Sarah Bracke is Professor of Sociology of Gender and Sexuality at the University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. She is the principal investigator of the research project EnGendering Europe’s “Muslim Question”, funded by the Dutch Research Council.Luis Manuel Hernández Aguilar is an associate researcher at the European University Viadrina, Frankfurt Oder, Germany. He holds a PhD in sociology by the Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main. His research interests focus on racism, Islamophobia and antisemitism, conspiracy theories, and the far right.

'Nativism is the core ideological feature of the far right and is primarily expressed through replacement conspiracy theories. The Political of Replacement shows the mainstreaming and normalization of these deadly conspiracy theories in culture and politics as well as their deadly consequences around the world. Essential reading to understand the far-right threat to democracy!'Cas Mudde, University of Georgia, USA; author of The Far Right Today'In a “post-truth” society, disinformation campaigns, bigoted propaganda, and conspiracy theories circulate with impunity on social media platforms and within increasingly porous far-right echo chambers. The Politics of Replacement provides a timely and incisive cartography of demographic replacement theories and how they have gained traction and spread racist, xenophobic, and Islamophobic ideologies transnationally. The book powerfully examines right-wing populist imaginaries that promote demographic fears, white nationalism, and anti-Muslim racism that create moral panics and shore up xenophobic state policies. The authors offer unique interdisciplinary vistas to unpack the various ways population replacement theories travel and mutate beyond their traditional discursive and geographic borders. These are not purely theoretical issues, rather they speak urgently to the need to understand and debunk the narratives that inspire xenophobic nationalism, Islamophobia, and racial violence across the globe. This book is a must read, alerting us to the discursive underpinnings of replacement theories and their historical, bio- political, gendered, religious, and racial formations as variegated transnational projects. Few books have managed to address the complexities of these issues with such intellectual skill, rigour, and compelling insight.'Jasmin Zine, Wilfrid Laurier University, Canada; author of Under Siege: Islamophobia and the 9/11 Generation and The Canadian Islamophobia Industry: Mapping Islamophobia’s Ecosystem in the Great White North

• Introduction: The Politics of Replacement: From “Race Suicide” to the “Great Replacement” PART I GENEALOGIES OF REPLACEMENT 1. Malthusian Fears in Current Migration Debates: Contemporary Manifestations of Malthusianization 2. Das Boot ist Voll, The Boat is Full: Genealogy and Policy Consequences of an Ecological-Nativist Paradigm 3. Birth Rates and the Cleansing of Impure Blood: Shaping the “Muslim Question” in the Balkans 4. “Reverse Colonization”: Early Narratives of Decline in the French New Right 5. European Histories, Australian Anxieties: The Christchurch Killer in Context 6. Ecofascism and the Politics of Replacement in the Discourse of the Nordic Resistance Movement (NRM) PART II TECHNOLOGIES OF REPLACEMENT 7. Colonial Census and Saffron Demography: The Shaping of Numerical Communities and Contestations in India 8. The Majority Oppressed? On the Legitimacy of Majority Rights 9. The Affordances of Replacement Narratives: How the White Genocide and Great Replacement Theories Converge in Poorly Moderated Online Milieus 10. Mainstreaming the Great Replacement: The Role of Centrist Discourses in the Mainstreaming of a Far-Right Conspiracy Theory 11. From Clashing Civilizations to the Replacement of Populations: The Transformation of Dutch Anti-immigration Discourse PART III ISLAMOPHOBIA AND REPLACEMENT 12. The Body Never ‘Falls Out’ of Islamophobia 13. The Gastro-Politics of Replacement: How Imaginations of a Muslim Takeover Become ‘Real’ Through Food 14. Striving for Transparency: Mosques as Sites for Public Interrogation in Contemporary Germany 15. The Great Supersession: Racialization and Replacement in US Evangelical Islamophobia PART IV THE GENDERED VIOLENCE OF REPLACEMENT 16. Fascism and the Violent Replacement of The People 17. “A Victory for White Life”: Reproduction, Replacement, and a Handmaid’s Tale 18. The King of Tars: A Medieval Rendition of Replacement Theories

Sarah Bracke is Professor of Sociology of Gender and Sexuality at the University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. She is the principal investigator of the research project EnGendering Europe’s “Muslim Question”, funded by the Dutch Research Council.Luis Manuel Hernández Aguilar is an associate researcher at the European University Viadrina, Frankfurt Oder, Germany. He holds a PhD in sociology by the Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main. His research interests focus on racism, Islamophobia and antisemitism, conspiracy theories, and the far right.

'Nativism is the core ideological feature of the far right and is primarily expressed through replacement conspiracy theories. The Political of Replacement shows the mainstreaming and normalization of these deadly conspiracy theories in culture and politics as well as their deadly consequences around the world. Essential reading to understand the far-right threat to democracy!'Cas Mudde, University of Georgia, USA; author of The Far Right Today'In a “post-truth” society, disinformation campaigns, bigoted propaganda, and conspiracy theories circulate with impunity on social media platforms and within increasingly porous far-right echo chambers. The Politics of Replacement provides a timely and incisive cartography of demographic replacement theories and how they have gained traction and spread racist, xenophobic, and Islamophobic ideologies transnationally. The book powerfully examines right-wing populist imaginaries that promote demographic fears, white nationalism, and anti-Muslim racism that create moral panics and shore up xenophobic state policies. The authors offer unique interdisciplinary vistas to unpack the various ways population replacement theories travel and mutate beyond their traditional discursive and geographic borders. These are not purely theoretical issues, rather they speak urgently to the need to understand and debunk the narratives that inspire xenophobic nationalism, Islamophobia, and racial violence across the globe. This book is a must read, alerting us to the discursive underpinnings of replacement theories and their historical, bio- political, gendered, religious, and racial formations as variegated transnational projects. Few books have managed to address the complexities of these issues with such intellectual skill, rigour, and compelling insight.'Jasmin Zine, Wilfrid Laurier University, Canada; author of Under Siege: Islamophobia and the 9/11 Generation and The Canadian Islamophobia Industry: Mapping Islamophobia’s Ecosystem in the Great White North

• Introduction: The Politics of Replacement: From “Race Suicide” to the “Great Replacement” PART I GENEALOGIES OF REPLACEMENT 1. Malthusian Fears in Current Migration Debates: Contemporary Manifestations of Malthusianization 2. Das Boot ist Voll, The Boat is Full: Genealogy and Policy Consequences of an Ecological-Nativist Paradigm 3. Birth Rates and the Cleansing of Impure Blood: Shaping the “Muslim Question” in the Balkans 4. “Reverse Colonization”: Early Narratives of Decline in the French New Right 5. European Histories, Australian Anxieties: The Christchurch Killer in Context 6. Ecofascism and the Politics of Replacement in the Discourse of the Nordic Resistance Movement (NRM) PART II TECHNOLOGIES OF REPLACEMENT 7. Colonial Census and Saffron Demography: The Shaping of Numerical Communities and Contestations in India 8. The Majority Oppressed? On the Legitimacy of Majority Rights 9. The Affordances of Replacement Narratives: How the White Genocide and Great Replacement Theories Converge in Poorly Moderated Online Milieus 10. Mainstreaming the Great Replacement: The Role of Centrist Discourses in the Mainstreaming of a Far-Right Conspiracy Theory 11. From Clashing Civilizations to the Replacement of Populations: The Transformation of Dutch Anti-immigration Discourse PART III ISLAMOPHOBIA AND REPLACEMENT 12. The Body Never ‘Falls Out’ of Islamophobia 13. The Gastro-Politics of Replacement: How Imaginations of a Muslim Takeover Become ‘Real’ Through Food 14. Striving for Transparency: Mosques as Sites for Public Interrogation in Contemporary Germany 15. The Great Supersession: Racialization and Replacement in US Evangelical Islamophobia PART IV THE GENDERED VIOLENCE OF REPLACEMENT 16. Fascism and the Violent Replacement of The People 17. “A Victory for White Life”: Reproduction, Replacement, and a Handmaid’s Tale 18. The King of Tars: A Medieval Rendition of Replacement Theories