Maureen Mackintosh is Professor of Economics at the Open University, UK. She is a development economist specialising in the analysis of markets in health care and medicines, with particular reference to African contexts. Geoffrey Banda is a Research Fellow at the Innogen Institute within Science, Technology and Innovation Studies at The University of Edinburgh, UK. He is currently working on an ESRC-funded Regenerative Medicine project. Paula Tibandebage is a Senior Research Associate with REPOA, a non-government policy research institute in Tanzania. She specializes in issues of social protection and social services provisioning, including health and education. Watu Wamae is Visiting Research Fellow in the Department of Economics at The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK. Her research expertise is in the area of industrialisation and innovation policy, and she works closely with governments in Africa.

"Making Medicines in Africa comes at just the right time to bring evidence into the often heated debate about local pharmaceutical production in African countries. Scientific data complemented by insider knowledge point the way to achieving better access to health and economic sustainability through local manufacturing. This book is a milestone and will surely become the first standard work on local African production. Worth reading every single page!" - Christoph Bonsmann, Action Medeor, Germany "The production of pharmaceuticals has implications for health, industrialization, and social and economic development. This delightful book offers carefully crafted case studies of these important issues in the case of sub-Saharan Africa, presenting a way of thinking about pharmaceutical industrial development as a critical element of strategies for addressing health needs, and showing how regulatory capabilities can affect trajectories of pharmaceutical development and the extent to which industrial development is beneficial for health systems." - Ken Shadlen, London School of Economics, UK "There is now widespread consensus that local pharmaceutical production has an important role to play in enhancing access to essential good quality medicines, contributing to the health of everyone living in Africa, and to the local economies. Multi-stakeholder cooperation is critical to this agenda, and this book explores the challenges, arguing clearly the imperative for investment in a quality, competitive, Africa-based pharmaceutical industry." - Miles Mudzviti, PharmaAfrica "This book is an important contribution to the ongoing international debate as to whether further stimulating sustainable production of high quality pharmaceuticals in Africa has potential to advance industrial development and public health objectives alike. A compelling case is made for the value of Africa-based initiatives that seek to strengthen local capabilities for medicines manufacturing as one means of improving access to badly needed drugs." - Jurgen Reinhardt, UNIDO

• Introduction: African Industrial Development, Values And Health Care; Maureen Mackintosh, Geoffrey Banda, Paula Tibandebage and Watu WamaePART I: THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY IN AFRICA1. Making Medicines In Africa: An Historical Political Economy Overview; Geoffrey Banda, Samuel Wangwe and Maureen Mackintosh2. Pharmaceuticals In Kenya: The Evolution Of Technological Capabilities; Roberto Simonetti and Norman Clark3. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Decline In Tanzania: How Possible Is A Turnaround To Growth?; Paula Tibandebage, Samuel Wangwe and Maureen Mackintosh4. Bringing Industrial And Health Policies Closer: Reviving Pharmaceutical Production In Ethiopia; Tsige Gebre-Mariam, Kedir Tahir and Solomon Gebre-Amanuel5. South-South Collaboration In Pharmaceuticals: Manufacturing Antiretroviral Medicines In Mozambique; Giuliano Russo and Lícia De Oliveira6. Can Foreign Firms Promote Local Production Of Pharmaceuticals In Africa?; Sudip Chaudhuri7. Raising The Technological Level: The Scope For API, Excipients, Additives And Biologicals Manufacture In Africa; Joseph Fortunak, Skhumbuzo Ngozwana, Tsige Gebre-Mariam, Tiffany Ellison and Paul WattsPART II: INDUSTRIALISATION FOR HEALTH8. Health Systems As Industrial Policy: Building Collaborative Capabilities In The Tanzanian And Kenyan Health Sectors And Their Local Suppliers; Maureen Mackintosh, Paula Tibandebage, Joan Kariuki Kungu, Mercy Karimi Njeru and Caroline Israel9. The Dissemination Of Local Health Innovations: Political Economy Issues In Brazil; Erika Aragão, Jane Mary Guimarães and Sebastião Loureiro10. Healthy Industries And Unhealthy Populations: Lessons From Indian Problem-Solving; Smita SrinivasPART III: INDUSTRIAL POLICIES AND HEALTH NEEDS 11. Policies To Control Medicines Prices: Does The South African Experience Have Lessons For Other African Countries?; Skhumbuzo Ngozwana12. African Pharmaceutical Standards: The Road To Improvement And Their Role In Technological Capability Upgrading; Geoffrey Banda, Julius Mugwagwa, Dinar Kale and Margareth Ndomondo-Sigonda13. Innovative Procurement For Health And Industrial Development; Joanna Chataway, Geoffrey Banda, Gavin Cochrane and Catriona Manville14. Industry Associations And The Changing Politics Of Making Medicines In South Africa; Theo Papaioannou, Andrew Watkins, Julius Mugwagwa and Dinar Kale15. Finance And Incentives To Support The Development Of National Pharmaceutical Industries; Alastair West and Geoffrey Banda

Maureen Mackintosh is Professor of Economics at the Open University, UK. She is a development economist specialising in the analysis of markets in health care and medicines, with particular reference to African contexts. Geoffrey Banda is a Research Fellow at the Innogen Institute within Science, Technology and Innovation Studies at The University of Edinburgh, UK. He is currently working on an ESRC-funded Regenerative Medicine project. Paula Tibandebage is a Senior Research Associate with REPOA, a non-government policy research institute in Tanzania. She specializes in issues of social protection and social services provisioning, including health and education. Watu Wamae is Visiting Research Fellow in the Department of Economics at The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK. Her research expertise is in the area of industrialisation and innovation policy, and she works closely with governments in Africa.

"Making Medicines in Africa comes at just the right time to bring evidence into the often heated debate about local pharmaceutical production in African countries. Scientific data complemented by insider knowledge point the way to achieving better access to health and economic sustainability through local manufacturing. This book is a milestone and will surely become the first standard work on local African production. Worth reading every single page!" - Christoph Bonsmann, Action Medeor, Germany "The production of pharmaceuticals has implications for health, industrialization, and social and economic development. This delightful book offers carefully crafted case studies of these important issues in the case of sub-Saharan Africa, presenting a way of thinking about pharmaceutical industrial development as a critical element of strategies for addressing health needs, and showing how regulatory capabilities can affect trajectories of pharmaceutical development and the extent to which industrial development is beneficial for health systems." - Ken Shadlen, London School of Economics, UK "There is now widespread consensus that local pharmaceutical production has an important role to play in enhancing access to essential good quality medicines, contributing to the health of everyone living in Africa, and to the local economies. Multi-stakeholder cooperation is critical to this agenda, and this book explores the challenges, arguing clearly the imperative for investment in a quality, competitive, Africa-based pharmaceutical industry." - Miles Mudzviti, PharmaAfrica "This book is an important contribution to the ongoing international debate as to whether further stimulating sustainable production of high quality pharmaceuticals in Africa has potential to advance industrial development and public health objectives alike. A compelling case is made for the value of Africa-based initiatives that seek to strengthen local capabilities for medicines manufacturing as one means of improving access to badly needed drugs." - Jurgen Reinhardt, UNIDO

• Introduction: African Industrial Development, Values And Health Care; Maureen Mackintosh, Geoffrey Banda, Paula Tibandebage and Watu WamaePART I: THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY IN AFRICA1. Making Medicines In Africa: An Historical Political Economy Overview; Geoffrey Banda, Samuel Wangwe and Maureen Mackintosh2. Pharmaceuticals In Kenya: The Evolution Of Technological Capabilities; Roberto Simonetti and Norman Clark3. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Decline In Tanzania: How Possible Is A Turnaround To Growth?; Paula Tibandebage, Samuel Wangwe and Maureen Mackintosh4. Bringing Industrial And Health Policies Closer: Reviving Pharmaceutical Production In Ethiopia; Tsige Gebre-Mariam, Kedir Tahir and Solomon Gebre-Amanuel5. South-South Collaboration In Pharmaceuticals: Manufacturing Antiretroviral Medicines In Mozambique; Giuliano Russo and Lícia De Oliveira6. Can Foreign Firms Promote Local Production Of Pharmaceuticals In Africa?; Sudip Chaudhuri7. Raising The Technological Level: The Scope For API, Excipients, Additives And Biologicals Manufacture In Africa; Joseph Fortunak, Skhumbuzo Ngozwana, Tsige Gebre-Mariam, Tiffany Ellison and Paul WattsPART II: INDUSTRIALISATION FOR HEALTH8. Health Systems As Industrial Policy: Building Collaborative Capabilities In The Tanzanian And Kenyan Health Sectors And Their Local Suppliers; Maureen Mackintosh, Paula Tibandebage, Joan Kariuki Kungu, Mercy Karimi Njeru and Caroline Israel9. The Dissemination Of Local Health Innovations: Political Economy Issues In Brazil; Erika Aragão, Jane Mary Guimarães and Sebastião Loureiro10. Healthy Industries And Unhealthy Populations: Lessons From Indian Problem-Solving; Smita SrinivasPART III: INDUSTRIAL POLICIES AND HEALTH NEEDS 11. Policies To Control Medicines Prices: Does The South African Experience Have Lessons For Other African Countries?; Skhumbuzo Ngozwana12. African Pharmaceutical Standards: The Road To Improvement And Their Role In Technological Capability Upgrading; Geoffrey Banda, Julius Mugwagwa, Dinar Kale and Margareth Ndomondo-Sigonda13. Innovative Procurement For Health And Industrial Development; Joanna Chataway, Geoffrey Banda, Gavin Cochrane and Catriona Manville14. Industry Associations And The Changing Politics Of Making Medicines In South Africa; Theo Papaioannou, Andrew Watkins, Julius Mugwagwa and Dinar Kale15. Finance And Incentives To Support The Development Of National Pharmaceutical Industries; Alastair West and Geoffrey Banda

Maureen Mackintosh is Professor of Economics at the Open University, UK. She is a development economist specialising in the analysis of markets in health care and medicines, with particular reference to African contexts. Geoffrey Banda is a Research Fellow at the Innogen Institute within Science, Technology and Innovation Studies at The University of Edinburgh, UK. He is currently working on an ESRC-funded Regenerative Medicine project. Paula Tibandebage is a Senior Research Associate with REPOA, a non-government policy research institute in Tanzania. She specializes in issues of social protection and social services provisioning, including health and education. Watu Wamae is Visiting Research Fellow in the Department of Economics at The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK. Her research expertise is in the area of industrialisation and innovation policy, and she works closely with governments in Africa.

"Making Medicines in Africa comes at just the right time to bring evidence into the often heated debate about local pharmaceutical production in African countries. Scientific data complemented by insider knowledge point the way to achieving better access to health and economic sustainability through local manufacturing. This book is a milestone and will surely become the first standard work on local African production. Worth reading every single page!" - Christoph Bonsmann, Action Medeor, Germany "The production of pharmaceuticals has implications for health, industrialization, and social and economic development. This delightful book offers carefully crafted case studies of these important issues in the case of sub-Saharan Africa, presenting a way of thinking about pharmaceutical industrial development as a critical element of strategies for addressing health needs, and showing how regulatory capabilities can affect trajectories of pharmaceutical development and the extent to which industrial development is beneficial for health systems." - Ken Shadlen, London School of Economics, UK "There is now widespread consensus that local pharmaceutical production has an important role to play in enhancing access to essential good quality medicines, contributing to the health of everyone living in Africa, and to the local economies. Multi-stakeholder cooperation is critical to this agenda, and this book explores the challenges, arguing clearly the imperative for investment in a quality, competitive, Africa-based pharmaceutical industry." - Miles Mudzviti, PharmaAfrica "This book is an important contribution to the ongoing international debate as to whether further stimulating sustainable production of high quality pharmaceuticals in Africa has potential to advance industrial development and public health objectives alike. A compelling case is made for the value of Africa-based initiatives that seek to strengthen local capabilities for medicines manufacturing as one means of improving access to badly needed drugs." - Jurgen Reinhardt, UNIDO

• Introduction: African Industrial Development, Values And Health Care; Maureen Mackintosh, Geoffrey Banda, Paula Tibandebage and Watu WamaePART I: THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY IN AFRICA1. Making Medicines In Africa: An Historical Political Economy Overview; Geoffrey Banda, Samuel Wangwe and Maureen Mackintosh2. Pharmaceuticals In Kenya: The Evolution Of Technological Capabilities; Roberto Simonetti and Norman Clark3. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Decline In Tanzania: How Possible Is A Turnaround To Growth?; Paula Tibandebage, Samuel Wangwe and Maureen Mackintosh4. Bringing Industrial And Health Policies Closer: Reviving Pharmaceutical Production In Ethiopia; Tsige Gebre-Mariam, Kedir Tahir and Solomon Gebre-Amanuel5. South-South Collaboration In Pharmaceuticals: Manufacturing Antiretroviral Medicines In Mozambique; Giuliano Russo and Lícia De Oliveira6. Can Foreign Firms Promote Local Production Of Pharmaceuticals In Africa?; Sudip Chaudhuri7. Raising The Technological Level: The Scope For API, Excipients, Additives And Biologicals Manufacture In Africa; Joseph Fortunak, Skhumbuzo Ngozwana, Tsige Gebre-Mariam, Tiffany Ellison and Paul WattsPART II: INDUSTRIALISATION FOR HEALTH8. Health Systems As Industrial Policy: Building Collaborative Capabilities In The Tanzanian And Kenyan Health Sectors And Their Local Suppliers; Maureen Mackintosh, Paula Tibandebage, Joan Kariuki Kungu, Mercy Karimi Njeru and Caroline Israel9. The Dissemination Of Local Health Innovations: Political Economy Issues In Brazil; Erika Aragão, Jane Mary Guimarães and Sebastião Loureiro10. Healthy Industries And Unhealthy Populations: Lessons From Indian Problem-Solving; Smita SrinivasPART III: INDUSTRIAL POLICIES AND HEALTH NEEDS 11. Policies To Control Medicines Prices: Does The South African Experience Have Lessons For Other African Countries?; Skhumbuzo Ngozwana12. African Pharmaceutical Standards: The Road To Improvement And Their Role In Technological Capability Upgrading; Geoffrey Banda, Julius Mugwagwa, Dinar Kale and Margareth Ndomondo-Sigonda13. Innovative Procurement For Health And Industrial Development; Joanna Chataway, Geoffrey Banda, Gavin Cochrane and Catriona Manville14. Industry Associations And The Changing Politics Of Making Medicines In South Africa; Theo Papaioannou, Andrew Watkins, Julius Mugwagwa and Dinar Kale15. Finance And Incentives To Support The Development Of National Pharmaceutical Industries; Alastair West and Geoffrey Banda