Mey speaks fully and frankly about his life in language and language in life.

This volume demonstrates the synergies that can result from interdisciplinary collaboration. Responding to the growing interest in the interface between prosody and pragmatics, it presents a collection of papers which use different approaches and data to explore a wide range of interrelated issues in both fields. The volume contains a state-of-the-art introduction by the editors, and individual chapters organised in three sections. In the first section, chapters by Sasha Calhoun, Joe Blythe, Merle Horne and Phoenix Lam examine prosodic cues to referential and discourse/textual meaning. The second section is devoted to the role played by prosody in the negotiation of speaker change in conversational interaction, with papers by Dagmar Barth-Weingarten, Jill House, Emina Kurtic/Guy J. Brown/Bill Wells and Beatrice Szczepek Reed. In the final section, chapters by Leendert Plug, Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen and Anne-Catherine Simon/Liesbeth Degand focus on various aspects of interpersonal meaning and how they are conveyed. Languages discussed are English, Dutch, German, Swedish, French and Murriny Patha, and the frameworks used include Conversation Analysis, Gricean pragmatics, Interactional Linguistics, Intonational Phonology, Phonology for Conversation and Relevance Theory.

The focus of this volume is on semantic and pragmatic change, its causes and mechanisms. The papers gathered here offer both theoretical proposals of more general scope and in-depth studies of language-specific cases of meaning change in particular notional domains. The analyses include data from English, several Romance languages, German, Scandinavian languages, and Oceanic languages. Detailed case-studies covering central semantic domains, such as concession, evidentiality, intensification, modality, negation, scalarity, subjectivity, and temporality, allow the authors to test and refine current models of semantic change, by focusing, for instance, on the respective roles of speakers and hearers in the process and on the relationship between semantic and syntactic reanalysis. Key theoretical notions, such as presuppositions, paradigms, word order, and discourse status are revisited in a diachronic perspective to provide innovative accounts of causes and motivations for linguistic changes. A prominent theme is the evolution of procedural meanings of various kinds. Thus, several papers feature different types of pragmatic markers as their object of study, while others are concerned with items and constructions expressing modality, evidentiality, negation, and relational meanings. Closely related themes are: the interface between semantics and pragmatics/discourse, with figurative uses of language, rhetorical-argumentational strategies, discourse traditions, information structure, and the importance of dialogic contexts in change playing a salient role in several papers; the relationship between meaning change and processes such as grammaticalization, subjectification and pragmaticalization; and, the thorny issue of the categorization of linguistic items such as discourse markers or modal particles, evidentials or epistemic modals, to which the diachronic data are shown to contribute substantially. The volume will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in the fields of semantics, pragmatics, discourse analysis, grammaticalization, and historical linguistics.

Nonveridicality and evaluation interact in obvious ways in conveying opinion and subjectivity in language. In Nonveridicality and Evaluation Maite Taboada and Radoslava Trnavac bring together a diverse group of researchers with interests in evaluation, Appraisal, nonveridicality and coherence relations. The papers in the volume approach the intersection of these areas from two different points of view: theoretical and empirical. From a theoretical point of view, contributions reflect the interface between evaluation, nonveridicality and coherence. The empirical perspective is shown in papers that employ corpus methodology, qualitative descriptions of texts, and computational implementations.

In A Multidisciplinary Approach to Service Encounters, María de la O Hernández-López and Lucía Fernández-Amaya have joined marketing researchers and linguists to provide the tools to understand consumers’ communication in different professional settings. Service encounters have been widely studied due to the fact that the communicative exchange between the customer and the server is essential for the success of the service encounter itself. In this volume, the role of language, linguistics and communication is examined in an area of research that has traditionally been related to business and marketing. This is achieved through the presentation of works from a variety of perspectives that may help to advance in this particular context and also contribute to improving communication in service encounters.

From a Darwinian perspective, language is rooted in our neurobiology, and the process whereby interpretation is reached – in the case of argumentative sequences – is not dissimilar to that underlying action selection in response to environmental change: indeed, it arguably involves the same type of decision-making (Damasio 1994). Context construction, as construed by Nyan, corresponds to the preliminary stage of decision-making, when the changed environment needs to be categorised. What discourse markers contribute to context construction is an upgraded level of automation, whereby the degree of variation assumed to be present in the interlocutor’s processing context can be brought within a manageable range. How discourse markers influence interpretation is construed in terms of Damasio’s (2010) convergence-and-divergence zone framework.

A basic property of human language is that it unfolds in time; the left and right margin of discourse units do not behave in a symmetrical fashion. The working hypothesis of this volume is that discourse elements at the left periphery have mainly subjective and discourse-structuring functions, whereas at the right periphery, such elements play an intersubjective or modalising role. However, the picture that emerges from the different contributions to this volume is far more complex. While it seems clear that the working hypothesis cannot be upheld in a “strong” way, most of the chapters – especially those based on corpus data – show that an asymmetry between left and right periphery does exist and that it is a matter of frequency.

Video-recordings of families and groups of friends watching the FIFA men’s football World Cup in their homes allow access to the empirical rather than the imagined or inscribed audiences of a major television event. Qualitative analyses reveal how natural audiences behave in the reception situation appropriating live televised football through talk.Gerhardt shows how the mainly English television viewers use an array of linguistic and embodied resources to turn watching football into a meaningful activity in their groups. Cohesive devices and sequentiality link the fans’ talk-in-interaction to the televised text (commentary and pictures). Gaze behaviour, pointing, and even jumping up and down are used as resources for a variety of functions like the construction of an identity as football fan.

In Presented Discourse in Popular Science, Olga A. Pilkington explores the forms and functions of the voices of scientists in books written for non-professionals. This study confirms the importance of considering presentation of discourse outside of literary fiction: popular science uses presented discourse in ways uncommon for fiction yet not conventional for non-fiction either.This analysis is an acknowledgement of the social consequences of popularization. Discourse presentation of scientists reconstructs the world of the scientific community as a human space but also projects back into it an image of the scientist the public wants to see. At the same time, Pilkington’s findings strengthen the view of popularization that rejects the notion of a strict divide between professional and popular science.

Telling stories is one of the fundamental things we do as humans. Yet in scholarship, stories considered to be “traditional”, such as myths, folk tales, and epics, have often been analyzed separately from the narratives of personal experience that we all tell on a daily basis. In Storytelling as Narrative Practice, editors Elizabeth Falconi and Kathryn Graber argue that storytelling is best understood by erasing this analytic divide. Chapter authors carefully examine language use in-situ, drawing on in-depth knowledge gained from long-term fieldwork, to present rich and nuanced analyses of storytelling-as-narrative-practice across a diverse range of global contexts. Each chapter takes a holistic ethnographic approach to show the practices, processes, and social consequences of telling stories.

Beyond Grammaticalization and Discourse Markers offers a comprehensive account of the most promising new directions in the vast field of grammaticalization studies. From major theoretical issues to hardly addressed experimental questions, this volume explores new ways to expand, refine or even challenge current ideas on grammaticalization.All contributions, written by leading experts in the fields of grammaticalization and discourse markers, explore issues such as: the impact of Construction Grammar into language change; cyclicity as a driving force of change; the importance of positions and discourse units as predictors of grammaticalization; a renewed way of thinking about philological considerations, or the role of Experimental Pragmatics for hypothesis checking.

When I entered her shop, my friend turned to me and said: «Arà, che si dice?» (‘Hey there, how you doing?’). This was not a full-fledged sentence in Italian, as she had thrown a little Sicilian word in – arà. It was a greeting, of course, but also a way of expressing her surprise at seeing me there, and a way of prompting me to start our conversation. The fact she used Sicilian had a clear meaning too: the vernacular indicates a shared social identity.In a nutshell, this book analyses the cases of Sicilian arà and mentri to understand the complexity of discourse markers: what functions they perform, how they evolve historically, and what their social meaning is in a bilingual speech community.

This volume transcends boundaries, captivating multimodality scholars worldwide while offering invaluable non-"Anglo" perspectives through its main focus on Lithuanian public discourse. Discover the interaction between multimodal communication and (sub)cultural influences in political, advertising, and film discourse. This volume is a vade mecum for scholars and students of visual and multimodal stylistics, rhetoric, and creativity across diverse media, professionals specialising in advertisements, commercials, films etc. Discover original insights that encourage intercultural comparative research, emphasising the role of cultural context in multimodality.

Apologies are ubiquitous in contemporary societies, yet their meanings and functions are rarely straightforward. Online Apologies in Japanese provides a comprehensive account of how three Japanese expressions commonly considered apologetic (gomen, su(m)imasen and mōshiwake arimasen) work in a data set collected from the Q&A website Yahoo! Chiebukuro. The focus is on three variables: their pragmatic functions, the discursive strategies they co-occur with, and the events and behaviours that warrant them.Theoretically, this book introduces a combination of established and emerging approaches in the field of pragmatics. Methodologically, it brings together corpus linguistics and discourse analysis for the study of Japanese. En route, it contains numerous insights on the speech act of apology, (im)politeness and related areas in a non-Western context.

This volume takes the reader on an exploration in the dynamics underlying digital interaction. The chapters investigate the ways in which individuals shape and interpret intentions, construct identities, and engage in interpersonal exchanges. Online platforms from forums and Wikipedia to Periscope, YouTube and WhatsApp are approached with multifaceted qualitative methods. Aside from English, languages studied include Bangla, Finnish, French, Hindi, Hungarian, Lithuanian, and Norwegian. The range of phenomena, platforms and languages shed light on the complex and nuanced ways of communication in digital spaces.

Face has become a key-concept in current socio-pragmatics. By virtue of its metaphorical force, it enables researchers to explain universal processes of human communication mostly reflected in language use. Yet being an English construct, in intercultural comparison, face provokes critical debates putting in doubt namely its relation to im/politeness-theories. The 8 articles in this volume tie on these issues putting face under linguistic scrutiny: With different approaches and methods, some re-consider the notion of face comparing labels and expressions in lingua-cultures other than English; others explore the verbal enactment of face in selected speech acts, conversational moves and interactional settings.

(Im)politeness in Ancient Egypt is the first book-length study of (im)politeness in ancient Egyptian texts. Leading experts in their respective corpora examine a range of textual sources spanning approximately 2,000 years, using the latest frameworks for analyzing language in usage. This edited volume asks how ancient Egyptians adapted and modified their language to persuade, complain, or mock, and how they assessed the risks and benefits of communicating with those above or below them in the social hierarchy. The papers explore whether ancient Egyptians used politeness freely and strategically, or were constrained by mandatory social rules. The documents presented, translated, and analyzed in this book include personal letters, ritual utterances, fictional stories, dialogue captions in tomb scenes, and messages to dead relatives.

The Emergence of Pragmatic Markers from Chinese Compounds in Chinese, Japanese and Korean offers a new perspective on the evolution of pragmatic markers in language contact and grammaticalization, drawing on data-driven and diachronic studies of Chinese compounds. All the contributors to this volume address the issue of whether compounds of Chinese origin have grammaticalized into discourse markers or pragmatic markers from their earlier lexical forms, either similarly across these languages or in distinct, language-specific ways. The findings presented in this volume suggest that the written-contact-based grammaticalization in these East Asian languages is fundamentally different from the spoken-contact-based grammaticalization reported in many previous studies.