About our authors John W. Creswell, PhD is a Professor of Family Medicine and Senior Research Scientist in the Michigan Mixed Methods Program at the University of Michigan, USA. He has authored numerous articles and 34 books on mixed methods research, qualitative research, and research design. In 2007 he co-founded the Journal of Mixed Methods Research. In 2008 he was a Senior Fulbright Scholar to South Africa in 2008 and to Thailand in 2012. In 2011, he co-led a National Institute of Health working group on the “best practices of mixed methods research in the health sciences,” served as a Visiting Professor at Harvard’s School of Public Health and received an honorary doctorate from the University of Pretoria, South Africa. In 2014, he was the founding President of the Mixed Methods International Research Association. In 2015, he joined the staff of Family Medicine at the University of Michigan to Co-Direct the Michigan Mixed Methods Program. In 2018, he co-authored the “standards” for qualitative and mixed methods research for the American Psychological Association.Timothy C. Guetterman, PhD is an applied research methodologist specialized in general research design and mixed methods research. Tim is currently a faculty member and Associate Director of the Mixed Methods Program in the Department of Family Medicine at the University of Michigan. His methodological interest is to advance rigorous methods of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research, particularly strategies for intersecting and integrating qualitative and quantitative research. He serves as a methodologist on research projects across disciplines. Much of his primary research is at the intersection of health and education. Through funded federal, foundation, and institution grants, he investigates informatics technology to improve equitable health communication, education, and assessment. Tim is also actively engaged in teaching, learning, and developing research methods capacity through foundation grants and NIH-funded projects. He serves as Co-Editor in Chief for the Journal of Mixed Methods Research. He is President-Elect for the Mixed Methods International Research Association.

• PART 1: An Introduction to Educational Research The Process of Conducting Research Using Quantitative and Qualitative ApproachesPART 2: The Steps in the Process of Research Identifying a Research ProblemReviewing the LiteratureSpecifying a Purpose and Research Questions or HypothesesCollecting Quantitative DataAnalyzing and Interpreting Quantitative DataCollecting Qualitative DataAnalyzing and Interpreting Qualitative DataReporting and Evaluating ResearchPART 3: Research Designs Experimental DesignsCorrelational DesignsSurvey DesignsGrounded Theory DesignsEthnographic DesignsNarrative Research DesignsMixed Methods DesignsAction Research DesignsAPPENDICES Determine Size Using Sample Size TablesCommonly Used Statistics in Educational ResearchNonnormal DistributionStrategies for Defending a Research Proposal

About our authors John W. Creswell, PhD is a Professor of Family Medicine and Senior Research Scientist in the Michigan Mixed Methods Program at the University of Michigan, USA. He has authored numerous articles and 34 books on mixed methods research, qualitative research, and research design. In 2007 he co-founded the Journal of Mixed Methods Research. In 2008 he was a Senior Fulbright Scholar to South Africa in 2008 and to Thailand in 2012. In 2011, he co-led a National Institute of Health working group on the “best practices of mixed methods research in the health sciences,” served as a Visiting Professor at Harvard’s School of Public Health and received an honorary doctorate from the University of Pretoria, South Africa. In 2014, he was the founding President of the Mixed Methods International Research Association. In 2015, he joined the staff of Family Medicine at the University of Michigan to Co-Direct the Michigan Mixed Methods Program. In 2018, he co-authored the “standards” for qualitative and mixed methods research for the American Psychological Association.Timothy C. Guetterman, PhD is an applied research methodologist specialized in general research design and mixed methods research. Tim is currently a faculty member and Associate Director of the Mixed Methods Program in the Department of Family Medicine at the University of Michigan. His methodological interest is to advance rigorous methods of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research, particularly strategies for intersecting and integrating qualitative and quantitative research. He serves as a methodologist on research projects across disciplines. Much of his primary research is at the intersection of health and education. Through funded federal, foundation, and institution grants, he investigates informatics technology to improve equitable health communication, education, and assessment. Tim is also actively engaged in teaching, learning, and developing research methods capacity through foundation grants and NIH-funded projects. He serves as Co-Editor in Chief for the Journal of Mixed Methods Research. He is President-Elect for the Mixed Methods International Research Association.

• PART 1: An Introduction to Educational Research The Process of Conducting Research Using Quantitative and Qualitative ApproachesPART 2: The Steps in the Process of Research Identifying a Research ProblemReviewing the LiteratureSpecifying a Purpose and Research Questions or HypothesesCollecting Quantitative DataAnalyzing and Interpreting Quantitative DataCollecting Qualitative DataAnalyzing and Interpreting Qualitative DataReporting and Evaluating ResearchPART 3: Research Designs Experimental DesignsCorrelational DesignsSurvey DesignsGrounded Theory DesignsEthnographic DesignsNarrative Research DesignsMixed Methods DesignsAction Research DesignsAPPENDICES Determine Size Using Sample Size TablesCommonly Used Statistics in Educational ResearchNonnormal DistributionStrategies for Defending a Research Proposal