Lonna Rae Atkeson is a Professor of Political Science, Regents' Lecturer, and Directs the Center for the Study of Voting, Elections and Democracy as well as the Institute of Social Research at the University of New Mexico. She is an internationally recognized expert in the area of election sciences, survey methodology, voting rights, election administration, public opinion, and political behavior. Her research has been supported by the National Science Foundation, Pew Charitable Trusts, the Golisano Foundation, the Thornburg Foundation, and local, and state government agencies. She has received various awards for her research in election sciences and for her teaching and mentoring.R.Michael Alvarez has taught at the California Institute of Technology his entire career, focusing on elections, voting behavior, election technology, and research methodologies. Alvarez is a Fellow of the Society for Political Methodology, co-editor of the journal Political Analysis, and co-director of the Caltech/MIT Voting Technology Project. He has received awards for his teaching and mentoring, including twice receiving the Caltech Graduate Student Council's Teaching & Mentoring Award.

The Oxford Handbook on Polling and Survey Methods brings together a unique mixture of academics and practitioners, from various backgrounds, academic disciplines, and experiences. In some sense, this is reflective of the interdisciplinary nature of the polling and survey industry: polls and surveys are widely used in academia, government, and the private sector. Designing, implementing, and analyzing high quality, accurate, and cost-effective polls and surveys requires a combination of skills and methodological perspectives. Despite the wellpublicized issues that have cropped up in recent political polling, a great deal is known today about how to collect high quality polling and survey data even in complex and difficult environments

• Introduction 1. Survey Design Total Survey ErrorHerb Weisberg Longitudinal Surveys: Issues and OpportunitiesSunshine Hillygus and Steve Snell The Advantages and Disadvantages of ModeLonna Rae Atkeson and Alex Adams Taking the Study of Political Behavior OnlineStephen Ansolabehere and Brian Shaffner Sampling for Studying Context: Traditional Surveys and New DirectionsJames Gimpel Questionnaire ScienceDaniel Oberski 2. Data Collection Exit Polling Today and What the Future May HoldAnthony Salvanto Sampling Hard to Reach Populations: Lessons from Sampling Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)Prakash Adkihari and Lisa Bryant Reaching Beyond Low-Hanging Fruit: Surveying Low-Incidence Populations, Justinlamazoo CollegeYoussef Chouhound and Jane Junn Survey Research in the Arab WorldLindsay Benstead The Language-Opinion ConnectionEfren O. Perez 3. Analysis and presentation Causal Inference with Complex Survey Designs: Generating Population Estimates Using Survey WeightsInes Levin and Betsy Sinclair Cross-National Surveys and the Comparative Study of Electoral SystemsJeffrey A. Karp and Jack Vowles Aggregating Survey Data to Estimate Subnational Public OpinionPaul Brace Public Opinion at the State and Local LevelChris Warshaw Using Graphical Displays for Presenting Polling Data and Analytic ResultsWilliam Jacoby and Saundra Schneider Graphical Visualization of Polling ResultsSusanna Makela, Yajuan Si, and Andrew Gelman Measuring Group Consciousness: Actions Speak Louder than WordsKim Proctor Issues in Polling Methodologies: Inference and UncertaintyJeff Gill and Jonathan Homola 4. New frontiers Survey Experiments: Managing the Methodological Costs and BenefitsYanna Krupnikov and Blake Findley Using Qualitative Methods in a Quantitative Survey Research AgendaKinsey Gimbel and Jocelyn Newsome Integration of Contextual Data: Challenges and OpportunitiesArmando Razo Twitter and Measuring Public OpinionJonathan Nagler et al. Expert Surveys as a Measurement ToolCherie Maestas The Rise of Poll Aggregation and Election ForecastingNatalie Jackson

Lonna Rae Atkeson is a Professor of Political Science, Regents' Lecturer, and Directs the Center for the Study of Voting, Elections and Democracy as well as the Institute of Social Research at the University of New Mexico. She is an internationally recognized expert in the area of election sciences, survey methodology, voting rights, election administration, public opinion, and political behavior. Her research has been supported by the National Science Foundation, Pew Charitable Trusts, the Golisano Foundation, the Thornburg Foundation, and local, and state government agencies. She has received various awards for her research in election sciences and for her teaching and mentoring.R.Michael Alvarez has taught at the California Institute of Technology his entire career, focusing on elections, voting behavior, election technology, and research methodologies. Alvarez is a Fellow of the Society for Political Methodology, co-editor of the journal Political Analysis, and co-director of the Caltech/MIT Voting Technology Project. He has received awards for his teaching and mentoring, including twice receiving the Caltech Graduate Student Council's Teaching & Mentoring Award.

The Oxford Handbook on Polling and Survey Methods brings together a unique mixture of academics and practitioners, from various backgrounds, academic disciplines, and experiences. In some sense, this is reflective of the interdisciplinary nature of the polling and survey industry: polls and surveys are widely used in academia, government, and the private sector. Designing, implementing, and analyzing high quality, accurate, and cost-effective polls and surveys requires a combination of skills and methodological perspectives. Despite the wellpublicized issues that have cropped up in recent political polling, a great deal is known today about how to collect high quality polling and survey data even in complex and difficult environments

• Introduction 1. Survey Design Total Survey ErrorHerb Weisberg Longitudinal Surveys: Issues and OpportunitiesSunshine Hillygus and Steve Snell The Advantages and Disadvantages of ModeLonna Rae Atkeson and Alex Adams Taking the Study of Political Behavior OnlineStephen Ansolabehere and Brian Shaffner Sampling for Studying Context: Traditional Surveys and New DirectionsJames Gimpel Questionnaire ScienceDaniel Oberski 2. Data Collection Exit Polling Today and What the Future May HoldAnthony Salvanto Sampling Hard to Reach Populations: Lessons from Sampling Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)Prakash Adkihari and Lisa Bryant Reaching Beyond Low-Hanging Fruit: Surveying Low-Incidence Populations, Justinlamazoo CollegeYoussef Chouhound and Jane Junn Survey Research in the Arab WorldLindsay Benstead The Language-Opinion ConnectionEfren O. Perez 3. Analysis and presentation Causal Inference with Complex Survey Designs: Generating Population Estimates Using Survey WeightsInes Levin and Betsy Sinclair Cross-National Surveys and the Comparative Study of Electoral SystemsJeffrey A. Karp and Jack Vowles Aggregating Survey Data to Estimate Subnational Public OpinionPaul Brace Public Opinion at the State and Local LevelChris Warshaw Using Graphical Displays for Presenting Polling Data and Analytic ResultsWilliam Jacoby and Saundra Schneider Graphical Visualization of Polling ResultsSusanna Makela, Yajuan Si, and Andrew Gelman Measuring Group Consciousness: Actions Speak Louder than WordsKim Proctor Issues in Polling Methodologies: Inference and UncertaintyJeff Gill and Jonathan Homola 4. New frontiers Survey Experiments: Managing the Methodological Costs and BenefitsYanna Krupnikov and Blake Findley Using Qualitative Methods in a Quantitative Survey Research AgendaKinsey Gimbel and Jocelyn Newsome Integration of Contextual Data: Challenges and OpportunitiesArmando Razo Twitter and Measuring Public OpinionJonathan Nagler et al. Expert Surveys as a Measurement ToolCherie Maestas The Rise of Poll Aggregation and Election ForecastingNatalie Jackson

Lonna Rae Atkeson is a Professor of Political Science, Regents' Lecturer, and Directs the Center for the Study of Voting, Elections and Democracy as well as the Institute of Social Research at the University of New Mexico. She is an internationally recognized expert in the area of election sciences, survey methodology, voting rights, election administration, public opinion, and political behavior. Her research has been supported by the National Science Foundation, Pew Charitable Trusts, the Golisano Foundation, the Thornburg Foundation, and local, and state government agencies. She has received various awards for her research in election sciences and for her teaching and mentoring.R.Michael Alvarez has taught at the California Institute of Technology his entire career, focusing on elections, voting behavior, election technology, and research methodologies. Alvarez is a Fellow of the Society for Political Methodology, co-editor of the journal Political Analysis, and co-director of the Caltech/MIT Voting Technology Project. He has received awards for his teaching and mentoring, including twice receiving the Caltech Graduate Student Council's Teaching & Mentoring Award.

The Oxford Handbook on Polling and Survey Methods brings together a unique mixture of academics and practitioners, from various backgrounds, academic disciplines, and experiences. In some sense, this is reflective of the interdisciplinary nature of the polling and survey industry: polls and surveys are widely used in academia, government, and the private sector. Designing, implementing, and analyzing high quality, accurate, and cost-effective polls and surveys requires a combination of skills and methodological perspectives. Despite the wellpublicized issues that have cropped up in recent political polling, a great deal is known today about how to collect high quality polling and survey data even in complex and difficult environments

• Introduction 1. Survey Design Total Survey ErrorHerb Weisberg Longitudinal Surveys: Issues and OpportunitiesSunshine Hillygus and Steve Snell The Advantages and Disadvantages of ModeLonna Rae Atkeson and Alex Adams Taking the Study of Political Behavior OnlineStephen Ansolabehere and Brian Shaffner Sampling for Studying Context: Traditional Surveys and New DirectionsJames Gimpel Questionnaire ScienceDaniel Oberski 2. Data Collection Exit Polling Today and What the Future May HoldAnthony Salvanto Sampling Hard to Reach Populations: Lessons from Sampling Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)Prakash Adkihari and Lisa Bryant Reaching Beyond Low-Hanging Fruit: Surveying Low-Incidence Populations, Justinlamazoo CollegeYoussef Chouhound and Jane Junn Survey Research in the Arab WorldLindsay Benstead The Language-Opinion ConnectionEfren O. Perez 3. Analysis and presentation Causal Inference with Complex Survey Designs: Generating Population Estimates Using Survey WeightsInes Levin and Betsy Sinclair Cross-National Surveys and the Comparative Study of Electoral SystemsJeffrey A. Karp and Jack Vowles Aggregating Survey Data to Estimate Subnational Public OpinionPaul Brace Public Opinion at the State and Local LevelChris Warshaw Using Graphical Displays for Presenting Polling Data and Analytic ResultsWilliam Jacoby and Saundra Schneider Graphical Visualization of Polling ResultsSusanna Makela, Yajuan Si, and Andrew Gelman Measuring Group Consciousness: Actions Speak Louder than WordsKim Proctor Issues in Polling Methodologies: Inference and UncertaintyJeff Gill and Jonathan Homola 4. New frontiers Survey Experiments: Managing the Methodological Costs and BenefitsYanna Krupnikov and Blake Findley Using Qualitative Methods in a Quantitative Survey Research AgendaKinsey Gimbel and Jocelyn Newsome Integration of Contextual Data: Challenges and OpportunitiesArmando Razo Twitter and Measuring Public OpinionJonathan Nagler et al. Expert Surveys as a Measurement ToolCherie Maestas The Rise of Poll Aggregation and Election ForecastingNatalie Jackson