Transportation Human Factors – serie

The book is designed as an accessible and readable introduction to a rapidly expanding area that is in demand worldwide. A variety of professionals from different backgrounds are being tasked with managing health and safety risks in a wide variety of settings. Many lack current and up-to-date knowledge of the key developments that have taken place in Safety Science in recent decades, as well as a sense of how these developments fit in with previous approaches. This book takes readers on a ‘journey’ across three broad developments in safety science. It covers topics that focus on the individual including human error, risk and the role of cognition in human performance. It then shifts to research in safety science that uses organizations as the basic unit of analysis, questions about organizational decision making and the characteristics that dispose towards or against organizational failure and it introduces perspectives based on systems science that address issues that arise out of complexity and interdependence.Those who will purchase this book are students taking courses in human factors, ergonomics, applied psychology, occupational health and safety management. Professionals working in safety management in any field from agriculture, construction, shipping, aviation, power generation, oil exploration, manufacturing to healthcare will find this book useful, as well as general readers interested in why systems fail.

Driving automation and autonomy are already upon us and the problems that were predicted twenty years ago are beginning to appear. These problems include shortfalls in expected benefits, equipment unreliability, driver skill fade, and error-inducing equipment designs. Designing Interaction and Interfaces for Automated Vehicles: User-Centred Ecological Design and Testing investigates the difficult problem of how to interface drivers with automated vehicles by offering an inclusive, human-centred design process that focusses on human variability and capability in interaction with interfaces. This book introduces a novel method that combines both systems thinking and inclusive user-centred design. It models driver interaction, provides design specifications, concept designs, and the results of studies in simulators on the test track, and in road going vehicles. This book is for designers of systems interfaces, interactions, UX, Human Factors and Ergonomics researchers and practitioners involved with systems engineering and automotive academics._"In this book, Prof Stanton and colleagues show how Human Factors methods can be applied to the tricky problem of interfacing human drivers with vehicle automation. They have developed an approach to designing the human-automation interaction for the handovers between the driver and the vehicle. This approach has been tested in driving simulators and, most interestingly, in real vehicles on British motorways. The approach, called User-Centred Ecological Interface Design, has been validated against driver behaviour and used to support their ongoing work on vehicle automation. I highly recommend this book for anyone interested, or involved, in designing human-automation interaction in vehicles and beyond." Professor Michael A. Regan, University of NSW Sydney, AUSTRALIA

Driving automation and autonomy are already upon us and the problems that were predicted twenty years ago are beginning to appear. These problems include shortfalls in expected benefits, equipment unreliability, driver skill fade, and error-inducing equipment designs. Designing Interaction and Interfaces for Automated Vehicles: User-Centred Ecological Design and Testing investigates the difficult problem of how to interface drivers with automated vehicles by offering an inclusive, human-centred design process that focusses on human variability and capability in interaction with interfaces. This book introduces a novel method that combines both systems thinking and inclusive user-centred design. It models driver interaction, provides design specifications, concept designs, and the results of studies in simulators on the test track, and in road going vehicles. This book is for designers of systems interfaces, interactions, UX, Human Factors and Ergonomics researchers and practitioners involved with systems engineering and automotive academics._"In this book, Prof Stanton and colleagues show how Human Factors methods can be applied to the tricky problem of interfacing human drivers with vehicle automation. They have developed an approach to designing the human-automation interaction for the handovers between the driver and the vehicle. This approach has been tested in driving simulators and, most interestingly, in real vehicles on British motorways. The approach, called User-Centred Ecological Interface Design, has been validated against driver behaviour and used to support their ongoing work on vehicle automation. I highly recommend this book for anyone interested, or involved, in designing human-automation interaction in vehicles and beyond." Professor Michael A. Regan, University of NSW Sydney, AUSTRALIA

This book discusses an integrative approach combining Human Factors expertise with Automotive Engineering. It develops an in-depth case study of designing a fuel-efficient driving intervention and offers an examination of an innovative study of feed-forward eco-driving advice. Assisted Eco-Driving: A Practical Guide to the Design and Testing of an Eco-Driving Assistance System offers an examination of an innovative study of feed-forward eco-driving advice based on current vehicle and road environment status. It presents lessons, insights and utilises a documented scientific and research-led approach to designing novel speed advisory and fuel use minimisation systems suitable for combustion vehicles, hybrids and electric vehiclesThe audience consists of system designers and those working with interfaces and interactions, UX, human factors and ergonomics and system engineering. Automotive academics, researchers, and practitioners will also find this book of interest.

This book discusses an integrative approach combining Human Factors expertise with Automotive Engineering. It develops an in-depth case study of designing a fuel-efficient driving intervention and offers an examination of an innovative study of feed-forward eco-driving advice. Assisted Eco-Driving: A Practical Guide to the Design and Testing of an Eco-Driving Assistance System offers an examination of an innovative study of feed-forward eco-driving advice based on current vehicle and road environment status. It presents lessons, insights and utilises a documented scientific and research-led approach to designing novel speed advisory and fuel use minimisation systems suitable for combustion vehicles, hybrids and electric vehiclesThe audience consists of system designers and those working with interfaces and interactions, UX, human factors and ergonomics and system engineering. Automotive academics, researchers, and practitioners will also find this book of interest.

This book presents the Human Factors methodologies and applications thereof that can be utilised across the design, modelling and evaluation stages of the design lifecycle of new technologies entering future commercial aircraft.As advances are made to the architecture of commercial aircraft cockpits, Human Factors on the Flight Deck argues that it is vitally important that these new interfaces are safely incorporated and designed in a way that is usable to the pilot. Incorporation of Human Factors is essential to ensuring that engineering developments to avionic systems are integrated such that pilots can maintain safe interactions while gaining information of value. Case study examples of various technological advancements during their early conceptual stages are given throughout to highlight how the methods and processes can be applied across each stage.The text will be useful for professionals, graduate students and academic researchers in the fields of aviation, Human Factors and ergonomics.

Driver Reactions to Automated Vehicles focuses on the design and evaluation of the handover to and from driver and the automobile. The authors present evidence from studies in driving simulators and on the open roads to show that handover times are much longer than anticipated by previous research. In the course of the studies, Eriksson and Stanton develop compelling evidence to support the use of driving simulators for the study of handovers. They also develop guidelines for the design of handover strategies and show how this improves driver takeover of vehicle control.Features Provides a history of automobile automationOffers a contemporary analysis of the state of automobile automationIncludes novel approaches in examining driver-automation interactionPresents studies of automation in driving simulatorsIncludes on-road studies of driver automationCovers guidelines for design of vehicle automation

This text presents a four-step approach for applying communicative concepts to driving automation, including: scoping, piloting, designing, and testing. It further provides experimental data on how practical human-human communication strategies can be applied to interaction in automated vehicles.The book explores the role of communication and the nature of situation awareness in automated vehicles to ensure safe and usable automated vehicle operation. It covers the issue of interaction in automated vehicles by providing insight into communicative concepts, the transfer of control in human-teams, and how these concepts can be applied in automated vehicles. The theoretical framework is built on by presenting experimental findings, design workshop output and providing a demonstration of prototype generation for automated assistants that addresses a wide range of performance outcomes within human-machine interaction.Aimed at professionals, graduate students, and academic researchers in the fields of ergonomics, automotive engineering, transportation engineering, and human factors, this text: Discusses experimental findings on how practical human-human communication strategies can be applied to interaction in automated vehicles. Provides a four-step approach for applying communicative concepts to driving automation, including: scoping, piloting, designing and testing. Explores the role of distributed situation awareness in automated vehicles. Covers communication and system awareness in response to multiple complex road scenarios. Provides design guidelines for automation-human handover design.

This text presents a four-step approach for applying communicative concepts to driving automation, including: scoping, piloting, designing, and testing. It further provides experimental data on how practical human-human communication strategies can be applied to interaction in automated vehicles.The book explores the role of communication and the nature of situation awareness in automated vehicles to ensure safe and usable automated vehicle operation. It covers the issue of interaction in automated vehicles by providing insight into communicative concepts, the transfer of control in human-teams, and how these concepts can be applied in automated vehicles. The theoretical framework is built on by presenting experimental findings, design workshop output and providing a demonstration of prototype generation for automated assistants that addresses a wide range of performance outcomes within human-machine interaction.Aimed at professionals, graduate students, and academic researchers in the fields of ergonomics, automotive engineering, transportation engineering, and human factors, this text: Discusses experimental findings on how practical human-human communication strategies can be applied to interaction in automated vehicles. Provides a four-step approach for applying communicative concepts to driving automation, including: scoping, piloting, designing and testing. Explores the role of distributed situation awareness in automated vehicles. Covers communication and system awareness in response to multiple complex road scenarios. Provides design guidelines for automation-human handover design.

The book is designed as an accessible and readable introduction to a rapidly expanding area that is in demand worldwide. A variety of professionals from different backgrounds are being tasked with managing health and safety risks in a wide variety of settings. Many lack current and up-to-date knowledge of the key developments that have taken place in Safety Science in recent decades, as well as a sense of how these developments fit in with previous approaches. This book takes readers on a ‘journey’ across three broad developments in safety science. It covers topics that focus on the individual including human error, risk and the role of cognition in human performance. It then shifts to research in safety science that uses organizations as the basic unit of analysis, questions about organizational decision making and the characteristics that dispose towards or against organizational failure and it introduces perspectives based on systems science that address issues that arise out of complexity and interdependence.Those who will purchase this book are students taking courses in human factors, ergonomics, applied psychology, occupational health and safety management. Professionals working in safety management in any field from agriculture, construction, shipping, aviation, power generation, oil exploration, manufacturing to healthcare will find this book useful, as well as general readers interested in why systems fail.

This book presents the Human Factors methodologies and applications thereof that can be utilised across the design, modelling and evaluation stages of the design lifecycle of new technologies entering future commercial aircraft.As advances are made to the architecture of commercial aircraft cockpits, Human Factors on the Flight Deck argues that it is vitally important that these new interfaces are safely incorporated and designed in a way that is usable to the pilot. Incorporation of Human Factors is essential to ensuring that engineering developments to avionic systems are integrated such that pilots can maintain safe interactions while gaining information of value. Case study examples of various technological advancements during their early conceptual stages are given throughout to highlight how the methods and processes can be applied across each stage.The text will be useful for professionals, graduate students and academic researchers in the fields of aviation, Human Factors and ergonomics.

Since the introduction of Automated Vehicles (AVs) on roads, there have been a number of high-profile collisions, which have highlighted significant driver challenges. These include challenges associated with drivers’ trust in the automation, their knowledge and awareness of the AV’s capabilities and limitations and their reduced situation awareness of the road environment and the vehicle. Solutions are needed to overcome these challenges, so that the expected benefits of AVs can be realised.Driver Training for Automated Vehicles: A Systems Approach identifies the training requirements for drivers of AVs and takes a systematic approach to design, develop, implement and evaluate a comprehensive training package to address these requirements. This book explores how training can overcome the driver challenges associated with AVs by improving drivers’ mental models, trust in automation, decisions and behaviour when activating a Level 4 AV. It presents a systematic approach to the training lifecycle, by first presenting the current state of research into AVs, identifying the challenges and training requirements for drivers of AVs, and then developing and evaluating a training programme to achieve these requirements. This fascinating title highlights the need for drivers to undergo training for AVs, and takes us a step closer to this need. It walks readers through a systematic, four-step process and provides practical guidance to develop and evaluate an effective training programme. The reader will develop a thorough understanding of the current driver challenges with AVs and the methods and systems to mitigate them through current knowledge and research.This book is an ideal read for practitioners, designers and academics with a professional or research interest in AVs. Its appeal extends to those in the fields of automotive design, Systems Engineering, Human Factors and education and training.

Since the introduction of Automated Vehicles (AVs) on roads, there have been a number of high-profile collisions, which have highlighted significant driver challenges. These include challenges associated with drivers’ trust in the automation, their knowledge and awareness of the AV’s capabilities and limitations and their reduced situation awareness of the road environment and the vehicle. Solutions are needed to overcome these challenges, so that the expected benefits of AVs can be realised.Driver Training for Automated Vehicles: A Systems Approach identifies the training requirements for drivers of AVs and takes a systematic approach to design, develop, implement and evaluate a comprehensive training package to address these requirements. This book explores how training can overcome the driver challenges associated with AVs by improving drivers’ mental models, trust in automation, decisions and behaviour when activating a Level 4 AV. It presents a systematic approach to the training lifecycle, by first presenting the current state of research into AVs, identifying the challenges and training requirements for drivers of AVs, and then developing and evaluating a training programme to achieve these requirements. This fascinating title highlights the need for drivers to undergo training for AVs, and takes us a step closer to this need. It walks readers through a systematic, four-step process and provides practical guidance to develop and evaluate an effective training programme. The reader will develop a thorough understanding of the current driver challenges with AVs and the methods and systems to mitigate them through current knowledge and research.This book is an ideal read for practitioners, designers and academics with a professional or research interest in AVs. Its appeal extends to those in the fields of automotive design, Systems Engineering, Human Factors and education and training.

Undetected human error in aircraft maintenance creates a latent error condition that can contribute to undesirable outcomes. Individual Latent Error Detection (I-LED) acts as an additional system safety control that helps an engineer recall past errors through environmental cues. This book addresses a gap in the human factors research and current safety strategies by exploring the nature and extent of I-LED and its benefit to safety resilience. The book will describe the I-LED concept using a systems perspective and propose practical interventions to be integrated within existing safety systems as an additional control to enhance resilience against human performance variability.Provides a new view of total safety based on enhanced resilience provided through the integration of I-LED interventions within existing safety systemsOffers an in-depth exploration of the phenomenon of spontaneous recall of past event, leading to error detection and recovery of latent error conditionsDiscusses the application of Human Factors methods to conduct real-world observations in maintenance environmentsDescribes the application of the systems view of human error to applied researchPresents cost versus benefit analysis of safety interventions targeting latent error conditions

At the heart of the U.S. Railroad Industry are human operators who continue to make it work and operate. However, humans are susceptible to error, fatigue, and risky behaviors. Understanding how these impact the safety of the industry remains a crucial topic to be studied. Human Factors in the U.S. Railroad Industry investigates the human factor behind one of the world’s biggest railway networks and synthesizes the body of research that has been produced by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) on Human Factors in the Railroad industry since 1993.During that time, over 120 FRA reports were published on topics such as accident analysis, grade crossing safety and trespassing, working conditions and ergonomics, employee fatigue, safety culture, and track inspection. This book organizes this body of work into topic areas that correspond to Moray’s Sociotechnical System (2006) to provide a comprehensive way to understand the relationship between policy, organizational culture, and system safety. It discusses tools such as risk exposure, signal detection theory, and program evaluation that have been applied to railroad projects and can be used to improve future railroad and transportation research. It provides a synthesis of the reports across topic areas such as fatigue, ergonomics, and safety culture that are currently important within the wider human factors transportation research community. The reader will develop an understanding of a “human-centered systems” approach to the railroad industry, which focuses on human capabilities and limitations with respect to human/system interfaces, operations, system integration, and organizational influences on safety.Human Factors in the U.S. Railroad Industry will appeal to researchers, academics, students, and professionals interested in human factors, railway engineering, civil engineering, and industrial engineering.

At the heart of the U.S. Railroad Industry are human operators who continue to make it work and operate. However, humans are susceptible to error, fatigue, and risky behaviors. Understanding how these impact the safety of the industry remains a crucial topic to be studied. Human Factors in the U.S. Railroad Industry investigates the human factor behind one of the world’s biggest railway networks and synthesizes the body of research that has been produced by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) on Human Factors in the Railroad industry since 1993.During that time, over 120 FRA reports were published on topics such as accident analysis, grade crossing safety and trespassing, working conditions and ergonomics, employee fatigue, safety culture, and track inspection. This book organizes this body of work into topic areas that correspond to Moray’s Sociotechnical System (2006) to provide a comprehensive way to understand the relationship between policy, organizational culture, and system safety. It discusses tools such as risk exposure, signal detection theory, and program evaluation that have been applied to railroad projects and can be used to improve future railroad and transportation research. It provides a synthesis of the reports across topic areas such as fatigue, ergonomics, and safety culture that are currently important within the wider human factors transportation research community. The reader will develop an understanding of a “human-centered systems” approach to the railroad industry, which focuses on human capabilities and limitations with respect to human/system interfaces, operations, system integration, and organizational influences on safety.Human Factors in the U.S. Railroad Industry will appeal to researchers, academics, students, and professionals interested in human factors, railway engineering, civil engineering, and industrial engineering.

Driver Reactions to Automated Vehicles focuses on the design and evaluation of the handover to and from driver and the automobile. The authors present evidence from studies in driving simulators and on the open roads to show that handover times are much longer than anticipated by previous research. In the course of the studies, Eriksson and Stanton develop compelling evidence to support the use of driving simulators for the study of handovers. They also develop guidelines for the design of handover strategies and show how this improves driver takeover of vehicle control.FeaturesProvides a history of automobile automationOffers a contemporary analysis of the state of automobile automationIncludes novel approaches in examining driver-automation interactionPresents studies of automation in driving simulatorsIncludes on-road studies of driver automationCovers guidelines for design of vehicle automation

Eco-driving has the potential to save fuel and reduce emissions without having to make any changes to vehicles or road infrastructure. This book provides an in-depth understanding of the contemporary issues in the human factors aspects of eco-driving strategies and interfaces and the effects on driver behaviour. A review of the literature concerning design, behaviour, and energy use led to an exploration of Ecological Interface Design, and the Skills, Rules, and Knowledge (SRK) taxonomy of human behaviour, particularly with regard to haptic information presented through the accelerator pedal. This book explains that eco-driving can be performed by anyone in control of a vehicle.

Increasing levels of driving automation has changed the role of the driver from active operator to passive monitor. However, Systems Design has been plagued by criticism for failing to acknowledge the new role of the driver within the system network. To understand the driver's new role within an automated driving system, the theory of Distributed Cognition is adopted. This approach provides a useful framework for the investigation of allocation of function between multiple agents in the driving system. A Systems Design Framework has been developed that outlines how the Distributed Cognition paradigm can be applied to driving using both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies.

This book presents the latest developments of Systems Thinking in Practice to the analysis and design of complex sociotechnical systems. The Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) method is applied to micro, meso and macro systems. Written by experts in the field, this text covers a diverse range of domains, including: automation, aviation, energy grid distribution, military command and control, road and rail transportation, sports, and urban planning. Extensions to the EAST method are presented along with future directions for the approach. Illustrates a contemporary review of the status of Distributed Cognition (DCOG) Presents examples of the application of Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) method Presents examples of the application of Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) method Discusses the metrics for the examination of social, task, and information networks Provides comparison of alternative networks with implications for design of DCOG in systems

Increasing levels of driving automation has changed the role of the driver from active operator to passive monitor. However, Systems Design has been plagued by criticism for failing to acknowledge the new role of the driver within the system network. To understand the driver's new role within an automated driving system, the theory of Distributed Cognition is adopted. This approach provides a useful framework for the investigation of allocation of function between multiple agents in the driving system. A Systems Design Framework has been developed that outlines how the Distributed Cognition paradigm can be applied to driving using both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies.

Undetected human error in aircraft maintenance creates a latent error condition that can contribute to undesirable outcomes. Individual Latent Error Detection (I-LED) acts as an additional system safety control that helps an engineer recall past errors through environmental cues. This book addresses a gap in the human factors research and current safety strategies by exploring the nature and extent of I-LED and its benefit to safety resilience. The book will describe the I-LED concept using a systems perspective and propose practical interventions to be integrated within existing safety systems as an additional control to enhance resilience against human performance variability.Provides a new view of total safety based on enhanced resilience provided through the integration of I-LED interventions within existing safety systemsOffers an in-depth exploration of the phenomenon of spontaneous recall of past event, leading to error detection and recovery of latent error conditionsDiscusses the application of Human Factors methods to conduct real-world observations in maintenance environmentsDescribes the application of the systems view of human error to applied researchPresents cost versus benefit analysis of safety interventions targeting latent error conditions