Kevin S. Decker is Professor of Philosophy at Eastern Washington University. He has edited and contributed to several books in the Pop Culture and Philosophy series including The Ultimate Star Wars and Philosophy (2015), The Ultimate Star Trek and Philosophy (2016), and more. He also writes, acts, and produces "Men in Charge," a sketch-comedy show on Spokane Public Radio.Jeffrey Ewing is a doctoral candidate in Sociology at the University of Oregon. He has a forthcoming chapter in Philosophical Approaches to Demonology and has contributed to volumes on Game of Thrones, Star Trek, The Devil, Jurassic Park, and Frankenstein. William Irwin (series editor) is Herve A. LeBlanc Distinguished Service Professor and Chair of Philosophy at King's College in Pennsylvania and is the author of The Free Market Existentialist. Irwin originated the philosophy and popular culture genre of books with Seinfeld and Philosophy in 1999 and has overseen recent titles including House of Cards and Philosophy, Game of Thrones and Philosophy, and Ultimate Star Wars and Philosophy.

"The world of the Alien movie franchise is rich with moral dilemmas and societal implications and the new book Alien and Philosophy explores most, if not all, of them with an engaging combination of humor, history, philosophical concepts, and questions left unanswered."—M.B. Sutherland, Apex Magazine, September 2017"Alien and Philosophy will please readers who already give deep consideration to the rights that John Locke might have thought natural for a species which has acid for blood, and who wonder at length if Sigmund Freud would dare to use psychoanalysis if confronted with a synthetic person that obsesses about Lawrence of Arabia. If you enjoyed the film Alien and its sequels then you may want to dive into these scholarly essays, using them to further your intellectual curiosity."—Ray Blank, Sci Phi Journal, August 2017"If you know nothing about philosophy but you enjoyed the Alien movies, would Alien and Philosophy be a good place to start? Yes.""—D C White, Andromeda Spaceways Magazine, September 2017

• Acknowledgements xiAbout the Editors xiiiList of Contributors xv1 Introduction 1Esa Metsälä and Juha Salmelin1.1 Introducing 5G in Transport 11.2 Targets of the Book 31.3 Backhaul and Fronthaul Scope within the 5G System 31.4 Arranging Connectivity within the 5G System 41.5 Standardization Environment 51.5.1 3GPP and other organizations 5References 82 5G System Design Targets and Main Technologies 11Harri Holma and Antti Toskala 112.1 5G System Target 112.2 5G Technology Components 122.3 Network Architecture 142.4 Spectrum and Coverage 212.5 Beamforming 222.6 Capacity 242.6.1 Capacity per Cell 242.6.2 Capacity per Square Kilometre 242.7 Latency and Architecture 262.8 Protocol Optimization 282.8.1 Connectionless RRC 282.8.2 Contention-Based Access 282.8.3 Pipelining 292.9 Network Slicing and QoS 302.10 Integrated Access and Backhaul 322.11 Ultra Reliable and Low Latency 332.12 Open RAN 342.13 3GPP Evolution in Release 16/17 362.14 5G-Advanced 38References 393 5G RAN Architecture and Connectivity – A Techno-economic Review 41Andy Sutton3.1 Introduction 413.2 Multi-RAT Backhaul 413.3 C-RAN and LTE Fronthaul 433.4 5G RAN Architecture 443.5 5G D-RAN Backhaul Architecture and Dimensioning 463.6 Integrating 5G within a Multi-RAT Backhaul Network 483.7 Use Case – BT/EE 5G Network in the UK 513.8 5G C-RAN – F1 Interface and Midhaul 553.9 5G C-RAN – CPRI, eCPRI and Fronthaul 563.10 Connectivity Solutions for Fronthaul 593.11 Small Cells in FR1 and FR 2 623.12 Summary 62References 634 Key 5G Transport Requirements 65Kenneth Y. Ho and Esa Metsälä4.1 Transport Capacity 654.1.1 5G Radio Impacts to Transport 654.1.2 Backhaul and Midhaul Dimensioning Strategies 674.1.3 Protocol Overheads 684.1.4 Backhaul and Midhaul Capacity 694.1.5 Fronthaul Capacity 704.1.6 Ethernet Link Speeds 714.2 Transport Delay 734.2.1 Contributors to Delay in 5G System 734.2.2 Allowable Transport Delay 734.2.3 User Plane and Control Plane Latency for the Logical Interfaces 754.2.4 Fronthaul (Low-Layer Split Point) 764.2.5 Low-Latency Use Cases 774.3 Transport Bit Errors and Packet Loss 784.3.1 Radio-Layer Performance and Retransmissions 784.3.2 Transport Bit Errors and Packet Loss 794.4 Availability and Reliability 804.4.1 Definitions 804.4.2 Availability Targets 814.4.3 Availability in Backhaul Networks 824.4.4 Recovery Times in Backhaul and Fronthaul 844.4.5 Transport Reliability 844.4.6 Air Interface Retransmissions and Transport Reliability 874.4.7 Packet Duplication in 5G and Transport 884.4.8 Transport Analysis Summary for Availability and Reliability 904.5 Security 914.5.1 Summary of 5G Cryptographic Protection 914.5.2 Network Domain Protection 924.5.3 Security in Fronthaul 924.6 Analysis for 5G Synchronization Requirement 924.6.1 Frequency Error 934.6.2 Time Alignment Error (Due to TDD Timing) 934.6.3 Time Alignment Error (Due to MIMO) 1004.6.4 Time Alignment Error (Due to Carrier Aggregation) 1014.6.5 Time Alignment Accuracy (Due to Other Advanced Features) 102References 1025 Further 5G Network Topics 105Esa Malkamäki, Mika Aalto, Juha Salmelin and Esa Metsälä5.1 Transport Network Slicing 1055.1.1 5G System-Level Operation 1055.1.2 Transport Layers 1055.2 Integrated Access and Backhaul 1085.2.1 Introduction 1085.2.2 IAB Architecture 1095.2.3 Deployment Scenarios and Use Cases 1105.2.4 IAB Protocol Stacks 1115.2.5 IAB User Plane 1135.2.6 IAB Signalling Procedures 1145.2.7 Backhaul Adaptation Protocol 1165.2.8 BH Link Failure Handling 1175.2.9 IAB in 3GPP Release 17 and Beyond 1185.3 Ntn 1185.3.1 NTN in 3GPP 1185.3.2 Different Access Types 1195.3.3 Protocol Stacks 1215.3.4 Transparent Architecture 1235.3.5 Feeder Link Switchover 1245.4 URLLC Services and Transport 1255.4.1 Background 1255.4.2 Reliability 1275.4.3 Latency 1285.5 Industry Solutions and Private 5G 1295.5.1 Introduction to Private 5G Networking 1295.5.2 3GPP Features Supporting Private 5G Use Cases 1305.5.3 URLLC and TSC in Private 5G 1335.6 Smart Cities 1335.6.1 Needs of Cities 1345.6.2 Possible Solutions 1355.6.3 New Business Models 1375.6.4 Implications for BH/FH 138References 1396 Fibre Backhaul and Fronthaul 141Pascal Dom, Lieven Levrau, Derrick Remedios and Juha Salmelin6.1 5G Backhaul/Fronthaul Transport Network Requirements 1416.1.1 Capacity Challenge 1416.1.2 Latency Challenge 1436.1.3 Synchronization Challenge 1446.1.4 Availability Challenge 1446.1.5 Software-Controlled Networking for Slicing Challenge 1456.1.6 Programmability and OAM Challenges 1456.2 Transport Network Fibre Infrastructure 1466.2.1 Availability of Fibre Connectivity 1466.2.2 Dedicated vs Shared Fibre Infrastructure 1476.2.3 Dedicated Infrastructure 1496.2.4 Shared Infrastructure 1496.3 New Builds vs Legacy Infrastructure 1506.4 Optical Transport Characteristics 1516.4.1 Optical Fibre Attenuation 1516.4.2 Optical Fibre Dispersion 1526.5 TSN Transport Network for the Low-Layer Fronthaul 1536.6 TDM-PONs 1546.6.1 TDM-PONs as Switched Transport Network for Backhaul and Midhaul 1546.6.2 TDM-PONs as Switched Transport Network for Fronthaul 1566.7 Wavelength Division Multiplexing Connectivity 1566.7.1 Passive WDM Architecture 1566.7.2 Active–Active WDM Architecture 1586.7.3 Semi-Active WDM Architecture 1606.8 Total Cost of Ownership for Fronthaul Transport Networking 161References 1637 Wireless Backhaul and Fronthaul 165Paolo Di Prisco, Antti Pietiläinen and Juha Salmelin7.1 Baseline 1657.2 Outlook 1667.3 Use Cases Densification and Network Upgrade 1697.4 Architecture Evolution – Fronthaul/Midhaul/Backhaul 1727.5 Market Trends and Drivers 1727.5.1 Data Capacity Increase 1737.5.2 Full Outdoor 1747.5.3 New Services and Slicing 1747.5.4 End-to-End Automation 1757.6 Tools for Capacity Boost 1767.6.1 mmW Technology (Below 100 GHz) 1767.6.2 Carrier Aggregation 1777.6.3 New Spectrum Above 100 GHz 1817.7 Radio Links Conclusions 1837.8 Free-Space Optics 1837.8.1 Introduction 1837.8.2 Power Budget Calculations 1847.8.3 Geometric Loss 1847.8.4 Atmospheric Attenuation 1857.8.5 Estimating Practical Link Spans 1867.8.6 Prospects of FSO 188References 1898 Networking Services and Technologies 191Akash Dutta and Esa Metsälä8.1 Cloud Technologies 1918.1.1 Data Centre and Cloud Infrastructure 1918.1.2 Data Centre Networking 1948.1.3 Network Function Virtualization 1968.1.4 Virtual Machines and Containers 1988.1.5 Accelerators for RAN Functions 2028.1.6 O-RAN View on Virtualization and Cloud Infrastructure 2048.2 Arranging Connectivity 2068.2.1 IP and MPLS for Connectivity Services 2068.2.2 Traffic Engineering with MPLS-TE 2088.2.3 E-vpn 2088.2.4 Segment Routing 2108.2.5 IP and Optical 2118.2.6 IPv4 and IPv 6 2128.2.7 Routing Protocols 2128.2.8 Loop-Free Alternates 2148.2.9 Carrier Ethernet Services 2158.2.10 Ethernet Link Aggregation 2168.3 Securing the Network 2178.3.1 IPsec and IKEv 2 2178.3.2 Link-Layer Security (MACSEC) 2198.3.3 Dtls 2208.4 Time-Sensitive Networking and Deterministic Networks 2208.4.1 Motivation for TSN 2208.4.2 IEEE 802.1CM – TSN for Fronthaul 2218.4.3 Frame Pre-emption 2238.4.4 Frame Replication and Elimination 2238.4.5 Management 2258.4.6 Deterministic Networks 2268.5 Programmable Network and Operability 2278.5.1 Software-Defined Networking Initially 2278.5.2 Benefits with Central Controller 2288.5.3 Netconf/YANG 229References 2309 Network Deployment 233Mika Aalto, Akash Dutta, Kenneth Y. Ho, Raija Lilius and Esa Metsälä9.1 NSA and SA Deployments 2339.1.1 Shared Transport 2339.1.2 NSA 3x Mode 2359.1.3 SA Mode 2379.2 Cloud RAN Deployments 2379.2.1 Motivation for Cloud RAN 2379.2.2 Pooling and Scalability in CU 2409.2.3 High Availability in CU 2429.2.4 Evolving to Real-Time Cloud – vDU 2449.2.5 Enterprise/Private Wireless 2509.3 Fronthaul Deployment 2519.3.1 Site Solutions and Fronthaul 2519.3.2 Carrying CPRI over Packet Fronthaul 2529.3.3 Statistical Multiplexing Gain 2539.3.4 Merged Backhaul and Fronthaul 2559.4 Indoor Deployment 2579.5 Deploying URLLC and Enterprise Networks 2629.5.1 Private 5G Examples 2629.5.2 Private 5G RAN Architecture Evolution 2649.5.3 IP Backhaul and Midhaul Options for Private 5G 2669.5.4 Fronthaul for Private 5G 2669.5.5 Other Transport Aspects in Private 5G Networks 2679.6 Delivering Synchronization 2689.6.1 Network Timing Synchronization Using PTP and SyncE 2699.6.2 SyncE 2699.6.3 IEEE 1588 (aka PTP) 2709.6.4 ITU-T Profiles for Telecom Industry Using SyncE and PTP 2709.6.5 Example of Putting All Standards Together in Planning 2719.6.6 Resilience Considerations in Network Timing Synchronization 2759.6.7 QoS Considerations in Network Timing Synchronization 2769.6.8 Special Considerations in Cloud RAN Deployment 2769.6.9 Satellite-Based Synchronization 2779.6.10 Conclusion for Synchronization 278References 27810 Conclusions and Path for the Future 279Esa Metsälä and Juha Salmelin10.1 5G Path for the Future 27910.2 Summary of Content 28010.3 Evolutionary Views for Backhaul and Fronthaul 280Index 283

Kevin S. Decker is Professor of Philosophy at Eastern Washington University. He has edited and contributed to several books in the Pop Culture and Philosophy series including The Ultimate Star Wars and Philosophy (2015), The Ultimate Star Trek and Philosophy (2016), and more. He also writes, acts, and produces "Men in Charge," a sketch-comedy show on Spokane Public Radio.Jeffrey Ewing is a doctoral candidate in Sociology at the University of Oregon. He has a forthcoming chapter in Philosophical Approaches to Demonology and has contributed to volumes on Game of Thrones, Star Trek, The Devil, Jurassic Park, and Frankenstein. William Irwin (series editor) is Herve A. LeBlanc Distinguished Service Professor and Chair of Philosophy at King's College in Pennsylvania and is the author of The Free Market Existentialist. Irwin originated the philosophy and popular culture genre of books with Seinfeld and Philosophy in 1999 and has overseen recent titles including House of Cards and Philosophy, Game of Thrones and Philosophy, and Ultimate Star Wars and Philosophy.

"The world of the Alien movie franchise is rich with moral dilemmas and societal implications and the new book Alien and Philosophy explores most, if not all, of them with an engaging combination of humor, history, philosophical concepts, and questions left unanswered."—M.B. Sutherland, Apex Magazine, September 2017"Alien and Philosophy will please readers who already give deep consideration to the rights that John Locke might have thought natural for a species which has acid for blood, and who wonder at length if Sigmund Freud would dare to use psychoanalysis if confronted with a synthetic person that obsesses about Lawrence of Arabia. If you enjoyed the film Alien and its sequels then you may want to dive into these scholarly essays, using them to further your intellectual curiosity."—Ray Blank, Sci Phi Journal, August 2017"If you know nothing about philosophy but you enjoyed the Alien movies, would Alien and Philosophy be a good place to start? Yes.""—D C White, Andromeda Spaceways Magazine, September 2017

• Acknowledgements xiAbout the Editors xiiiList of Contributors xv1 Introduction 1Esa Metsälä and Juha Salmelin1.1 Introducing 5G in Transport 11.2 Targets of the Book 31.3 Backhaul and Fronthaul Scope within the 5G System 31.4 Arranging Connectivity within the 5G System 41.5 Standardization Environment 51.5.1 3GPP and other organizations 5References 82 5G System Design Targets and Main Technologies 11Harri Holma and Antti Toskala 112.1 5G System Target 112.2 5G Technology Components 122.3 Network Architecture 142.4 Spectrum and Coverage 212.5 Beamforming 222.6 Capacity 242.6.1 Capacity per Cell 242.6.2 Capacity per Square Kilometre 242.7 Latency and Architecture 262.8 Protocol Optimization 282.8.1 Connectionless RRC 282.8.2 Contention-Based Access 282.8.3 Pipelining 292.9 Network Slicing and QoS 302.10 Integrated Access and Backhaul 322.11 Ultra Reliable and Low Latency 332.12 Open RAN 342.13 3GPP Evolution in Release 16/17 362.14 5G-Advanced 38References 393 5G RAN Architecture and Connectivity – A Techno-economic Review 41Andy Sutton3.1 Introduction 413.2 Multi-RAT Backhaul 413.3 C-RAN and LTE Fronthaul 433.4 5G RAN Architecture 443.5 5G D-RAN Backhaul Architecture and Dimensioning 463.6 Integrating 5G within a Multi-RAT Backhaul Network 483.7 Use Case – BT/EE 5G Network in the UK 513.8 5G C-RAN – F1 Interface and Midhaul 553.9 5G C-RAN – CPRI, eCPRI and Fronthaul 563.10 Connectivity Solutions for Fronthaul 593.11 Small Cells in FR1 and FR 2 623.12 Summary 62References 634 Key 5G Transport Requirements 65Kenneth Y. Ho and Esa Metsälä4.1 Transport Capacity 654.1.1 5G Radio Impacts to Transport 654.1.2 Backhaul and Midhaul Dimensioning Strategies 674.1.3 Protocol Overheads 684.1.4 Backhaul and Midhaul Capacity 694.1.5 Fronthaul Capacity 704.1.6 Ethernet Link Speeds 714.2 Transport Delay 734.2.1 Contributors to Delay in 5G System 734.2.2 Allowable Transport Delay 734.2.3 User Plane and Control Plane Latency for the Logical Interfaces 754.2.4 Fronthaul (Low-Layer Split Point) 764.2.5 Low-Latency Use Cases 774.3 Transport Bit Errors and Packet Loss 784.3.1 Radio-Layer Performance and Retransmissions 784.3.2 Transport Bit Errors and Packet Loss 794.4 Availability and Reliability 804.4.1 Definitions 804.4.2 Availability Targets 814.4.3 Availability in Backhaul Networks 824.4.4 Recovery Times in Backhaul and Fronthaul 844.4.5 Transport Reliability 844.4.6 Air Interface Retransmissions and Transport Reliability 874.4.7 Packet Duplication in 5G and Transport 884.4.8 Transport Analysis Summary for Availability and Reliability 904.5 Security 914.5.1 Summary of 5G Cryptographic Protection 914.5.2 Network Domain Protection 924.5.3 Security in Fronthaul 924.6 Analysis for 5G Synchronization Requirement 924.6.1 Frequency Error 934.6.2 Time Alignment Error (Due to TDD Timing) 934.6.3 Time Alignment Error (Due to MIMO) 1004.6.4 Time Alignment Error (Due to Carrier Aggregation) 1014.6.5 Time Alignment Accuracy (Due to Other Advanced Features) 102References 1025 Further 5G Network Topics 105Esa Malkamäki, Mika Aalto, Juha Salmelin and Esa Metsälä5.1 Transport Network Slicing 1055.1.1 5G System-Level Operation 1055.1.2 Transport Layers 1055.2 Integrated Access and Backhaul 1085.2.1 Introduction 1085.2.2 IAB Architecture 1095.2.3 Deployment Scenarios and Use Cases 1105.2.4 IAB Protocol Stacks 1115.2.5 IAB User Plane 1135.2.6 IAB Signalling Procedures 1145.2.7 Backhaul Adaptation Protocol 1165.2.8 BH Link Failure Handling 1175.2.9 IAB in 3GPP Release 17 and Beyond 1185.3 Ntn 1185.3.1 NTN in 3GPP 1185.3.2 Different Access Types 1195.3.3 Protocol Stacks 1215.3.4 Transparent Architecture 1235.3.5 Feeder Link Switchover 1245.4 URLLC Services and Transport 1255.4.1 Background 1255.4.2 Reliability 1275.4.3 Latency 1285.5 Industry Solutions and Private 5G 1295.5.1 Introduction to Private 5G Networking 1295.5.2 3GPP Features Supporting Private 5G Use Cases 1305.5.3 URLLC and TSC in Private 5G 1335.6 Smart Cities 1335.6.1 Needs of Cities 1345.6.2 Possible Solutions 1355.6.3 New Business Models 1375.6.4 Implications for BH/FH 138References 1396 Fibre Backhaul and Fronthaul 141Pascal Dom, Lieven Levrau, Derrick Remedios and Juha Salmelin6.1 5G Backhaul/Fronthaul Transport Network Requirements 1416.1.1 Capacity Challenge 1416.1.2 Latency Challenge 1436.1.3 Synchronization Challenge 1446.1.4 Availability Challenge 1446.1.5 Software-Controlled Networking for Slicing Challenge 1456.1.6 Programmability and OAM Challenges 1456.2 Transport Network Fibre Infrastructure 1466.2.1 Availability of Fibre Connectivity 1466.2.2 Dedicated vs Shared Fibre Infrastructure 1476.2.3 Dedicated Infrastructure 1496.2.4 Shared Infrastructure 1496.3 New Builds vs Legacy Infrastructure 1506.4 Optical Transport Characteristics 1516.4.1 Optical Fibre Attenuation 1516.4.2 Optical Fibre Dispersion 1526.5 TSN Transport Network for the Low-Layer Fronthaul 1536.6 TDM-PONs 1546.6.1 TDM-PONs as Switched Transport Network for Backhaul and Midhaul 1546.6.2 TDM-PONs as Switched Transport Network for Fronthaul 1566.7 Wavelength Division Multiplexing Connectivity 1566.7.1 Passive WDM Architecture 1566.7.2 Active–Active WDM Architecture 1586.7.3 Semi-Active WDM Architecture 1606.8 Total Cost of Ownership for Fronthaul Transport Networking 161References 1637 Wireless Backhaul and Fronthaul 165Paolo Di Prisco, Antti Pietiläinen and Juha Salmelin7.1 Baseline 1657.2 Outlook 1667.3 Use Cases Densification and Network Upgrade 1697.4 Architecture Evolution – Fronthaul/Midhaul/Backhaul 1727.5 Market Trends and Drivers 1727.5.1 Data Capacity Increase 1737.5.2 Full Outdoor 1747.5.3 New Services and Slicing 1747.5.4 End-to-End Automation 1757.6 Tools for Capacity Boost 1767.6.1 mmW Technology (Below 100 GHz) 1767.6.2 Carrier Aggregation 1777.6.3 New Spectrum Above 100 GHz 1817.7 Radio Links Conclusions 1837.8 Free-Space Optics 1837.8.1 Introduction 1837.8.2 Power Budget Calculations 1847.8.3 Geometric Loss 1847.8.4 Atmospheric Attenuation 1857.8.5 Estimating Practical Link Spans 1867.8.6 Prospects of FSO 188References 1898 Networking Services and Technologies 191Akash Dutta and Esa Metsälä8.1 Cloud Technologies 1918.1.1 Data Centre and Cloud Infrastructure 1918.1.2 Data Centre Networking 1948.1.3 Network Function Virtualization 1968.1.4 Virtual Machines and Containers 1988.1.5 Accelerators for RAN Functions 2028.1.6 O-RAN View on Virtualization and Cloud Infrastructure 2048.2 Arranging Connectivity 2068.2.1 IP and MPLS for Connectivity Services 2068.2.2 Traffic Engineering with MPLS-TE 2088.2.3 E-vpn 2088.2.4 Segment Routing 2108.2.5 IP and Optical 2118.2.6 IPv4 and IPv 6 2128.2.7 Routing Protocols 2128.2.8 Loop-Free Alternates 2148.2.9 Carrier Ethernet Services 2158.2.10 Ethernet Link Aggregation 2168.3 Securing the Network 2178.3.1 IPsec and IKEv 2 2178.3.2 Link-Layer Security (MACSEC) 2198.3.3 Dtls 2208.4 Time-Sensitive Networking and Deterministic Networks 2208.4.1 Motivation for TSN 2208.4.2 IEEE 802.1CM – TSN for Fronthaul 2218.4.3 Frame Pre-emption 2238.4.4 Frame Replication and Elimination 2238.4.5 Management 2258.4.6 Deterministic Networks 2268.5 Programmable Network and Operability 2278.5.1 Software-Defined Networking Initially 2278.5.2 Benefits with Central Controller 2288.5.3 Netconf/YANG 229References 2309 Network Deployment 233Mika Aalto, Akash Dutta, Kenneth Y. Ho, Raija Lilius and Esa Metsälä9.1 NSA and SA Deployments 2339.1.1 Shared Transport 2339.1.2 NSA 3x Mode 2359.1.3 SA Mode 2379.2 Cloud RAN Deployments 2379.2.1 Motivation for Cloud RAN 2379.2.2 Pooling and Scalability in CU 2409.2.3 High Availability in CU 2429.2.4 Evolving to Real-Time Cloud – vDU 2449.2.5 Enterprise/Private Wireless 2509.3 Fronthaul Deployment 2519.3.1 Site Solutions and Fronthaul 2519.3.2 Carrying CPRI over Packet Fronthaul 2529.3.3 Statistical Multiplexing Gain 2539.3.4 Merged Backhaul and Fronthaul 2559.4 Indoor Deployment 2579.5 Deploying URLLC and Enterprise Networks 2629.5.1 Private 5G Examples 2629.5.2 Private 5G RAN Architecture Evolution 2649.5.3 IP Backhaul and Midhaul Options for Private 5G 2669.5.4 Fronthaul for Private 5G 2669.5.5 Other Transport Aspects in Private 5G Networks 2679.6 Delivering Synchronization 2689.6.1 Network Timing Synchronization Using PTP and SyncE 2699.6.2 SyncE 2699.6.3 IEEE 1588 (aka PTP) 2709.6.4 ITU-T Profiles for Telecom Industry Using SyncE and PTP 2709.6.5 Example of Putting All Standards Together in Planning 2719.6.6 Resilience Considerations in Network Timing Synchronization 2759.6.7 QoS Considerations in Network Timing Synchronization 2769.6.8 Special Considerations in Cloud RAN Deployment 2769.6.9 Satellite-Based Synchronization 2779.6.10 Conclusion for Synchronization 278References 27810 Conclusions and Path for the Future 279Esa Metsälä and Juha Salmelin10.1 5G Path for the Future 27910.2 Summary of Content 28010.3 Evolutionary Views for Backhaul and Fronthaul 280Index 283

Kevin S. Decker is Professor of Philosophy at Eastern Washington University. He has edited and contributed to several books in the Pop Culture and Philosophy series including The Ultimate Star Wars and Philosophy (2015), The Ultimate Star Trek and Philosophy (2016), and more. He also writes, acts, and produces "Men in Charge," a sketch-comedy show on Spokane Public Radio.Jeffrey Ewing is a doctoral candidate in Sociology at the University of Oregon. He has a forthcoming chapter in Philosophical Approaches to Demonology and has contributed to volumes on Game of Thrones, Star Trek, The Devil, Jurassic Park, and Frankenstein. William Irwin (series editor) is Herve A. LeBlanc Distinguished Service Professor and Chair of Philosophy at King's College in Pennsylvania and is the author of The Free Market Existentialist. Irwin originated the philosophy and popular culture genre of books with Seinfeld and Philosophy in 1999 and has overseen recent titles including House of Cards and Philosophy, Game of Thrones and Philosophy, and Ultimate Star Wars and Philosophy.

"The world of the Alien movie franchise is rich with moral dilemmas and societal implications and the new book Alien and Philosophy explores most, if not all, of them with an engaging combination of humor, history, philosophical concepts, and questions left unanswered."—M.B. Sutherland, Apex Magazine, September 2017"Alien and Philosophy will please readers who already give deep consideration to the rights that John Locke might have thought natural for a species which has acid for blood, and who wonder at length if Sigmund Freud would dare to use psychoanalysis if confronted with a synthetic person that obsesses about Lawrence of Arabia. If you enjoyed the film Alien and its sequels then you may want to dive into these scholarly essays, using them to further your intellectual curiosity."—Ray Blank, Sci Phi Journal, August 2017"If you know nothing about philosophy but you enjoyed the Alien movies, would Alien and Philosophy be a good place to start? Yes.""—D C White, Andromeda Spaceways Magazine, September 2017

• Acknowledgements xiAbout the Editors xiiiList of Contributors xv1 Introduction 1Esa Metsälä and Juha Salmelin1.1 Introducing 5G in Transport 11.2 Targets of the Book 31.3 Backhaul and Fronthaul Scope within the 5G System 31.4 Arranging Connectivity within the 5G System 41.5 Standardization Environment 51.5.1 3GPP and other organizations 5References 82 5G System Design Targets and Main Technologies 11Harri Holma and Antti Toskala 112.1 5G System Target 112.2 5G Technology Components 122.3 Network Architecture 142.4 Spectrum and Coverage 212.5 Beamforming 222.6 Capacity 242.6.1 Capacity per Cell 242.6.2 Capacity per Square Kilometre 242.7 Latency and Architecture 262.8 Protocol Optimization 282.8.1 Connectionless RRC 282.8.2 Contention-Based Access 282.8.3 Pipelining 292.9 Network Slicing and QoS 302.10 Integrated Access and Backhaul 322.11 Ultra Reliable and Low Latency 332.12 Open RAN 342.13 3GPP Evolution in Release 16/17 362.14 5G-Advanced 38References 393 5G RAN Architecture and Connectivity – A Techno-economic Review 41Andy Sutton3.1 Introduction 413.2 Multi-RAT Backhaul 413.3 C-RAN and LTE Fronthaul 433.4 5G RAN Architecture 443.5 5G D-RAN Backhaul Architecture and Dimensioning 463.6 Integrating 5G within a Multi-RAT Backhaul Network 483.7 Use Case – BT/EE 5G Network in the UK 513.8 5G C-RAN – F1 Interface and Midhaul 553.9 5G C-RAN – CPRI, eCPRI and Fronthaul 563.10 Connectivity Solutions for Fronthaul 593.11 Small Cells in FR1 and FR 2 623.12 Summary 62References 634 Key 5G Transport Requirements 65Kenneth Y. Ho and Esa Metsälä4.1 Transport Capacity 654.1.1 5G Radio Impacts to Transport 654.1.2 Backhaul and Midhaul Dimensioning Strategies 674.1.3 Protocol Overheads 684.1.4 Backhaul and Midhaul Capacity 694.1.5 Fronthaul Capacity 704.1.6 Ethernet Link Speeds 714.2 Transport Delay 734.2.1 Contributors to Delay in 5G System 734.2.2 Allowable Transport Delay 734.2.3 User Plane and Control Plane Latency for the Logical Interfaces 754.2.4 Fronthaul (Low-Layer Split Point) 764.2.5 Low-Latency Use Cases 774.3 Transport Bit Errors and Packet Loss 784.3.1 Radio-Layer Performance and Retransmissions 784.3.2 Transport Bit Errors and Packet Loss 794.4 Availability and Reliability 804.4.1 Definitions 804.4.2 Availability Targets 814.4.3 Availability in Backhaul Networks 824.4.4 Recovery Times in Backhaul and Fronthaul 844.4.5 Transport Reliability 844.4.6 Air Interface Retransmissions and Transport Reliability 874.4.7 Packet Duplication in 5G and Transport 884.4.8 Transport Analysis Summary for Availability and Reliability 904.5 Security 914.5.1 Summary of 5G Cryptographic Protection 914.5.2 Network Domain Protection 924.5.3 Security in Fronthaul 924.6 Analysis for 5G Synchronization Requirement 924.6.1 Frequency Error 934.6.2 Time Alignment Error (Due to TDD Timing) 934.6.3 Time Alignment Error (Due to MIMO) 1004.6.4 Time Alignment Error (Due to Carrier Aggregation) 1014.6.5 Time Alignment Accuracy (Due to Other Advanced Features) 102References 1025 Further 5G Network Topics 105Esa Malkamäki, Mika Aalto, Juha Salmelin and Esa Metsälä5.1 Transport Network Slicing 1055.1.1 5G System-Level Operation 1055.1.2 Transport Layers 1055.2 Integrated Access and Backhaul 1085.2.1 Introduction 1085.2.2 IAB Architecture 1095.2.3 Deployment Scenarios and Use Cases 1105.2.4 IAB Protocol Stacks 1115.2.5 IAB User Plane 1135.2.6 IAB Signalling Procedures 1145.2.7 Backhaul Adaptation Protocol 1165.2.8 BH Link Failure Handling 1175.2.9 IAB in 3GPP Release 17 and Beyond 1185.3 Ntn 1185.3.1 NTN in 3GPP 1185.3.2 Different Access Types 1195.3.3 Protocol Stacks 1215.3.4 Transparent Architecture 1235.3.5 Feeder Link Switchover 1245.4 URLLC Services and Transport 1255.4.1 Background 1255.4.2 Reliability 1275.4.3 Latency 1285.5 Industry Solutions and Private 5G 1295.5.1 Introduction to Private 5G Networking 1295.5.2 3GPP Features Supporting Private 5G Use Cases 1305.5.3 URLLC and TSC in Private 5G 1335.6 Smart Cities 1335.6.1 Needs of Cities 1345.6.2 Possible Solutions 1355.6.3 New Business Models 1375.6.4 Implications for BH/FH 138References 1396 Fibre Backhaul and Fronthaul 141Pascal Dom, Lieven Levrau, Derrick Remedios and Juha Salmelin6.1 5G Backhaul/Fronthaul Transport Network Requirements 1416.1.1 Capacity Challenge 1416.1.2 Latency Challenge 1436.1.3 Synchronization Challenge 1446.1.4 Availability Challenge 1446.1.5 Software-Controlled Networking for Slicing Challenge 1456.1.6 Programmability and OAM Challenges 1456.2 Transport Network Fibre Infrastructure 1466.2.1 Availability of Fibre Connectivity 1466.2.2 Dedicated vs Shared Fibre Infrastructure 1476.2.3 Dedicated Infrastructure 1496.2.4 Shared Infrastructure 1496.3 New Builds vs Legacy Infrastructure 1506.4 Optical Transport Characteristics 1516.4.1 Optical Fibre Attenuation 1516.4.2 Optical Fibre Dispersion 1526.5 TSN Transport Network for the Low-Layer Fronthaul 1536.6 TDM-PONs 1546.6.1 TDM-PONs as Switched Transport Network for Backhaul and Midhaul 1546.6.2 TDM-PONs as Switched Transport Network for Fronthaul 1566.7 Wavelength Division Multiplexing Connectivity 1566.7.1 Passive WDM Architecture 1566.7.2 Active–Active WDM Architecture 1586.7.3 Semi-Active WDM Architecture 1606.8 Total Cost of Ownership for Fronthaul Transport Networking 161References 1637 Wireless Backhaul and Fronthaul 165Paolo Di Prisco, Antti Pietiläinen and Juha Salmelin7.1 Baseline 1657.2 Outlook 1667.3 Use Cases Densification and Network Upgrade 1697.4 Architecture Evolution – Fronthaul/Midhaul/Backhaul 1727.5 Market Trends and Drivers 1727.5.1 Data Capacity Increase 1737.5.2 Full Outdoor 1747.5.3 New Services and Slicing 1747.5.4 End-to-End Automation 1757.6 Tools for Capacity Boost 1767.6.1 mmW Technology (Below 100 GHz) 1767.6.2 Carrier Aggregation 1777.6.3 New Spectrum Above 100 GHz 1817.7 Radio Links Conclusions 1837.8 Free-Space Optics 1837.8.1 Introduction 1837.8.2 Power Budget Calculations 1847.8.3 Geometric Loss 1847.8.4 Atmospheric Attenuation 1857.8.5 Estimating Practical Link Spans 1867.8.6 Prospects of FSO 188References 1898 Networking Services and Technologies 191Akash Dutta and Esa Metsälä8.1 Cloud Technologies 1918.1.1 Data Centre and Cloud Infrastructure 1918.1.2 Data Centre Networking 1948.1.3 Network Function Virtualization 1968.1.4 Virtual Machines and Containers 1988.1.5 Accelerators for RAN Functions 2028.1.6 O-RAN View on Virtualization and Cloud Infrastructure 2048.2 Arranging Connectivity 2068.2.1 IP and MPLS for Connectivity Services 2068.2.2 Traffic Engineering with MPLS-TE 2088.2.3 E-vpn 2088.2.4 Segment Routing 2108.2.5 IP and Optical 2118.2.6 IPv4 and IPv 6 2128.2.7 Routing Protocols 2128.2.8 Loop-Free Alternates 2148.2.9 Carrier Ethernet Services 2158.2.10 Ethernet Link Aggregation 2168.3 Securing the Network 2178.3.1 IPsec and IKEv 2 2178.3.2 Link-Layer Security (MACSEC) 2198.3.3 Dtls 2208.4 Time-Sensitive Networking and Deterministic Networks 2208.4.1 Motivation for TSN 2208.4.2 IEEE 802.1CM – TSN for Fronthaul 2218.4.3 Frame Pre-emption 2238.4.4 Frame Replication and Elimination 2238.4.5 Management 2258.4.6 Deterministic Networks 2268.5 Programmable Network and Operability 2278.5.1 Software-Defined Networking Initially 2278.5.2 Benefits with Central Controller 2288.5.3 Netconf/YANG 229References 2309 Network Deployment 233Mika Aalto, Akash Dutta, Kenneth Y. Ho, Raija Lilius and Esa Metsälä9.1 NSA and SA Deployments 2339.1.1 Shared Transport 2339.1.2 NSA 3x Mode 2359.1.3 SA Mode 2379.2 Cloud RAN Deployments 2379.2.1 Motivation for Cloud RAN 2379.2.2 Pooling and Scalability in CU 2409.2.3 High Availability in CU 2429.2.4 Evolving to Real-Time Cloud – vDU 2449.2.5 Enterprise/Private Wireless 2509.3 Fronthaul Deployment 2519.3.1 Site Solutions and Fronthaul 2519.3.2 Carrying CPRI over Packet Fronthaul 2529.3.3 Statistical Multiplexing Gain 2539.3.4 Merged Backhaul and Fronthaul 2559.4 Indoor Deployment 2579.5 Deploying URLLC and Enterprise Networks 2629.5.1 Private 5G Examples 2629.5.2 Private 5G RAN Architecture Evolution 2649.5.3 IP Backhaul and Midhaul Options for Private 5G 2669.5.4 Fronthaul for Private 5G 2669.5.5 Other Transport Aspects in Private 5G Networks 2679.6 Delivering Synchronization 2689.6.1 Network Timing Synchronization Using PTP and SyncE 2699.6.2 SyncE 2699.6.3 IEEE 1588 (aka PTP) 2709.6.4 ITU-T Profiles for Telecom Industry Using SyncE and PTP 2709.6.5 Example of Putting All Standards Together in Planning 2719.6.6 Resilience Considerations in Network Timing Synchronization 2759.6.7 QoS Considerations in Network Timing Synchronization 2769.6.8 Special Considerations in Cloud RAN Deployment 2769.6.9 Satellite-Based Synchronization 2779.6.10 Conclusion for Synchronization 278References 27810 Conclusions and Path for the Future 279Esa Metsälä and Juha Salmelin10.1 5G Path for the Future 27910.2 Summary of Content 28010.3 Evolutionary Views for Backhaul and Fronthaul 280Index 283