The Oxford Handbook of Belgian Politics

Marleen Brans holds a PhD in Political Science from the European University Institute in Florence. As Professor at the KU Leuven Public Governance Institute, she conducts research on the production and consumption of policy advice by various actors inside and outside government. She co-founded the International Public Policy Association (IPPA).Petra Meier is Professor in Political Science, and co-chair of A*, the Antwerp Gender & Sexuality Studies Network, at the University of Antwerp (UAntwerpen). Her research focuses on the (re)presentation of gender and other social markers in politics and policies. She investigates how (in)formal institutions (re)produce inequality, dynamics of exclusion in political spaces and how this shapes power relations among social groups, and what contributes to fostering equality in a sustainable way.Min Reuchamps is Professor of Political Science at UCLouvain. He graduated from the Université de Liège (ULiège) and from Boston University. His teaching and research interests include federalism and multi-level governance, democracy and its transformations and innovations, participatory and deliberative methods, as well as relations between language(s) and politics and in particular the role of metaphors in political discourse.Emilie van Haute is Professor of Political Science at the Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB). Her research focuses on political parties, elections and voting behaviour, political participation and representation, and democracy. She is the co-editor of the European Journal of Political Research. Her work has appeared in Electoral Studies, Party Politics, Representation, European Journal of Political Research, or Regional Studies, Regional Science.

• Acknowledgements About the Volume Editors Contributors 1: Min Reuchamps, Marleen Brans, Petra Meier, and Emilie van Haute: Introduction: A Journey Through Belgian Polity, Politics and Policies Part 1: Historic Background and Core Features 2: Sébastien Dubois and Catherine Lanneau: Short History of the Belgian State Formation 3: Edith Drieskens: Belgium and the United Nations 4: Bambi Ceuppens and Scott Brenton: Decolonizing Belgium 5: Pascal Delwit: Cleavages and Party Systems in Belgium 6: Matthijs Bogaards: Consociationalism in Belgium 7: Lieven De Winter: Partitocracy in Belgium 8: Ive Marx and Ninke Mussche: Corporatism and Welfare State in Belgium 9: Christoph Niessen and Patricia Popelier: Federalism 10: Silvia Erzeel, Eline Severs, and Petra Meier: Democracy in Belgium Part 2: Institutions 11: Frédéric Bouhon and Yseult Marique: Constitution and Courts in Belgium 12: Anne-Emmanuelle Bourgaux and Jean-Benoit Pilet: Electoral System and Elections in Belgium 13: Robin Devroe and Wouter Wolfs: Parliaments in Belgium 14: Régis Dandoy and Patrick Dumont: Governments in Belgium 15: Christian de Visscher, Catherine Fallon, Damien Piron, Frankie Schram: Civil Service and Public Administrations in Belgium 16: Sofie Hennau and Kristof Steyvers: Local Governments in Belgium Part 3: Actors 17: Kenza Amara-Hammou, Scott Brenton, Lise Frehen, and Laura Uyttendaele: Citizens and Non-citizens in Belgium 18: Nicolas Bocquet and Louise Knops: Social Movements in Belgium 19: Bert Fraussen and Evelien Willems: Interest Groups in Belgium 20: Jean Faniel and Kurt Vandaele: Trade Unions in Belgium 21: Thomas Legein, Emilie van Haute, Bram Wauters: Political Parties in Belgium 22: Gert-Jan Put, , and Jérémy Dodeigne, and Audrey Vandeleene: Political Elites in Belgium 23: Arthur Meert, Marie Goransson, Tom Bellens, and Marleen Brans: Ministerial Cabinets and Advisers in Belgium 24: Laura Jacobs and Cato Waeterloos: Media and Social Media in Belgium Part 4: Political and Social Challenges 25: Catherine Xhardez and Ilke Adam: Immigration and Integration in Belgium 26: Ann-Mireille Sautter, Coline Rondiat, Bart Meuleman, Pierre Baudewyns: (Sub)national Identification and Identities in Belgium 27: Karen Celis and David Paternotte: Gender and LGBTQI+ Politics in Belgium 28: Samira Azabar, Sami Zemni, Corinne Torrekens: Religion and Politics in Belgium 29: Valérie Rosoux and Donatien Dibwe dia Mwembu: Dealing with Belgium's Colonial Past 30: Ruth Dassonneville: Polarization in Belgium 31: David Aubin, Marleen Brans, Ellen Fobé, Stéphane Jacobzone, and Valérie Pattyn: Policy Advisory Systems and the Science-Policy Nexus in Belgium 32: Didier Caluwaerts, Vincent Jacquet, Elisa Minsart, Nino Junius, Léon Acar, and Trui Steen: Democratic Innovations and Co-creation in Belgium Part 5: Public Policies 33: Damien Pennetreau, Claire Dupuy, Virginie Van Ingelgom: Multi-level Governance and Public Policies in Belgium 34: Benoit Bayenet and Willem Sas: Financing the Belgian Federation 35: Bea Cantillon, Daniel Dumont, and Yannick Vanderborght: Social Policy in Belgium 36: Aurore Fransolet and Anaïs Augé: Climate Governance in Belgium 37: Cathy Macharis, Dirk Lauwers, Imre Keseru: Mobility Policy in Belgium 38: Mathias Sabbe, Sacha Frenay, Céline Parotte: Energy Policy in Belgium 39: Fanny Hockers and Tanguy de Wilde d'Estmael: Foreign Policy in Belgium 40: Alexander Mattelaer: Defence Policy in Belgium 41: Emmanuel Klimis, Elisabeth Paul, Dimitri Renmans: Development Policy in Belgium