Tourism Social Science Series – serie

The study of tourism is, arguably, ready for a thorough theoretical yet empirical analysis of the relationship between tourism and host communities. Pearce, Moscardo and Ross deal with the impacts tourism is having on communities internationally, going beyond a mere review of such impacts to investigate the origins, development and manifestations of community attitudes. A theoretical perspective is developed on how communities come to understand tourism and react to it. In terms of its disciplinary approaches the book combines social-psychological, sociological, economic and media analyses and can properly be termed a study within the new specialism of tourism. A number of yet-to-be-published studies of tourism and communities are reported on, and some large scale existing works on tourism and community reaction are reviewed and revisited.

This book is designed to give an overview and critical assessment of the developing field of tourism study in anthropology. It aims to engage the reader with questions that anthropologists have raised about tourist and the ways that they have dealt with them in their research. Basic research from three theoretical perspectives is reviewed and assessed: tourist as a form of development or acculturation, as a personal transition, and as a kind of social super structure. In later chapters, the applied side of the field is examined, including considerations of tourist policy and sustainable tourism development. Most chapters include summary case studies illustrating some of the important points under examination. The book concludes with a discussion of the integration of basic and applied approaches in the anthropological agenda on tourism and suggestions concerning the future course of study in the field.

The book opens with an account of recent developments in the economic, political and cultural sociology of international tourism and goes on to analyse the relationships between international tourism and the broad economic determinants of the world system. The book aims to understand "leisure migration" in two principal contexts: the socio-economic hierarchies of society, and the legacy of east-west political alliances. This novel theoretical synthesis combines data at the global, continental, and regional levels of tourism, focusing particularly on Austria and Hungary - one of the most exciting areas of Europe - where the social, political, cultural and economic boundaries of the emerging European integration are being contested and redrawn today. In adopting an eclectic research strategy, including historical narrative, content analysis, linguistic history, statistical modelling, and fieldwork observation, the book breaks new ground with regard to the empirical material it covers, and is a timely and relevant contribution to the advancement of this debate.

The interrelationship of religion and tourism has barely been touched upon in scholarly research. This book aims to present and analyze this relationship from sociological, economic and anthropological perspectives. The religious tourist and categories of religiously motivated tourism are delineated, and numerous contemporary issues worthy of attention and research are identified. This provides insights into the relationship between tourism and religion: suppression or encouragement of one by the other; potential and actual conflicts; their mutual casualty and impact; the expression of religious feeling or freedom; the touristic determinants of pilgrimages, etc. The author ends with his own observations and conclusions regarding the future of the relationship and its likely direction and development.

In western society it is taken for granted that tourism is a necessary element of contemporary lifestyle, but while many people recognize its importance, they are usually more concerned with its contribution to the economy than with its social, cultural, and political significance. As a social action, tourism is at least partly based on the appeal of distance in time, space, and culture, which offers people the opportunity to question conditions they take for granted, and, by distancing themselves from everyday life, to re-examine the meaning of their lives. Within a traditional society, however, the action of distancing from normality is usually negatively sanctioned. By contrast, under modernity people mostly have the necessary resources to transcend the everyday world through experiences which are at a distance from their daily lives. Tourism thus has much to do with the conditions and consequences of modernity and is, in short, an indicator of the ambivalence of modernity. It is from this perspective that this book attempts to broaden the established line of enquiry into the relationship between tourism and modernity. The book is divided into three parts. Part 1 contextualizes tourism in terms of the relationship between Logos-modernity and Eros-modernity. Part 2 then deals with the relationship between modernity and the motivations and experiences of tourists. Finally, Part 3 focuses on the conditions of modernity that lure tourists towards leisure and pleasure travel.

Tourism and development are frequently mentioned together, yet the contribution of tourism to development in the Third World is controversial. This book provides an in depth study of Mexico's experience with the international tourism industry over the last 35 years of the 20th century. Beginning in the 1960s the Mexican government actively sought to export tourism services to foreigners as a conscious development strategy. The book traces government efforts and the developmental outcomes resulting from this policy of "exporting paradise".

Aiming to explore theoretical advances in tourism studies, this book explores the triadic relationship between tourism, sustainable development and empowerment. While tourism has begun to focus on community consultations, the process has tended to follow the path of development for communities rather than development by communities. In many cases the result has been disempowerment rather than empowerment. This study goes beyond a focus on the impacts of tourism to explore the relevance of a body of political, economic, sociological, anthropological and development theory to formulate a synthesized construct of empowerment which provides a useful standpoint to consider the community/tourism development relationship. The approach that has been adopted also attempts to combine the emic paradigm with the etic, that is one which relies upon an actor-oriented "inside" view of the meaning of the behaviour under study as well as upon externally constructed models by "outsider" researchers to describe the social situation. The theoretical framework of empowerment which is proposed for community based tourism development is explored across three levels through five case studies drawn from the South Pacific. The first level is regional and looks at the community of South Pacific island states and their endeavors to formulate a regional response to tourism development, a case of pseudo empowerment. The second is national and looks at how one country responded to the challenges of tourism development through a comprehensive policy framework to advance indigenous community interests but despite which fails the test of empowerment. The third is at the local level and examines three communities: one which represents an example of complete failure because of disempowerment (Solomon Islands); one which provides an example of successful cultural tourism development controlled by the community itself through empowerment (Vanuatu); and one which represents successful adaptation to a partnership between a foreign investor and the local land-owning community, resulting in sustainable resort development through empowerment (Fiji).

This volume brings together Cohen's principle articles on the sociology of tourism, published over the last three decades. Part one collects his major theoretical papers, starting with the pioneering articles of the 1970's, which contributed to the opening of the field of tourism for social science research, up to the recent work on the ongoing process of change in contemporary tourism. Part two features the author's work on the many-sided interfaces between tourism and other domains - such as religion, crime and language. Part three includes several case studies, representative of diverse aspects of the author's empirical research. The introduction places the author's work in the context of the development of the field, while the concluding chapter outlines the challenges that future developments in tourism will pose to its study.

"Identity Tourism: Imaging and Imagining the Nation" examines the role of tourism in the construction of national identity. To imagine a nation, nationalists must construct a national story about their history and culture that defines them as a people, and counters the negative story circulated by their enemies. One of the objectives of this book is to identify the necessary historical and cultural components of a compelling national story. Yet, a story is of no use unless it is heard, so nationalists need media through which the national narrative can be told.The principal objective of this book is to show that identity tourism is a medium that can be used to tell the national story, both to group members and outsiders. As such, it is particularly useful in the construction of a sense of national identity. Identity tourism, which incorporates both ethnic and heritage tourism, includes museums, heritage centers, performances, and other attractions in which collective identities are represented, interpreted, and potentially constructed through the use of history and culture.One of the strengths of tourism is that it can convey a message to a broad, mass audience, and it can present that message in a vivid and lively way. A weakness of tourism is that vivid and lively presentations can degenerate into trivializing history, culture and politics to the point that any meaningful message is lost.Thus one of the main challenges in identity tourism is to balance educational goals against the entertainment imperatives of the medium. This book explores these and other issues using observational and interview data primarily from Wales, where nationalism, identity and tourism have long been heatedly contested. A comparative perspective is provided through the use of secondary case studies examining Native American tourism in the United States and Canada, and tourism in Brittany and South Africa.

After years of study of mainstream tourism in Thailand, brought together in two volumes the author realized the existence of a multiplicity of tourist phenomena and events of considerable interest but as yet unexplored in tourism research. These were conducted in the course of the last four years via a series of case studies of these phenomena. This book brings these studies together, providing them with a unifying theoretical background and drawing from them broader theoretical and ethical conclusions.Contemporary Thailand is marked by processes of rapid social transformation, economic and communicative globalization, and the commodification of culture and environment. These processes lead to the juxtaposition of diverse, often conflicting, cultural domains, economic interests and political aims, which engender conflicts in many fields, but these are particularly salient in tourist situations. This book explores the different dynamics of a variety of such situations and show how they are shaped by these incongruities and conflicts. While the case studies will be analyzed on the background of the Thai context, the theoretical implications of the analyses will be of more general significance. By presenting a number of apparently unrelated case studies, and linking them in a common conceptual framework, the book will be an innovative theoretical and methodological contribution to tourism studies.

This book strives to understand the social and cultural dynamics in Mediterranean tourism destinations through ethnographic examples and case studies from places including Greece, Spain, Morocco, Croatia, Lebanon, France, and Crete. Exploring themes such as globalization, cosmopolitanism, leisure mobilities, power, and late capitalism, this volume analyzes the blurring edges of tourism and migration, the role the former plays in the dialogical construction of cultural identities, or how the interconnection between each of the diverse residing sociocultural groups influences the relation with other groups. The work of several social scientists, from different interdisciplinary backgrounds, over numerous years is documented using multiple research techniques to observe cultures and societies as they occur in daily practices. This analysis discovers how tourism characterizes the daily lives of social groups living in tourists' destinations and how it offers a distinctive sense of collective memories, thus unfolding cultures and societies in tourism contexts.

This volume examines and contrasts different perspectives on and approaches to the geography of tourism from across European regions and language traditions. Authors have critiqued the dominance of Anglo Saxon voices in research on tourism geographies - not just in linguistic terms - but also in relation to the framing and theorizing of space, place and tourism appearing largely based on Anglo-Saxon research contexts. This is a tendency observed across the whole spectrum of research in human geography. In an attempt to redress this imbalance, nine internationally renowned contributors from across Europe share their knowledge and experiences of research and scholarship in their respective regional contexts, plus an overview chapter is provided by C. Michael Hall, editor of the journal Tourism Geographies. This volume aims to: map out the past and present of the tourism geographies sub-discipline within - and more importantly - beyond the English language contributions learn from the historical trajectories as well as experiences of tourism geographers working in different cultural and linguistic contexts.

This volume addresses the transformative power of tourism social media and offers novel theoretical and methodological approaches to its academic investigation. Acknowledging the collective value creation mechanisms of new media, the authors explore how technology nurtures, augments and modifies social or commercial interactions in tourism. The book emphasizes the role of fantasy and imagination in fluid tourism experiences and critically scrutinizes contested concepts pertaining to human interaction in cyberspace, such as equality, anonymity, transparency, democratization, and publicity culture. The chapters summon insights from Media Studies, Actor-Network Theory, Communicative Action and Symbolic Convergence among others, and offer a palette of emerging methods suitable for academic enquiries of virtual worlds. The theoretical grounding, empirical evidences, and interdisciplinary analysis of the anthology expand the actual research agenda and shed light on conceptual tensions and ambiguities in the present literature. As such, Tourism Social Media: Transformations in Identity, Community and Culture contributes to increasing research reflexivity in tourism studies at large.

The theme of this book is the phenomenon of tourism and knowledge construction in tourism. Adopting a broad understanding of the paradigmatic field of tourism as the evolution and relationship between established and emergent schools of thought, this book explores the dynamics between tourism knowledge and the phenomenal world of tourism. It addresses contemporary epistemological debates and examines what constitutes tourism knowledge and how tourism knowledge is acquired. Issues examined in the chapters of this volume include: the nature and conceptualization of paradigms; the historical evolution of tourism knowledge production; embodiment, positionality and situated knowledges; paradigmatic proposals such as critical theory, feminism, humanism, cosmopolitanism, post-political theory and constructivism; a critical exploration of the power relations, contradictions and fragmentation in tourism research; ontologies and conceptualization of tourism and the tourist. This volume invites a critical evaluation and discussion of the anchorage of tourism as a knowledge domain and of tourism as science.

This book recognizes that while tourism research has undoubtedly penetrated and gone beyond a number of knowledge frontiers, frontiers are never static, but are constantly shifting and changing form in the context of a dynamic environment. This book therefore is a much needed contribution which acknowledges the imperative for continuous innovation and renewal in tourism research if it is to remain relevant. In this regard the book contains original papers which span a number of creative topics and debates and which transcend existing frontiers of tourism knowledge, including popculture tourism, gospel festivals as heterotopia, tourism and elections, articulations of the concept of tourismization and tourism of spiritual growth and critical explorations of the tourism image of Switzerland as represented in right wing visual rhetoric. Importantly this original text also includes novel discussions of sustainability and destination evolution and network dynamics. The book concludes with reflections from the editors on additional frontiers of tourism research and knowledge still to be traversed.

This book explores the changing landscape of tourism education in the global context. It examines and seeks to provide answers to three main questions: What knowledge and skills should tourism students be exposed to? How should tourism education programs at all levels be designed to create responsible leaders for the future of tourism? What is the employability and range of careers students can expect after graduation? The book will also delve into the issues related to curriculum design and pedagogical innovation in some detail including technological innovation. It will explore new possibilities in alternative disciplinary approaches to the study of tourism, theoretical concepts in tourism education, cross-disciplinarity, multi-disciplinarity, inter-disciplinarity and trans-disciplinarity. The challenges of institutional rigidity in different national contexts will be explored as well as tourism education in the developing world.

The book examines the extent to which Coser's (1956) 16 propositions can apply to tourism impact studies and, where possible, to enhance, deepen and challenge the original theory, using evidence from communities in China that differ from the context used by Coser. The combination of ethnographic description and sociologically-oriented analysis, drawing upon both Chinese and western paradigms that are, at times very different in their underlying value system, challenges several of Coser's suppositions. The book will also draw upon subsequent publications by the authors, both severally and separately. These publications have utilised different concepts and paradigms, including for example the use of Valene Smith's concept of the 'culture broker', Turner's concepts of marginalised peoples, and the paradigms of constructionism and interpretive research work used in other studies by the authors. The sum of the work, it is suggested, adds to our canon of knowledge about social conflict in tourism development as well as impacts of tourism on disadvantaged ethnic communities in China.

Debates around the concept of authenticity date to the earliest theories of tourism, as scholars attempted to understand motivations for traveling away from 'home' and touristic experiences of places far 'away'. Over time, theories of authenticity have burgeoned from epistemological to ontological notions drawing a broad range of philosophers into tourism research.  This edited volume features chapters that engage with key debates about authenticity – its materiality, how it is perceived, and how it is experienced. The book is comprised of four sections thematically organized around popular trends in authenticity research in tourism, making this volume appropriate as both a comprehensive text and as individual investigations. Authenticity & Tourism: Materialities, Perceptions, Experiences includes chapters that engage with the pragmatic and the theoretical, including conversations on marketing and the production of tourism attractions, examinations of the constructive nature of authenticity, and the politics of authentication processes. Also included are contributions that revisit technological trends in tourism and advance debates of authenticity in souvenirs, photographs, and simulated experiences, as well as those more firmly anchored in the theoretical, pushing boundaries and establishing paths for future research. Across these chapters, the authors employ a range of methodologies, from autoethnography to photo and food-elicitation combinations to discourse and content analyses. Set against a backdrop of truly global case studies, this collection exemplifies the multiple facets of authenticity research in tourism.

There is an unbridged gap between human aspirations to travel into space and the barriers to realizing such dreams. Despite optimistic predictions, a viable space tourism industry has yet to emerge, with only a handful of 'millionaire' space tourists having experienced travel in outer space. Space tourism remains an elusive dream. This is the first comprehensive, multidisciplinary work on the emergent phenomenon of space tourism. Leading specialists from a range of fields cover a wide spectrum of topics including the space history and technology underpinning current developments; space tourists' motivations; and the environmental, social, and legal aspects concomitant with a space tourism industry. The book is unique in its focus on virtual forms of space travel, such as those manifesting in virtual reality, films, and games. The volume takes a nuanced and critical approach to the development of aspirations to leave Earth, stressing the far-reaching implications for the environment and for human life and society on Earth. The book is written in an approachable manner, making it accessible to both academics and the interested general reader. Owing to its interdisciplinary character, it should be of interest to practitioners and teachers across the sciences, humanities, and social sciences.

Compiled from 10 years of research, with chapters contributed by experts in the field, we demonstrate how tourism will benefit from applying a new paradigm found in mainstream psychology, termed here the ‘Cognitive Wave’. Tourism professionals who apply this will benefit by identifying how they apply concepts such as attention, emotion, sensations, and memory in their work, and critically understand how to measure them.The work is arranged into five sections. Section 1 introduces the ‘Cognitive Wave’ and discusses the potential advantages and disadvantages. Section 2 introduces the mental processes central to cognition. Sections 4 and 5 provide examples of disambiguation, translating tourism concepts and theories into those of cognitive psychology.Every chapter highlights relevant existing research and opportunities for further developments. Real-world examples of the application of theory and methods to tourism, hospitality, events, leisure, and service fields are provided. There are many opportunities for developing these, and other topics, further and in developing the work of the invisible college which underpins the silent shift to the ‘Cognitive Wave’.

Fashion and tourism have common structures and similarities on many fronts. Both phenomena and their operations have been through their ‘mass’ cycles, currently seeking alternative ways of expression and development. Both industries are also important business sectors globally.Fashion and Tourism: Parallel Stories analyzes the convergences between fashion and tourism from an academic perspective. It investigates the existing linkages between these industries, as well as how the two synergistically impact each other through real-world case studies and examples.The central hypothesis is that these two modern ‘collaborative’ phenomena have been reciprocally influenced for over 200 years. Each industry is a major indicator of economic and political systems, cultures, values, and imaginaries. Their parallel analysis allows the reader to better understand not only what one owes to the other, but significantly, how their parallel actions shape and reflect contemporary societies globally.

Currently there is abundant evidence of the quasi-total domination of the sociology and anthropology of tourism by academics from the English-speaking world, a situation that appears to be aided and abetted by the publishers of books and articles in that language. This volume is the first attempt of its kind to familiarise readers in the US, UK, Australia and the English speaking regions of Africa and Asia with such evolutionary thinking. In such a manner, also, it will be possible to discern, contextualize and better appreciate the European roots of subsequent theorising in the Anglophone world, thereby enabling a more accurate assessment of its hitherto unchallenged claims to originality.

Broadly speaking, academic tourism research comes in two main shapes - why and how to. Both traditions seem unable to ever meet and their trajectory reminds of scissors agape. Tourism research, it is argued in this book, finds itself in a serious scissors crisis. Accordingly, the text reflects on how the crisis came about and looks at its effect on the real world. It explores how, within the limited realm of tourism behavior, the scissors crisis mirrors the post-romantic elan that since the 1960s has engulfed most social sciences in a blietzkrieg that was as harmful in its rejection of a modern market economy as it was shallow in theoretical views. From this point on, the book maintains a number of contrarian views that run against the grain of conventional academic wisdom. It highlights how the post-romantic worldview (mis)construes the global tourist system. In conclusion, the book favors a complete about turn in hypotheses and analytical tools to gap the yawning scissor crisis and to make tourism research more accountable to developments in the real world.